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Study onConcreteFilledSteelMemberSubjectedtoCyclicLoading
1 2 Arivalagan.S ,Kandasamy.S 1ResearchScholar,AnnaUniversityChennai, Dept. ofCivilEngg.,Dr.M.G.R.EducationalandResearchInstitute, DrM.G.R.University,Chennai,TamilNadu,India. 2Dean,AnnaUniversityTrichirapalli,AriyallurCampus,TamilNadu,India. arivu357@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT Local buckling may occur in the compression flange of rectangular hollowsection beam under cyclic repeated loading arising from earthquakes. Once a local mechanism forms, residual strength rapidly reduces within a few cycles. This paper aims to study the experimental behaviour and ultimate moment capacity of unfilled and concretefilled rectangular hollow sections subjected to cyclic reversible loading. Two types of filler materialwereusednormalmixconcreteandflyashconcrete.Theeffectoffillermaterials, section slenderness, loaddeflection response, momentstrain behaviour, ductility, stiffness degradation and energy absorption of concrete filled RHS beams are studied. From this studyitisunderstood thatvoidfillingincreasethecapacityofthesection. Keywords: Cyclicloading,Normalmixconcrete,Flyashconcrete,Energyabsorption capacity.

Notations Ac As B D t fck fy, fu Mexp Mthe :Crosssectionalareaofconcrete :Crosssectionalareaofsteel :Externalbreathofthesection :Externaldepthofthesection :Thicknessofsteelsection :Characteristicstrengthofconcrete : Yieldstrengthofstructuralsteel : Ultimatestressofstructuralsteel :Experimentalfailuremoment :Plasticmomentofbaresteelsection

1.Introduction Concretefilled steel tubes CFSTs are used in many structural applications including columns, supporting platforms of offshore structures, roofs of storage tanks, bridge piers, piles,andcolumnsinseismiczones(KilpatrickandRangan1995).Concretefilledsteelbox columnsofferexcellentstructuralperformance,suchashighstrength,highductilityandlarge energy absorption capacity and have been widely used as primary axial load carrying members in highrise buildings, bridges and offshore structures (Lu and Kennedy, 1994). Application of the CFST concept can lead to overall savings of steel in comparison with

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conventional structural steel systems. In CFST composite construction, steel tubes are also used as permanent formwork and to provide welldistributed reinforcement (Assi, 2003 Furlong 1967). Test results have shown that the concrete core delays local buckling and forces the steel tube to buckle outwards rather than inwards, resulting in a higher flexural strength therefore, tubes with thinnerwalls could reach yield strength before localbuckling occurs (Zhao, 1999Lu and Kennedy 1994). Zhao et al (1999,2002) and Elchalakani et al (2003) conducted experiments on concrete filled steel tubes from this study following inferences are obtained due to filling of steel hollow tube with concrete an increase in flexuralstrengthareobtained.ThecompositeactionandbondinCFSTwerealsostudiedby Hunatiti (1997) from this study following interesting findings are observed under axial compression, the steel tube confines the concrete which improves both the axial load resistanceandductilityoftheCFSTmembers.ThetestconductedbyAngelinePrabhavathy et al (2006)in filled frames, showedthat concrete infilled beams give additional stiffness, whichdelaysthefailure ofthecolumns.DesignspecificationsCIDECTareveryconservative duetothelackofconsiderationoftheconfinementeffectinCFST.Themainobjectiveofthis cyclic test program is to obtain experimental data and to study the hysteretic behaviour of CFSTbeamswithdifferentinfillmaterials. 2.ExperimentalProgram 2.1Materialproperties Totally nine specimens consisting of three Rectangular Hollow specimens (RHS) and six ConcreteFilledSteelTubes(CFST)consistingofeachthreenormalmixconcretespecimens andthreeflyashconcretespecimenswereused.ThesizesofRHSsectionwereselectedas 100x50x3.2mm.TheGradeofSteelisYst310inaccordancewithIS4923:1997INDIAN STANDARD HOLLOW STEEL SECTIONS FOR STRUCTURAL USE SPECIFICATIONS. To obtain the basic properties of steel sections, three tensile coupons were extracted from the flat surface of the tube. The tensile coupon tests were conducted according to the Indian standard specification IS: 16081972 METHOD FOR TENSILE TESTING OF STEEL PRODUCTS. The RHS beams are 355Mpa (yield stress, fy) and 2 ultimatestress(fu)is500N/mm .Thecalculated(d/t)ratiois29.25.Thebeamsaredesigned assimplysupportedasiscommonpractice. Thelengthofthespecimenwas1.2m.Inthecurrentresearch,RHStubesweresuppliedby TATASteelIndustries(p)Ltd.,India.ThenominaldimensionsfortheRHSsectionsusedin thisresearchareshowninTable1.Theconcreteusedhadawatercementratioof50%(by weight). The filler material consisted of normal mix concrete and fly ash concrete with differentcompressionstrengthsanddensities.Themechanicalpropertiesoftheconcretewere then determined from the average compression test results on three cubes (150mm x 150mmx150mm) in each series. Concrete cubes were cured for 28 days to determine the compressionstrength.Theconcretecubetestswerecarriedoutonthesamedayasthebeam tests. The average measured properties of 28 days cube compressive strength9(fck) for the 2 2 fillermaterialare37N/mm fornormalmixconcreteand35N/mm forflyashconcrete.

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Table 1: Detailsoftestspecimens Dimensionsof theSpecimen (D.B.t) mm 100x50x3.2 100x50x3.2 100x50x3.2 Areaof steel (As) 2 mm 893 893 893 Areaofinfilled Concrete(Ac) 2 mm 4080.9 4080.9

Specimen Label NMC FAC RHS 2.2Testprocedures

TypesofFilled Concrete NormalMix Concrete FlyAsh Concrete Rectangular HollowSection

ThreeRHSandsixconcretefilledspecimensweretested.TheyaresummarizedinTable1. Wherethespecimenlabel,dimensionofthespecimenandtypesoffilledconcretearegiven in which designation starts with RHS, NMC & FAC (Rectangular Hollow section, Normal MixConcreteandFlyAshConcrete).The400kNcapacityUTM(universaltestingmachine) wasusedtoperformthetest.Eachspecimenwassubjectedtoreversiblecyclicbending.The testprocedureofcyclicreversibleloadisdescribedbelow.Thetestspecimenwasarrangedin amannerofsimplysupportedcondition.Theloadwasappliedbytwopointmethodatone thirddistanceofthespanofthespecimen.Theloadwasappliedgraduallythroughajackat an increment of 5kN. In the first cycle load was applied to a maximum of 40kN then the specimenwasunloadedwithadecrementloadof5kN. The loadwasbroughttozero.Afterwardsthespecimenwasturnedoverandarrange inthe positionofsimplysupportedconditionandthecycletestwasperformedasdescribedabove. Thus one complete cycle of loading and unloading was performed .In second, third, fourth andfifthcyclestheloadreachesineachcycleis50kN,60kN,70kNand80kNrespectively. Deflectometerswereplacedundertheloadingpointandthecentre(midspan)ofthespecimen to measure thedeflections. Strain gauges werealsoused to measurethe strain valuesthese arefixedatcentre(midspan)ofthebeamspecimenandintopandbottomfacesofthebeam specimen. From the deflection and strain values, Load Deflection and Moment Strain behaviorwasstudied. 3.ResultsandDiscussion 3.1MomentCarryingCapacityandDuctility The moment carrying capacity of the hollow and concretefilled RHS beams are shown in Table2.Themomentcarryingcapacityisdeterminedbytheproductoftheappliedforceand a leverarm determined via an algorithm that considered the geometric position and thrust directionoftheloadappliedbythejack.Theincreaseinultimatemomentcarryingcapacity wasfoundtobeabout28%to36%and20%to28%forRHSbeamsfilledwithnormalmix concrete and fly ash concrete respectively.It can be seen that the void filling increases the momentcarryingcapacityofRHSBeams.Thedifferenceinpercentageofincreaseisdueto differentcompressivestrengthofthefillermaterial.

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TheMomentStrainhystereticgraphsforRHSandConcretefilledsectionsshowninFigure1 indicate that a uniform mechanism without crackingwas observed. The maximum moment reachedineachcycleisplotted.Thecompressiveandtensilestrainvaluesarewithinthelimit of0.002to0.003. ThedetailedincrementalLoadDisplacement(deflection)curves(hystereticloop)areplotted againstthe numberof cycles in Figure2. This clearly shows that Concretefilling increases theloadcapacityandflexuralbehaviourofRHSbeamstoresistcyclicloadespeciallywhen thedisplacementbecomesexcessive. ThegraphshowninFigure6LoadDeflectioncurve,at80%ofultimateloadductilityfactor wasfound.TheductilityfactorasshowninTable3itcanbeseenthatthehighertheconcrete compressionstrength,thelargertheductilityratioespeciallyforthinnersections.

Table 2: Comparison ofExperimentalandtheoreticalmoment Specimen Sl.No Label 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 RHS1 RHS2 RHS3 NMC1 NMC2 NMC3 FAC1 FAC2 FAC1
(kNm)

Mu(exp)

Mu(the)
(kNm)

Mu(exp)/ Mu(the) 0.96 1.04 1.01 1.00 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.93 1.00

9.90 10.73 10.40 13.20 14.00 13.20 13.15 12.40 13.20

10.33 10.33 10.33 13.20 13.70 13.20 13.20 13.40 13.20

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ISSN0976 4399
15 10 5 0
0 5 10 15

0.002

0.001

0.001

0.002

0.002

0.001

5 10 15

0.001

0.001

Strain(m m /m m )

S train(m m /m m )

Figure1(a):RectangularNormalMixConcrete Figure1(b):RectangularFlyAshConcrete
15 10 5 0 0.001 0 .00 05 5 1 0 1 5 S train(m m /m m ) 0 0.0005 0.0 01

Figure1(c): RectangularHollowSection

Figure1: MomentStrainhystereticloopcurves

8 0 6 0 4 0
Load(kN)

80 60 40 20 0 2 20 0 40 60 80 De fle ction(m m )

2 0 Load(kN) 0 6 4 2 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 D e f le c tio n (m m ) 0 2 4 6

Figure2(a):RectangularNormalMix ConcreteFigure 2(b):RectangularFlyashConcrete

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80 60 40 Load(kN) 20 0 4 2 20 40 60 80 De fle ction(m m ) 0 2 4

ISSN0976 4399

Figure3(c):RectangularHollowSection Figure 3:LoadDeflectionhystereticloopcurve

3.2EnergyabsorptioncapacityandStiffnessdegradation Theenergyabsorptioncapacityisincreaseinrectangularsectionfilledwithnormalconcrete andflyashconcreteis1.53timesand1.49timeswhencomparedtohollowsectionshownin Table3. Itcanbeseenthatconcretefillingincreasetheenergyabsorption. The stiffness degradation is upto 64% for rectangular hollow section, when the beam specimen filled with normal mix concrete and fly ash concrete its stiffness degradation is 37% and 36%. From the research it can be under stand that higher compressive strength concrete gives a higher ductility ratio. The ductility factor is improved in concrete filled sectionwhencomparedtosteelhollowsection. Table3: Stiffness,Energyabsorption&Ductilityfactor Sl.No Specimen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 RHS1 RHS2 RHS3 NMC1 NMC2 NMC3 FAC1 FAC2 FAC3 Stiffness kN/mm 62 66 65 21 26 24 21 26 23 EnergyDissipation Ductilityfactor kNmm 80 90 100 135 130 150 140 130 125 2.64 2.55 2.6 4.17 4.1 4.15 3.53 3.5 3.45

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4.Conclusion Fromtheabovetestthefollowinginterestingconclusionsaremade 1) The increase in ultimate moment capacity mainly depends on the filler material strength. 2) Experimental results show that void filling increases energy absorption capacity, reducesthestiffnessdegradationandincreasestheductilityfactor. 3) From this research it was observed that fly ash concrete could be used as infill materialforanacceptablemechanism. Acknowledgement The authors thanks to the Principal, Head of the department and all the teaching and non teaching staff members of the department of Civil Engineering, Government college of Engineering,Salem636 011,TN, India and Dr.M.G.R University, Chennai for their full co operationtocompletetheresearchwork. 5.References 1. Elchalakani,M., Zhao, XL. and Grzebieta, R.H.,(2003),Tests of Circular Tubular BracesUnderCyclicAxialLoading,JournalofStructuralEngineering,vol129,No 4,pp507514. 2. Zhao, XL., (2002),VoidFilled Rectangular Hollow Section Braces Subjected to Large Deformation Cyclic Axial Loading, Journal of Structural Engineering, vol 128,No6,pp746753. 3. Zhao, XL. and Grzebieta, R.H.,(1999),VoidFilled SHS Beams Subjected to Large DeformationCyclicBending, JournalofStructuralEngineering, Vol128,No9,pp 10201027. 4. Hunaiti,Y.M.,(1997),StrengthofCompositeSectionswithFoamedand LightweightAggregateConcrete,JournalofMaterialsinCivilEngineering(ASCE), Vol.9,No.2,pp5861. 5. Kilpatrick,A.E. and Rangan,B.V.,(1995),The influence of bond upon the load th deformation response of highstrength composite columns, Proceedings of the 14 AustralianConferenceontheMechanicsofStructuresandMaterials,Hobart,pp368 372. 6. Lu,Y.Q.andKennedy.D.J.L.,(1994),Theflexuralbehaviourofconcretefilledhollow structuralsections,CanadianJournalofCivilEngg.,Vol.21, No1,pp111130. 7. Furlong,R.W.,(1968),Strengthofsteelencasedconcretebeamcolumns,Journalof StructuralEngineeringDivision,ASCE,Vol.94,No.ST1,pp267281.

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8. Assi,I.M., Qudeimat,E.M. and Huniti,Y.M.,(2003),Ultimate Moment Capacity of Foamed and Flyash Aggregate ConcreteFilled Steel Tubes, Steel and Composite Structures,Vol.3,No.3,pp199212. 9. Angeline Prabhavathy .R. and Samuel Knight,G.M.,(2006),Behaviour of Cold Formed Steel Concrete Infilled RH Connections and Frames, Steel and Composite Structures,Vol.6,No.1,pp7185. 10. I.S:4923,IndianStandardHollowSteelSectionsforStructuralUseSpecification, BureauofIndianStandards,NewDelhi,Secondrevision1997.

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