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The word teleology comes from the Greek roots telos, which means end, and logos, which means science.
Thus, teleology is the "science of ends." Key questions which teleological ethical systems ask include:
What will be the consequences of this action? What will be the consequences of inaction? How do I weigh the harm against the benefits of this
action?
Teleological moral systems are characterized primarily by a focus on the consequences which any action might have
Referred to as consequentialist moral systems In order to make correct moral choices, we have to have some understanding of what will result from our choices.
Teleology
According to these methods, those actions should be chosen which lead to more positive and fewer negative
Types
Ethical Egoism:
An action is morally right if the consequences of the action are more favorable than unfavorable only to the moral agent performing the action.
Ethical Altruism:
An action is morally right if the consequences of the action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone except the moral agent.
Ethical Utilitarianism:
An action is morally right if the consequences of the action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone.
Principle of Beneficence Principle of the Common Good Principle of Distributive Justice Principle of Double Effect Principles of Formal and Material Cooperation Principle of Human Dignity Principle of Informed Consent Principles of Integrity and Totality
10)
11) 12) 13) 14) 15)
Principle of Beneficence
First principle of morality It means Do good, avoid evil Some norms that arise from this principle:
Never deliberately kill innocent human life Never deliberately (directly intend) harm Seek the patients good Act out of charity and justice Respect the patients religious beliefs and value system Never knowingly commit or approve an objectively evil action Appreciate the complexity of life and make sound judgments for the
human community must be actively concerned in promoting health and welfare of every one of its members
Obligates public authorities to respect the fundamental human rights of each person
good
Implies that society has a duty to the individual in serious need and that all individuals have duties to others in serious need
An intended attainable good effect and An unintended yet foreseen evil effect
However there is a due proportion between the intended good and the permitted evil Moral criteria to distinguish between The Good and Permitted Evil are:
The object of the act must not be intrinsically evil The direct intention of the agent must be to achieve the beneficial effects and to avoid the foreseen harmful effects as far as possible
The foreseen beneficial effects must not be achieved by the means of the foreseen harmful effects, and no other means of achieving those effects are available;
The foreseen beneficial effects must be equal to or greater than the foreseen harmful effects The beneficial effects must follow from the action at least as immediately as do the harmful effects.
Formal Cooperation:
Occurs when a person or organization freely participates in the action(s)
of a principal agent, or shares in the agents intention, either for its own sake or as a means to some other goal.
Formal cooperation in intrinsically evil actions, either explicitly or
Immediate Material Cooperation: Occurs when the cooperator participates in circumstances that are essential to the commission of an act, such that the act could not occur without this participation. Immediate material cooperation in intrinsically evil actions is morally illicit. Mediate Material Cooperation: Occurs when the cooperator participates in circumstances that are not essential to the commission of an action, such that the action could occur even without this cooperation. Mediate material cooperation in an immoral act might be justifiable under three basic conditions: If there is a proportionately serious reason for the cooperation the graver the evil the more serious a reason required for the cooperation; The importance of the reason for cooperation must be proportionate to the causal proximity of the cooperators action to the action of the principal agent The danger of scandal must be avoided
Intrinsic Worth
Imago Dei
Self Respect
Analysis of ethical questions arising from the general obligation to preserve human life and the limits of that obligation
Interrelation
bodily subject knowing subject social subject
Spiritual
self-transcendent subject
As a subject, and not merely an object, a human person must be treated with respect in such a way that recognizes his or her human dignity
Principle of Stewardship
The principle requires that the gifts of human life and its natural environment be used with profound respect for their intrinsic
ends
Principle of Subsidiarity
The principle implies that, when a decision is to be made, we should identify the most appropriate forum and level of decision
Principle of Toleration
According to this principle, those who govern both society and the individual institutions, may at times, tolerate the evil actions of others, if two criteria are met: 1) if a greater good or set of goods would be lost if the evil action were not tolerated; or, 2) if greater evils would occur were the original evil not tolerated.
Jeremy Bentham
founding figure of
modern utilitarianism
Consequentialism
A morally right act is one that will produce a good outcome, or consequence It derives the rightness or wrongness of one's conduct from the outcomes or result of the conduct
Consequentialism have been criticized for placing too much emphasis on the maximization of valuable resulting states of affairs, which can lead to morally counter-intuitive conclusions
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism holds that morally valuable actions are those actions that bring about the greatest good for the greatest number of people
For example:
If one believes that the good consists in the maximization of
Utilitarianism
There are several theories of value held by individuals who have been called Utilitarians.
He believed that final causes guided all natural processes. Thus he was teleological
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