SOCIAL GROUPS

A social group consists of two or more people who regularly interact and share a sense of unity and common identity.
In other words, it's a group of people who see each other frequently and consider themselves a part of the group. Except in rare
cases, we all typically belong to many different types of social groups. For example, you could be a member of a sports team,
club, church group, college class, workplace, and more.

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS:

A. According to social ties

1. Primary groups - a small social group whose members share close, personal, enduring relationships. Examples
include family, childhood friends, and highly influential social groups.
2. Secondary groups – secondary groups are large in size and there is no intimate relationship amongst the individuals.
Workplace and large educational institution are the examples of secondary group. In school teacher and student do
interact but their relationship is solely based on teaching and learning.

B. According to self-Identification
1. In-groups - an ingroup, is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member.
2. Out-groups - an outgroup is a social group to which an individual does not identify.
3. Reference groups - a reference group is a group to which an individual or another group is compared.

C. According to purpose
1. Special interest groups - is a community within a larger organization with a shared interest in advancing a specific
area of knowledge, learning or technology where members cooperate to affect or to produce solutions within their
particular field, and may communicate, meet, and organize conferences.
2. Task groups - Task groups are groups of individuals brought together to accomplish a specific action or produce a
product.
3. Influence/Pressure groups - pressure groups also known as influence groups pursue their political goals through
lobbying- the process by which individuals and groups communicate with public officials in order to influence
decisions of government.

D. According to geographical location or degree or quality of relationship

1. Gemeinschaft groups (community) - Gemeinschaft is a social association whereby individuals pay attention to the
community interest rather than their personal needs and wants.
2. Gesellschafts groups (Society) - Gesellschaft is a type of society where people work together for a common goal,
for example, the employees working for their company to earn their monthly salary and not to ensure the success
of the company.

E. According to form of organization

1. Formal groups - formal groups are established by organizations to achieve some specific objectives.
2. Informal groups - informal groups are formed by the members of such groups by themselves. They emerge
naturally, in response to the common interests of organizational members.

SORORATE is a type of marriage in which a husband engages in marriage or sexual relations with the sister of his wife, usually
after the death of his wife or if his wife has proven infertile.

LEVIRATE a custom of the ancient Hebrews and other peoples by which a man may be obliged to marry his brother's widow
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
Economic Institutions are company or an organization that deals with money or with managing the
distribution of money, goods, and services in an economy. - Examples are banks, government organizations, and
investment funds.

Economy and its types:

Economy is the social institution in-charge of production, distribution and consumption of goods and
services. It involves the structuring, functioning and the development and utilization of human and natural
resources.

There are several types of economy namely:

1. Formal - officially approved economy where people’s earnings are subject to National Insurance and the
payment of income tax.
2. Informal – unofficial cash economy, sometimes called the black economy, where people’s earnings are paid
in cash to avoid paying income tax, national insurance or value added tax (VAT).

FORMS OF ECONOMIC DISTRIBUTION & EXCHANGE WITHIN SOCIETY

 RECIPROCITY
Reciprocity is the exchange of goods and services of approximately equal value, between
two parties. Reciprocity is a social rule that says people should repay, in kind, what another
person has provided for them; that is, people give back (reciprocate) the kind of treatment
they have received from another.
By virtue of the rule of reciprocity, people are obligated to repay favors, gifts, invitations,
etc. in the future. This sense of future obligation associated with reciprocity makes it
possible to build continuing relationships and exchanges.
 TRANSFERS
In economics, a transfer payment (or government transfer or simply a transfer) is a
redistribution of income and wealth by means of the government making a payment,
without goods or services being received in return. These payments are considered to be
non-exhaustive because they do not directly absorb resources or create output. Examples
of transfer payments include welfare, financial aid, social security, and government making
subsidies for certain businesses.
 REDISTRIBUTION
Redistribution refers to a system of economic exchange involving the centralized collection
of goods from members of a group followed by the redivision of those goods among those
members. Goods are stored in one central place and then distributed by the leaders in order
to gain or maintain power; to assure support of followers; and to establish alliances.
 MARKET TRANSACTIONS
the buying and selling of goods and services with prices set by rules of supply and demand.
MONEY is an important means in order to facilitate exchange in the market.

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS:

1. CAPITALISM – is a system under which resources and means of production are privately owned, citizens
are encouraged to seek profit for themselves, and success or failure of an enterprise is determined by free-
market competition.
EXAMPLE: The United States is one of the most purely capitalistic societies in the world. Most U.S.
businesses are privately owned, but the government regulate business practices.
2. SOCIALISM – is a system under which resources and means of production are owned by the society as a
whole, rights to private property are limited, the good of the whole society is stressed more than individual
profit, and the government maintains control of the economy. EXAMPLE: China is a socialist country. The
government owns and controls almost all-natural resources.
EDUCATION
Education is defined as the whole process of development through which a human being passes from
infancy to maturity, gradually adapting himself to his physical and social environment. It involves deliberately and
consciously planned process of systematic instruction, schooling or training in preparations for life or some particular
task. Likewise, there is the process in school or beyond, of transmitting a society’s cultural knowledge, skills, values
and behaviors.

Functions of Education:

A. Manifest functions - expected activities, goals or purposes of formal education.

1. Inculcation of values and norms of society.
2. Maintenance and perpetuation of cultural heritage.
3. selection, training and allocation of adult position
4. Political and social integration
B. Latent functions – unintended goals or purposes or those not originally designed to be served.
1. Childcare
2. Postponing job hunting
3. reduce the level of employment
4. Social control

Types of Education

Education can be classified as:

1. Formal Education – education system with its hierarchical structures and chronological successions of
grades from primary to university.
 Examples of Formal Education
 Learning in a classroom
 School grading/certification, college, and university degrees
 Planned education of different subjects having a proper syllabus acquired by attending
the institution.

2. Informal Education – lifelong process of learning while people go about their daily lives.
 Examples of Informal Education
 Teaching someone some basics life skills.
 Someone learning his/her mother tongue
 A spontaneous type of learning. (when someone teaches you how to fish, mine, or drive
a vehicle or etc..)

3. Non-formal Education – all education activities that are organized outside the established formal
system and designed for identifiable clientele and educational objectives such as for those out-of-
school youths and illiterate adults.
 Examples of Non-formal Education
 Fitness programs.
 Community-based adult education courses.
 Free courses for adult education developed by some organization.
FAMILY STRUCTURE:

Several types of family structures:

A. According to structure
1. Nuclear family - a couple and their dependent children, regarded as a basic social unit.
2. Extended family - a family that extends beyond the nuclear family, including grandparents, aunts, uncles,
and other relatives, who all live nearby or in one household.
3. Classic Extended family - when three or more generations live together in one household.
4. Modified extended family - when a family lives apart but they keep their family ties alive.

B. According to descent
1. Patrilineal descent - a kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives through his or
her father's lineage.
2. Matrilineal descent - a kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives through his or
her Mother's lineage.
3. Bilateral/bilineal descent - a kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives through
both parents’ lineage.

C. According to residence
1. Patrilocal - a pattern of marriage in which the couple settles in the husband's home or community.
2. Matrilocal - a pattern of marriage in which the couple settles in the wife's home or community.
3. Neolocal - a type of post-marital residence in which a newly married couple resides separately from both
the husband's natal household and the wife's natal household.
4. Bilocal - the societal post marital residence in which couples, upon marriage, choose to live with or near
either spouse's parents.

D. According to authority
1. Patriarchal family - a family in which the father holds primary power.
2. Matriarchal family - a family in which the mother holds primary power.
3. Egalitarian family - arrangement in which power is shared more-or-less equally by both the wife and the
husband.

E. Arising from results of marriage breakdown

1. Reconstituted family - when two families join together after one or both partners have divorced their
previous partners.
2. Lone-parent families - A mother or father living without a partner with their dependent children.
RELIGION AND BELIEFS SYSTEMS

Definition of religion:

Religion is a social-cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, worldviews, sanctified places,
prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, or spiritual elements.

Basic Elements or Components of Religion:

1. Sacred object
2. Sacred beliefs
3. Rituals

Types of Religion:

Religion can be generally classified as:

1. Monotheistic – where a single male god is worshipped

2. Henotheistic – religion that recognizes other gods and goddesses, heroes of saints as facets or
manifestations of the supreme god.

Types of religious organization:

1. Church/Ecclesia – large, conservative universal religious institution whose growth increasingly comes from
those born into it.

2. Denominations – these come into existence when the church or ecclesia loses its religions monopoly in
society.

3. Sect – newly formed religious group that form to protest elements of their parent religion.

4. Cults – Cults are, like sects, new religious groups. But, unlike sects, they can form without breaking off from
another religious group (though they often do). The characteristic that most distinguishes cults from sects
is that they are not advocating a return to pure religion but rather the embracement of something new or
something that has been completely lost or forgotten (Born-Again, Seventh - day Adventist and Baptist)