TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER - 10 PAINTING
10-1
10-2
10:3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9
Paint
Ingredient of Paint
Essel and Specific Properties of Good
Quality Paint
Elements of a Good Painting Job
Surface Preparation
Kinds of Paint, Uses and Area Coverage
Estimating Your Paint
Failures and Remedy
CHAPTER- 11 AUXILIARY TOPICS
4
11-2
11-3
11-4
145
116
1-7
18
‘Accordion Door Cover
Glass Jalousie
‘Water Tank
‘Wood Piles
Bituminous Surface Treatment
Filling Materials
Nipa Shingle Roofing
‘Anahaw Roofing
297
300
301
305
311
317
323
325
326
331
332
334
338
CHAPTER
CONCRETE
1-1 PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE
Concrete is either Plain or Reinforced. By definition, Plain
Concrete is an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine
aggregates, coarse aggregates and water. The conglomeration
of these materials producing a solid mass is called plain con-
crete.
Reinforced Concrete on the other hand, is a concrete with
reinforcement properly embedded in such a manner that the
two materials act together in resisting forces.
‘The Different Types of Concrete Used in Construction are :
4. The Ordinary Portland cement.
2. The Rapid Hardening Portland Cement whi
when high early strength concrete is desired,
3. The Blast Furnace or Sulfate Cement used on concrete
structures designed to resist chemical attack.
4. The Low Heat Portland Cement used for massive sec-
tions designed to reduce the heat of hydration.
5. The Portland Pozzolan Cement with a low hardening
characteristic concrete,
6. The High Alumina Cement.
is preferred
‘The High Alumina Cement is sometimes called aluminous
‘cement or cement fundu. Its chemical composition is different
from that of Portland cement for having predominant alumina
‘oxide content of at least 32% by weight. The alumina lime is
within the limit of 0.85% to 1.3%.‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE
‘This type of cement has a very high rate of strength devel-
opment compared with the ordinary Portland cement. Aside
from its rapid hardening properties, it can resist chemical attack
by sulfate and weak acids including sea water. It can also with-
stand. prolonged exposure to high temperature of more than
4,000°C. Alumina cement however, is not advisable for mixing
with any other types of cement.
‘The Main Composition of Cement are:
16 to 65% Lime
18.0 - 25% Silica
3,0 - 8% Alumina
3.0 - 5% Iron oxide
2.0 - 5% Magnesia
1,0 - 5% Sulfurtrioxide
AGGREGATES,
‘Aggregates for concrete work are classified into two:
4. Coarse Aggregate such as crushed stone, crushed
gravel or natural gravel with particles retained on a 5
mm sieve.
2. Fine Aggregate such as crushed stone, crushed gravel,
sand of natural sand with particles passing on a 5 mm
sieve.
Size of Aggregates. - For coarse aggregate (gravel), the
‘maximum nominal size varies from 40, 20, 14 or 10 mm diame-
ter. The choice from the above sizes depends upon the dimen-
sions of the concrete member more particularly, the spacing of
the steel bars reinforcement or as specified.
Good practice demand that the maximum size of coarse ag-
gregate (gravel) should not exceed 25% of the minimum thick-
ness of the member structure nor exceed the clear distance
between the reinforcing bars and the form.
2
CONCRETE
‘The coarse aggregate should be small enough for the con-
crete mixture to flow smoothly around the reinforcement. This is.
referred to as workability of concrete.
1-2 THE PRINCIPLES OF CONCRETE MIXING
‘The purpose in mixing concrete is to select an optimum pro-
portion of cement, water and aggregates, to produce a concrete
mixture that will meet the following requirements:
4. Workability 3. Durability
2. Strength 4. Economy
‘The proportion that will be finally adopted in concrete mixing
has to be established by actual trial and adjustment processes
to atiain the desired strength and quality of concrete required
under the following procedures:
4. The water cement ratio is first determined at the very first
hhour of mixing to meet the requirements of strength and
durability
2. ‘The cement-aggregate ratio is then chosen and estab-
lished to satisfy the workability requirements. Workability,
‘means the ability of the fresh concrete to fill all the voids
between the stee! bars and the forms without necessarily
exerting much effort in tamping.
Laboratory tests showed that the water-cement content ratio
Is the most important consideration in mixing because it deter-
mines not only the strength and durability of the concrete but
also the workability of the mixture.
Concrete mixtures in a paste form, is preferred than those,
‘mixtures which are flowing with water.
‘The ACI Requirements for Concrete are as follows:
1. Fresh concrete shall be workable. Meaning, that fresh con-
3‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE
crete could freely flow around the reinforcements to fill all
‘the voids inside the form.
2. That, the hardened concrete shall be strong enough to
carry the design load.
‘3, That, hardened concrete could withstand the conditions to
which itis expected to perform.
4. That, concrete should be economically produced.
Concrete Mixture may be classified as either:
a. Designed Mixture
'b. Prescribed Midture
Designed Mixture. Where the contractor Is responsible in
establishing the mixture proportion that will achieve the required
strength and workability as specified in the plan.
Prescribed Mixture. Where the designing engineer specify
the mixture proportion. The contractor's responsibility is only to
provide a mixed concrete containing the right propor-
tions as in the plan.
1-3 THE UNIT OF MEASURE
Prior to the worldwide acceptance of Metrication, otherwise
known as System International (SI), materials for concrete
structures were estimated in terms of cubic meter although, the
‘components thereof like; cement, sand, gravel and water, are
measured in pounds, cubic foot and gallons per bag respec-
tively.
Lately however, under the SI measures, the 94 pounds per
bag cement equivalent to 42.72 kilograms was changed and
fixed at 40 kilograms per bag. The traditional wooden box used
‘to measure the sand and gravel is 12 inches wide by 12 inches
long and 12 inches high, having eriet volume of 1 cubic foot.
4
CONCRETE
‘Today, instead of the traditionial measuring wooden box, the
empty plastic bag of cement is popularly used to measure the
volume of sand and gravel for convenience in handling aggre-
‘Gates during the mixing operations.
TABLE 1-1 CONVERSION FROM INCHES TO METER
Nentec| Acarae | Apponmat | sumer | Aciam | prorat
vin | ee a | PR
+ | case [as [anf sae | aes
2 | vse | 60 | ze | fee | So
3 | ome | oe | & | seo | oe
4 | ‘oe | so | i | soo |
5 | ‘ao | fos | 2 | seo |
s | ss | 150 | 25 | sos
7 | ime | as | my | gee | 88
& | zz | 200 | oe | Hee | Sp
9 2286 228 29 7366 725
10 | 20 | 250 | 2 | temo | Teo
| 20 | a | ot | sem | rs
12 | Soa | 30 | S| ate | toe
3 | Sooo | 0 | Ss | Go | oe
ia | 3s | 50 | Ss | Gow | SS
1 | 30 | ae | 3 | tom | 28
1s | 404 | 400 | a bo
v7 | doe | fos |e [aS | $2
ie | ‘er | 450 | se | ose | oon
to | 4a | 47s | 3 | oom | oe
wm | S000 | so | fo | toe | too
1
‘The values presented in Table 1-1 could be useful in:
1. Finding the accurate conver
Metric sion of length from English to
2. Determining the approximate value to be used
in our simplified methods of estimating. Getta