LESSON 1 - Introduction To The Philosophy of The Human Person

11/12/2021 Philosophy an Introduction
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PHILOSOPHY
Dennis M. Lupac
THINK
What ideas
come to your
mind when PHILOSOPHY
you hear the

word
PHILOSOPHY?
What developments and characteristics
define Western Philosophy?
Western Philosophy
• Concerned with uncovering the truth through systematic
argumentation and theory.
• Greater emphasis on the use of reason rather than faith,
and increase focus on man as individual.
• This perspective has led to the development of a more
scientific, theory-based approach and a more
individualistic, self-oriented approach in analyzing the
human condition
• For a Greek to claim himself a wise and learned person
define Western Philosophy?
Western Philosophy
• Sophists were an important group the emerge and
influenced learning in Ancient Greece.
• There were teachers who traveled throughout Greece and
taught people who wished to learn.
• Learning was done through discussion and argument, and
they are excellent public speakers who trained their
students to win ach and every argument thy participated in.
• Sophist style of teaching met resistance from another
group of thinkers
• Learning is not more on winning the argument but
opportunity to learn the truth of all things.
What is ‘Philosophy’?
Philia =“love” sophia = “wisdom.”

(Pythagoras.) Love for wisdom
Knowledge + Action = Wisdom
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you

know nothing ." (Socrates)
Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas
Philosophy as learning the profound

knowledge of the first cause attained
by reason. (Terry, 1994:2)
• Becomes aware to form his own ideas to make

choices and decisions intelligently.
From their roots in Ancient Greece, the thoughts

and ideas of Philosophy soon gained popularity in
many places throughout the world. Among the
ancient Greeks, the philosophers became pioneers in
various fields of knowledge such as history, biology,
medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and even
physics.
It was quite common to hear of an ancient
philosopher who was considered as “expert” in
various field of learning.
Philosophy is the science of all

that exist (of beings) in their
ultimate cause through the aid
of the human intellect alone
SCIENCE
A systematic body of knowledge which is not
only based on opinions, hypothesis and
theories, but on ideal knowledge
OF BEINGS
Everything that exist, or may exist, of
everything knowable
IN THEIR ULTIMATE CAUSE
It ask and answers not only facts and proximate

causes but also the deepest causes of things
It gives answer not only to the question WHAT but

most importantly to the question WHY
THROUGH THE AID OF HUMAN REASON ALONE
Uses natural reason and not Divine Revelation of

the recourse to the Bible.
The product of one’s own thinking and not of

imagination or fantasy
How did Western Philosophy develop
into modern science
The development of Western Philosophy
Historical Period School of Thought Mean Features Philosopher
Ancient Rome Stoicism Morality, virtue, Seneca
clam, emotional Epictetus
fortitude Marcus Aurelius
Medieval Period Scholasticism Application of philo St. Thomas Aquinas
to define and St. Augustine
explain religious
doctrines
Renaissance Humanism Emphasis on the Petrarch
human person; use Desiderius of
of philo to Erasmus
understand society, Niccolo Machiavelli
nature and Francois Rabelais
humanity
into modern science
Enlightenment Rationalism Reason and Logic Rene Descartes
considered the basis Immanuel Kantz
of knowledge and Gottfried Liebniz
belief; man has
innate knowledge
that can be accessed
through intuition
and deduction
Empiricism Knowledge is gained David Hume
through senses; Francis Bacon
reliance on inductive John Locke
reasoning to arrive
at generalization
into modern science
Enlightenment Social and Political Discussion on the Voltaire
Philosophy ideal human situation Jean Jacques
and society; emphasis Rousseau
on individual rights Thomas Hobbes
and liberties
John Stuart Mill
Modern Period Existentialism Human experience is Zoren Kierkegaard
define by the view, Friedrich Nietzsche
emotion, and action Martin Heidegger
of the individual Jean Paul Sarte
Simon de Beauvoir
Pragmatism Emphasis on the Charles Peirce
practical use of William James
knowledge and ideas John Dewey
into modern science
Modern Period Phenomenology Experience is Edmund Husserl
studied based on the
subjective viewpoint
of the individual
Absurdism Man will never Albert Camus
understand the
human condition
and the meaning of
life
Postmodernism, Analysis on how Jacques Derrida
post-structuralism knowledge, ideas, Michel Foucault
and power relations
are defined
1. Discussion on the ideal human situation and society;
emphasis on individual rights and liberties
2. Human experience is define by the view, emotion, and
action of the individual
3. Emphasis on the practical use of knowledge and ideas
4. Experience is studied based on the subjective viewpoint
of the individual
5. Application of philo to define and explain religious
doctrines
6. Emphasis on the human person; use of philo to understand
society, nature and humanity
7. Reason and Logic considered the basis of knowledge and
belief; man has innate knowledge that can be accessed
through intuition and deduction
8. Morality, virtue, clam, emotional fortitude
9. Knowledge is gained through senses; reliance on inductive
reasoning to arrive at generalization
10. Man will never understand the human condition and the
meaning of life
1. Discussion on the ideal human situation and society; emphasis on
individual rights and liberties
2. Human experience is define by the view, emotion, and action of the
individual
3. Emphasis on the practical use of knowledge and ideas
4. Experience is studied based on the subjective viewpoint of the individual
5. Application of philo to define and explain religious doctrines
6. Emphasis on the human person; use of philo to understand society,
nature and humanity
7. Reason and Logic considered the basis of knowledge and belief; man has
innate knowledge that can be accessed through intuition and deduction
8. Morality, virtue, clam, emotional fortitude
9. Knowledge is gained through senses; reliance on inductive reasoning to
arrive at generalization
10. Man will never understand the human condition and the meaning of life
ACTIVITY
In your opinion, what was the most significant

development in the history of western Philosophy?
Explain your answer.
define Eastern Philosophy?
Eastern Philosophy
• Consist of school of thought which are often closely tied with
religious beliefs
• Often describe as “Wisdom” literature, where stories, saying
and text encourage people to adopt an ethical and harmonious
way of life.
• Great emphasis on social relations, family and community are
considered a central aspect of life.
• The goal is to achieve a balance life and find one’s role in
society.
• It classifies according to THEISTIC and NONTHEISTIC
Philosophies.
How did Eastern Philosophy develop
into modern science
The development of Eastern Philosophy
Historical Period School of Thought, Mean Features Proponent, major
belief system text
2000 BCE Judaism (Israel, the Belief in one God Abraham, Moses,
Levant) (Monotheism), who has a Various phrophets
role in the ultimate
destiny of mankind;
Jewish are God’s chosen Tanakh, Torah and
people various scriptures
Observant of God’s
commandment will result
in reward. Deeper
understanding of God’s
law as revealed in the
sacred scriptures will
lead to wisdom
into modern science
belief system text
1500 BCE Hinduism (India, Belief in a pantheon of The Vedas
South Asia) gods, with three main
gods – Brahma, Shiva,
and Vishnu
Belief in a cycle of birth

and rebirth (samsara)
Emphasis on dharma, the

fulfilment of duties in
accordance with the
established order in the
world; individual actions
contribute to either a
good or bad effect
(karma) in a person’s life.
into modern science
belief system text
600 BCE Shinto (Japan) An animalistic religion No distinct
influenced by Japanese
myth and traditions philosopher or
sacred text
The material and the
spiritual world are closely
connected; rituals and
traditions are a way to
connect with the spiritual
world.
Mankind and the world are
essentially good and pure
Harmony and balance are
essential in maintaining
purity
into modern science
belief system text
600 – 500 BCE Jainism (India) Rejects the idea of creator Mahavira
and considers the universe
as eternal and unceasing;
time is a wheel which goes Jain Agamas
through cycle of prosperity
and suffering.
Wisdom is developed
through five main vows:
ahimsa (non-violence),
satya (truth), asteya
(honesty), brahmacharya
(chastity), and aparigraha
(piety)
Meditation, discipline, and
respect for all life are
emphasized
into modern science
belief system text
400 BCE Buddhism (South Shares a number of main Siddharta Gautama
beliefs (samsara, dharma,
Asia, East Asia and moksha) with Hinduism (Buddha)
Southeast Asia)
4 Noble Truths describe Tripitaka
worldly existence as
imperfect and influenced
by early desires and
suffering (dukkha); to rid
oneself of desire and
achieve liberation from
suffering, one must follow
the eight-fold path.
Divided in two major
branches: Theravada
Buddhism and Mahayana
Buddhism
into modern science
belief system text
400 BCE Confucianism (East The contemplation of Confucius
Asia) the order of things can
lead to self-
transformation. Self- The Five Classics
transformation can
lead to the betterment
of the family and
society.
Human relationships
are based on mutual
obligations; individuals
should perform their
intended roles and
contribute to social
order.
into modern science
belief system text
200 BCE Taoism Emphasis on the Lao Tzu
unity and harmony
among opposing I Ching, Tao Te
elements (yin and Ching, and
yang); individuals Zhuangzi
must seek to
understand and act
in accordance with
the natural order.
into modern science
belief system text
610 CE Islam (West Asia) Belief in one God (Allah); Muhammad
commitment to faith is
shown through the
practice of the Five Pillars Quran
of Islam: Faith (shahada),
Daily prayers (zakat),
fasting during Ramadan
(Sawm) Pilgrimage to
Mecca (Hajj)
Religion and society are
closely intertwined; all
muslims are members of a
community (ummah)
bounded by faith
Divided into two major
branches; Sunni and Shia.
into modern science
belief system text
1440 CE Sikhism ((India) God is believe to have Guru Nanak
created the universe
and is present
everywhere and in Guru Granth Sahib
everything.
Man communicates
with God through
meditation, and his
ultimate destiny is
union with the Divine
Apart from meditation,

believers must devote
themselves to selfless
service and action.
THINK
 Compare and contrast

the aspect of western
and Eastern
Philosophy using the
Venn Diagram. Discuss Western Eastern
your work in class. Philosophy Philosophy
 Which aspect or
characteristics
distinguished Eastern
Philosophy from
Western Philosophy?
1. God is believe to have created the universe and is
present everywhere and in everything.
2. Emphasis on the unity and harmony among opposing
elements
3. Human relationships are based on mutual obligations;
individuals should perform their intended roles and
contribute to social order.
4. Belief in a cycle of birth and rebirth
5. Belief in one God (Monotheism), who has a role in the
ultimate destiny of mankind
6. Divided in two major branches: Theravada and Mahayana
7. The material and the spiritual world are closely connected;
rituals and traditions are a way to connect with the spiritual
world.
8. Belief in one God; commitment to faith is shown through the
practice of the Five Pillars
9. Rejects the idea of creator and considers the universe as
eternal and unceasing; time is a wheel which goes through
cycle of prosperity and suffering.
10. Divided into two major branches; Sunni and Shia.
1. God is believe to have created the universe and is present everywhere and in
everything.
2. Emphasis on the unity and harmony among opposing elements
3. Human relationships are based on mutual obligations; individuals should perform
their intended roles and contribute to social order.
4. Belief in a cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara)
5. Belief in one God (Monotheism), who has a role in the ultimate destiny of mankind
6. Divided in two major branches: Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism
7. The material and the spiritual world are closely connected; rituals and traditions are a
way to connect with the spiritual world.
8. Belief in one God (Allah); commitment to faith is shown through the practice of the
Five Pillars
9. Rejects the idea of creator and considers the universe as eternal and unceasing; time
is a wheel which goes through cycle of prosperity and suffering.
10. Divided into two major branches; Sunni and Shia.
How do we characterized the study of
Philosophy?
• Analyzing Framework
• Framework – a way of thinking about the world and
is composed on the views and beliefs of a person.
• Internal Questions
• External Questions
Philosophy can also be thought of as

• AN EXAMINATION OF A PARTICULAR OF KNOWLEDGE
Why is there a need for man to
philosophize?
• Sense of Wonder
• Plato
• We are confronted with experience
• We always wonder how it came about
• Doubt
• Rene Descartes
• Need to philosophize to doubt
• Rejecting or questioned old ideas
• His method became the basis of critical thinking and analysis
in the science.
philosophize?
• Experience
• Karl Jasper
• Saw the need to philosophize because of experience
• Believed that man is often confronted by experiences
which challenge his ideas and frameworks.
• He called these experience LIMIT SITUATION, and these
are often accompanied by feelings of Helplessness,
Anxiety or dread
• Philosophy provide us a means to understand adverse or
challenging conditions, and to rise above them and gain new
knowledge and perspective.
philosophize?
• Love for Wisdom
• To love wisdom is to have an insatiable desire for
truth.
• Philosopher does not seek knowledge to claim
ownership of it;
• One who engage in philosophy is not satisfied with
figuring out the answer to question.
• He seek to continue to question, to probe, and to discuss
in order to get to the bottom of things.
DOING PHILOSOPHY
Complete the following statements.
1. I believe that this world is _________________

because _______________.
2. The ________________ kind of life is the best king
of life.
3. The most important thing man must have is
__________________.
What are the major questions that
Philosophers ponder upon?
The major questions in Philosophy concern,
• Reality
• Certainty
• Causality
• Ethics
REALITY
• It refers to the state of existence of things independent of human
consciousness.
• Reality includes physical things that we perceive, as well as things that we
cannot easily perceive and comprehend.
• It includes things that already existed, things that presently exist, and things that
are yet to exist.
• Philosophers believe in the existence of an “OBJECTIVE and ABSOLUTE”

reality
• It means that everything that exist in reality has a specific nature or character.
• Believe that man has the ability to sense and perceive reality.
• Reality as CONCRETE and ABSTRACT

CERTAINTY
• It refers to perfect knowledge that is free from error
or doubt.
• A central concept in the question of certainty is
TRUTH.
• Philosophers use methods and approaches to reach
conclusions with certain degree of certainty or truth in
them.
• Related to the question of certainty is the concept of
KNOWLEDGE and the means by which man is able to
know.
CAUSALITY
• Philosophers analyze causality by examining events in
the context of a cause-and-effect relationship.
• Philosophers try to understand the underlying
principles that govern a certain phenomenon and
uncover the true nature of such phenomenon.
• Close related to Causality are questions regarding the
• Origin of things
• Purpose or the explanation of thing’s function or goal
• The things purpose is often considered its final or Ultimate
Cause
ETHICS
• It deals with the standard of right and wrong which define
human behavior
• As a field of study, discusses and defines concept and principles
which are meant to govern reasoning and action.
• Seek to formulate a set of standards and norms of “acceptable”,
“correct”, and “good” behavior which are applied to daily life.
• The important concept
• Greater Good
• Duty
• Obligation
• Virtue
Ancient Philosophy
 Thales
 Pythagoras
 Heraclitus‘
 Parmenides
 Socrates
 Plato
 Aristotle
Source: Wardsworth.com – Ancient Philosophy

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11/12/2021 Philosophy an Introduction

you hear the

Philia =“love” sophia = “wisdom.”

Knowledge + Action = Wisdom

"The only true wisdom is in knowing you

Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas

Philosophy as learning the profound

• Becomes aware to form his own ideas to make

From their roots in Ancient Greece, the thoughts

Philosophy is the science of all

IN THEIR ULTIMATE CAUSE

It ask and answers not only facts and proximate

It gives answer not only to the question WHAT but

THROUGH THE AID OF HUMAN REASON ALONE

Uses natural reason and not Divine Revelation of

The product of one’s own thinking and not of

In your opinion, what was the most significant

Belief in a cycle of birth

Emphasis on dharma, the

Apart from meditation,

 Compare and contrast

Philosophy can also be thought of as

Complete the following statements.

1. I believe that this world is _________________

• Philosophers believe in the existence of an “OBJECTIVE and ABSOLUTE”

• Reality as CONCRETE and ABSTRACT

Source: Wardsworth.com – Ancient Philosophy

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