Reviewer UCSP

Social Groups in the Society

Primary Group • usually fairly small and is made up of individuals
who generally engage face-to-face in long-term emotional ways.
Secondary Group • task-oriented and time-limited • these groups
serve as instrumental function rather than an expressive one,
meaning that their role is more goal- or task-oriented than
emotional.
IN-GROUP is the group that an individual feels he/she belongs to,
and he/she
believes it to be an integral part of who he/she is.
Example: Juan belongs to a dance group, and he is comfortable
with his
groupmates.
OUT-GROUP, conversely, is a group someone doesn’t belong to;
often, there.
may be a feeling of disdain or competition in relation to an out-
group.
Example: Juana is in her school’s cheering squad but feels alone
since no
one wants to be with her especially during their training and break
time.
A reference group is a group to which an individual or another
group is compared, used by sociologists in reference to any group
that is used by an individual as a standard for evaluating
themselves and their own behavior.
Size and Function of Groups
A dyad is the smallest possible size of a group consisting of two
members. This
can usually be seen in the nuclear family, marriage, and friendship.
Coalitions are large groups composed of people and have
emphasis on
alignment against the other groups.
An aggregate is a collection of people who happen to be at the
same place at the same time but who have no other connection to
one another.
State and Non-State Institution

State

state: it is a community of people, more or less numerous, occupying a definite

portion of earth’s surface, having its own government, through which the inhabitants
render habitual obedience free from outside control. of people, more or less numerous,
occupying a definite portion of earth’s surface, having its own government, through
which the inhabitants render habitual obedience free from outside control.

(Four Elements of State)

1. People or Population
It is important that a community of persons is composed of both males and
females for purposes of reproduction. Reproduction is indispensable.
2. Territory
The territory should be a fixed and bounded portion of the earth’s surface.
Within it, are natural resources that are vital for people to live.
3. Government
In order to maintain an organized state, there should be a government. The
government is that body where people, through their representatives, can
express their desire. This is where the laws to be implemented in the country
are enacted.
4. Sovereignty
It refers to the supreme power of the state to rule itself without interference
from other states. This means that the state is an independent entity where
people enjoy freedom. A territory is not a state if it is not independent.

Non – State Institution

A. Banks and Corporations

A bank is a financial institution which deals with deposits and advances and other
related services. It receives money from those who want to save in the form of deposits,
and it lends money to those who need it.
A corporation is a company or group of people authorized to act as single entity and
recognized as such in law.
B. Cooperatives and Trade Unions

Cooperative is firm owned, controlled, and operated by a group of users for their
own benefits. Each member contributes equity capital, and shares in the control of the
firm based on one-member one-vote.
A trade union is an organization made up of members (a member-based organization)
and its membership must be made up mainly of workers. The main purpose is to
protect and advance the interest of its members in the workplace.
Education
Types of Education
Formal Education
1. It is an institutional activity because the process is done in
schools, colleges, and universities.
2. It follows hierarchical structure from primary to secondary to
tertiary education leading to completion of certificates, diplomas,
and/or degrees
3. It follows a standardized, well-defined curriculum that conforms
to the needs of society.
Non – formal Education
1. It is a process of learning derived from an organized and
systematic educational activity working separately or as a special
feature of an educational institution.
2. Its curriculum is flexible, diversified in content and
method because it should conform to the identified group of
learners.
Informal Education
1. It is a lifelong process where learning naturally from daily
experience is an exposure in dealing with people.
2. It does not require a specific educational institution or set of
curriculums.

Aims of Description
Education

Individual ∙ Development as an individual of a human being. ∙ Moral and

spiritual development ∙ Cultural development
∙ Harmonious development
∙ Promote positive physical development ∙ Development of a
right personality.
∙ Development of good citizenship∙ Development of good
leadership∙ Emotional and mental development ∙ Character
building

Social ∙ Through education, the child should be provided with the

required assistance to become a productive and well-adjusted
member of their respective of the socioeconomic status.

Vocational ∙ Education should prepare the child to earn through his

livelihood so that he can lead a productive the society.
Intellectual ∙ Development of intelligence through education will enable
the child to lead an independent life with confidence.

Cultural ∙ By undergoing education, child becomes and civilized.

Cultural development is the development of aesthetic sense
and respect for others’ culture.

Moral ∙ Moral values like honesty, loyalty, tolerance, justice, self-

control, and sincerity promote the social and moral standards
set by the society.

Good ∙ Education enables the children to grow a productive citizen

Citizenship by following the social and moral standards set by the
society.
Social Stratification
Social Stratification
Is defined as the arrangement of any social group or society into hierarchy
positions that are unequal regarding power property social evaluation, and/or
psychic gratification.
Social stratification is structed and hierarchical ranking of individuals based
on their family, occupation, income, wealth and (social political) power. For
Sociologists, it is the pattered inequality in society that is due to the unequal
access to wealth, privileges, and power.

Components of Social Stratification

1. Social Class refers to the level or category where persons have the
same socio-economic privileges in society.
2. Social Status refers to the position of an individual or group within a social
structure
3. Social Role refers to the behavior expected of a person who occupies a
particular
status.
Bases of Social Stratification

1. Power or Authority is the ability to secure one‘s ends in life, even against
opposition. The degree to which one directs, manages, or dominates others.
2. Property or Wealth refers to the rights over goods and services. How much
of the resources of society are owned by certain individuals and how much do
they gain or earn every time.
3. Prestige or Social Evaluation implies social judgment that a status or
position is more prestigious and honorable than others. The degree of honor
one ‘s position evokes. It also includes the fame one attains upon reaching a
certain degree of prestige.

Functionalist
1. Manifest Functions are consequences that are intended and commonly
recognized.
2. Latent Functions are consequences that are unintended and often hidden.
For example, the manifest function of education is to transmit knowledge and
skills to society ‘s youth.
Conflict Perspective – KARL MARX
The functionalist perspective views society as composed of different parts.
working together.

SOCIAL MOBILITY IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

Social Mobility is the movement of persons from one position to another in
the stratification system. This pertains to the idea that people have an equal
opportunity to end up at the top of stratification system; that anyone can reach
the apex or peak of the hierarchy.

Open (Class) System

Allows a person ‘s freer mobility. He or she can move through classes based
upon his/her skills, abilities, and/or achievements. The Philippine society
is committed to promote equal access to quality education so that
everyone will be able to acquire the needed skills and knowledge to
improve his or her lot. Most societies in the world, on the other hand,
implement policies that reduce barriers for social mobility.

Closed (Caste) System

In this system a person has little or no possibility of moving up social
ladder. One of the examples of this system is India ‘s caste system, wherein
the people from the lowest stratum are dreadfully treated and are.
considered untouchables. Their image on the rest of the social strata has
become so severely negative that these untouchables have ladder. People
in this system are socially determined based on ascribed status such as
family background, ethnicity, or race.

Forms of Social Stratification:

Caste is a hereditary endogamous social group in which a person ‘s rank and

its accompanying rights and obligations are ascribed based on his birth into a
group.

Types of Social Mobility

1. Horizontal Social Mobility

This is the change of position of a person to another position of the same
rank. For example, when a chemistry teacher decides to shift to another job
that requires his/her skills in chemistry, he/she is practicing horizontal social
mobility because he/she will experience a similar level of difficulty and status
in the new position.

2. Vertical Social Mobility

The more interesting mechanism for sociologist is vertical social mobility,
which happens when a person moves from one social class to another. A
successful engineer who once was a poor working student in a state university
is an example of a person who experiences vertical social mobility.
This type of mobility may be upward or downward. It may also be further
analyzed in relation to time.

a. Intergenerational mobility is the movement of social position that

started with the parents and was felt by even children.
b. Intergenerational mobility is the movement in the social position that
happens within a person ‘s adult life.
Social Mobility may be hindered by the following factors:
educational attainment
childhood poverty with associated psychological and behavioral
Development
Social Inequality
Social inequality occurs when resources in a given society are distributed
unevenly, typically through norms of allocation, that engender specific patterns
along lines of socially defined categories of persons.

Forms of Social Inequality

1. Gender Inequality
Sex- and gender-based prejudice and discrimination, commonly called
sexism, are major contributing factors to social inequality.

A. The struggle for Equal Rights

The modern concept of women as people with full legal rights is a relatively
new idea for many years.

B. The Women's Rights Movement

In 1848 a group of women led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, held a convention
in Sen eca Falls, New York, to have a discussion about women's rights and this
marked the start of the women's suffrage (voting) movement. While it is true
thatthe fight is not easy the suffragists had to rally, demonstrate, and even
chain themselves to railings before they finally got the vote in 1920

2. Racial or ethnic inequality

Racial or ethnic inequality is the result of hierarchical social distinctions
between racial and ethnic categories within a society and often established
based on characteristics such as skin color and other physical characteristics
or an individual's place of origin or culture.

A. Discrimination
Minorities are being deprived of equal treatment and are kept in a lower
status by the dominant members of society, and the resistance of equality is
called discrimination.

B. Prejudice
This is defined as a negative attitude towards the members of a particular
group. It is a pre-conceived idea or judgement of others that allows us to
brand/ levels them in various pessimistic ways.

C. Stereotyping
It refers to our prosperity to picture all members of a particular category as
having the same qualities.

D. Ethnocentrism
Belief that our own nation, race or group is the best is called ethnocentrism.

E. Scapegoating
The term scapegoat is taken from the ancient Hebrew custom of identifying
the sins of the people with a goat and driving the goat into the wilderness. This
is a situation when people encounter problems that they do not know how to
solve. Often, they feel frustrated.
F. Racism
It is the thinking that one’s own race is superior and has the right to control
or direct others.

3. Global inequality
Global inequality and international inequality refer to economic
differences between countries.

4. Economic Inequality
Economic inequality, usually described on the basis of the unequal
distribution of income or wealth, is a frequently studied type of social
inequality.

Ethnic Minorities
Ethnicity is a term that describes shared culture-the practices, values, and
beliefs of a group.

How people become minorities

1. Migration
When people move, or migrate, from one society to another, they are
commonly called minorities in the new society.

2. Colonialism
Some people become minorities in their own country, without ever leaving
their place of birth. This happens when people from another country decides to
settle in a new land and then take control of society.

3. Annexation
Citizens may turn out to be a minority when their country is joined, or
annexed to another nation.

Additional Minority Groups

A. Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, Transgenders (LGBTs) Community
A sexual minority is a group whose sexual identity, orientation or practices
differ from the majority of the surrounding society.

B. Persons with Disabilities (PWDs)

This is normally a condition either caused by genetics or disease, accident,
trauma, which may hamper a person’s mental, sensory or mobility functions to
carry out or perform a task in the same way as a person who does not have a
disability.
(TVL 1-3)