4) There are so many differences between ethics and legality.

For ethics, following the law,

rules, and regulations is an important aspect of ethics. However, ethical behaviors
necessitate more than just adhering to policies, laws, and norms. Ethics takes precedence
over the law. It reflects how people interact with one another. It necessitates a genuine self-
awareness of how we should treat others and the consequences of our actions. It all comes
down to a person's commitment and responsibility to others while pursuing own goals and
interests. 'In all circumstances, ethical behaviors are based on one's full conscience and
accountability to do good deeds as a social responsibility' (Khalidah et al., 2012). For
example, the way we treat people with proper manner and kindness shows us that we have
a good conscience of ethics implemented in our lives. Meanwhile for legality, although
ethical individuals are obliged to respect and observe rules and regulations, legality has a
smaller scope in ethics. Legality refers to laws enacted to protect members of society
against fraud, theft, and violence. Many immoral and unethical behaviors, on the other hand,
are fully within the bounds of the law (Nickels et al., 2008). They don't have to force one's
conscience to internalize moral ideals (Khalidah et al., 2012). Laws, as Ebert and Griffin
(2007) correctly point out, do not make people honest, trustworthy, or truthful. For example,
to establishes a company we must follow the procedure that has been prepared in
Companies Act 2016 and this is not our own will but it is a mandatory step that we have to
follow to create a company. In a nutshell, ethics is more superior that legality because if we
have ethical behaviors in our lives, we will be automatically following any rules and
obligations.

1) Under Kant’s Ethics of Duty Theory, there are two categorical imperatives that are the
basis of his moral principle which are 1st Categorical Imperative and 2nd Categorical
Imperative. Each of these categorical imperatives has its own strengths. The First
Categorical Imperative establishes clear guidelines for moral decision-making. Some actions
are always wrong, regardless of the consequences or who does them, such as lying,
cheating, greed, and so on. This viewpoint is certainly compatible with religious dimensions
and moral objectivism supporters. The Second Categorical Imperative highlight the
significance of the humanistic dimension, viewing other humans not as a means to an end,
but as an end in themselves. This principle is in accordance with human rights principles.
The theory also emphasizes the importance of motivation and acting on principles out of a
sense of duty to one's fellow humans rather than self-interest. Kant's duty principles are
unmistakably compatible with the Islamic concept of a vicegerent on earth (Khalifah). Man is
told directly about his or her role as a leader/guardian of the universe. As a Khalifah, he has
specific duties and responsibilities to fulfill. Other than that, Kant's rules are logical and
reasonable. After all, if everyone broke promises, they would no longer be meaningful. In a
nutshell, Kant’s Ethics of Duty Theory is more realistic than the other theories which make
lots of people use Kant’s Ethics Theory to determine their ethics and this is why it is
universally accepted

2) One of the most influential teleological ethical theories is the utilitarian theory of ethics (or
utilitarianism). Economists use it frequently to make sensible decisions. It's also a philosophy
that tries to address the issue, "What ought a man to do?" He should act in order to achieve
the best possible results which is the common good. For example, usefulness or utility.
'Utility' refers to the joy or pleasure people get from using a product or service (Tucker,
2005). This idea states that our responsibility in any situation is to take the action that will
result in the greatest possible balance of good over evil. In Utilitarianism, goodness is a
natural characteristic of human happiness. Whatever enhances or improves the general
well-being of human beings is good; whatever harms or impairs their well-being is evil. Next,
Utilitarianism tries to weigh all of an action's positive and negative repercussions, whether
they occur after or during the action. As part of the process, utilitarian advocates will devise
a number of alternative acts to consider in order to assess the benefits and drawbacks of
each before deciding on the optimal course of action. Moreover, the decision or action will be
more ethical if it has a lot of positive repercussions for the majority. Some utilitarian
advocates, on the other hand, will not see the choice between different behaviors as a moral
issue if the difference in outcomes isn't significant. It appears that this theory supports moral
relativism. As a result, the correctness of actions is determined by the actions' positive and
negative outcomes, as well as the circumstances that predominate throughout the process.
As a result, moral right is defined in terms of a goal which is for the common good.

3) Wicked problems are those that have a lot of interconnected variables and appear to be
impossible to solve. Solving wicked challenges necessitates a thorough understanding of the
stakeholders involved, as well as an inventive solution provided by design thinking, because
the elements are frequently incomplete, in flux, and difficult to describe. Wicked problem
includes complex subjects like healthcare and education. One of the characteristics of
wicked problem is every wicked problem does not have stopping rule. This means there's no
way to know if the solution is viable. The other characteristics of wicked problem is true-or-
false solutions to wicked problems do not exist due to the hardness to find the solution for
every wicked problem. It only can be evaluated by good or bad results. Economic,
environmental, and political difficulties are all classic examples of wicked problems. A wicked
problem is one whose solution necessitates a large number of individuals changing their
ideas and behaviors. As a result, many common instances of wicked problems originate
from the realms of public policy and planning. In a nutshell, there is no proper manner or
solutions to solve the wicked problem, we can only know if it is leads us to a good or bad
result and basically wicked problem are solved based on any probability.

The ethical dilemma faced by public administrator are categorize into two level which are
macro and micro. Macro is the significant elements of a community or society are involved
in a problem. The characteristics of Macro level of dilemma are formally submitting an
application, decisions have an impact on society, large groups of people are frequently
involved and a decision can have both positive and negative consequences. Furthermore,
because of the "open system" style of interaction, which incorporates a ripple effect
(knowledge can be broadcast and transferred from community to community), ethical issues
are far more complex, making it extremely difficult to determine the eventual results of a
choice or combination of choices. According to Bobbitt and Calabresi (1978), which is about
making tragic choices. There is no way to avoid making a decision about who will survive
and who will die. When judged by an opposing party, a right decision may appear to be
"wrong.” Meanwhile for the case of Hugh Helco (Hugh Helco) (1977) which is about public
administrators' relative dilemmas. The dilemma are obedience and independence, stability
and adaptability, power and restraint on power, cooperation and opposition - necessitate a
dynamic equilibrium rather than an absolute answer. Identity and role dilemmas - on
adherence to democratic ideals "how to behave". Meanwhile for micro level of ethical
dilemma is relate to a much greater number of bureaucrats. The careerists are the one who
usually operate from the middle or lower levels of the public agency and also who wield
some authority but only over persons and their immediate surroundings. Bureaucrats'
decisions will have an impact on their own sense of self-worth and value. They also have an
impact on the overall effectiveness of an organization's section. There is only a small
amount of ethical consideration. Middle-level bureaucrats rarely have a lot of say in how their
organization’s policies are implemented; they are expected to do their jobs efficiently and
effectively. The example ethical problem they confronted are they are under duress to
complete tasks that they believe are incorrect, they are told to ignore someone else's bad
behaviors. they obtain information that appears to be useful to the government/organization
as a whole, but they are unable to persuade anyone to listen to them. Primary contradiction
between personal integrity and organizational pressure to conform has an impact on public
employee morale and sense of values, as well as citizen trust and respect for government.