Bank is a place where people deposit or save their money with

corresponding  interest on a given period of time.  

∙ Corporation is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single 

entity and recognized as such in law.  

∙ Cooperative or coop refers to an autonomous association whose

membership  is voluntary toward the attainment of common economic,
social and cultural  needs or aspirations.  

∙ A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers whose main 

objective is to protect the welfare of its members. In the Philippines, these 
national federations are Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP)
and  the Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU). 

∙ Transnational Advocacy Groups are involved in social advocacy to promote 

principled causes, ideas and values. In the Philippines, Human Rights
Watch  is very active in human rights and peace issues. 

∙ Development Agencies are committed/dedicated to distributing aid. Some of 

the prominent development agencies in the Philippines are United States 
Agency for International Development (USAID), Australian Agency for 
International Development (AusAID), and Japan International Cooperation 
Agency (JICA). 

∙ Global Organizations operate in the development of entire countries. Some

of  the most well-known organizations in the world include World Bank
(WB),  International Monetary Bank (IMB), and Asian Development Bank
(ADB). 

∙ International Organizations are organizations with international membership, 

scope or presence. The two main types are the International Non
governmental Organizations (INGO) and the International Governmental 
Organizations.

∙ Education is the social institution that formally socializes members of the 

society. It also refers to the process through which skills, knowledge, and 
values are transmitted from the teachers to the learners. 

∙ Formal education usually takes placed in a classroom setting and provided

by  trained teaching and nonteaching staff. 

∙ Elementary education is the first part of the educational system, and it 
includes the first six years of compulsory education from grade1 to grade 6. 
 ∙ Secondary education is continuing basic education from the elementary
level  to four years of junior high school and two years of senior high
school. 

∙ Tertiary education is offered by private and public colleges and universities.  

∙ Vocational education. Accredited institutions offer technical and vocational 
education. Programs offered vary in duration from a few weeks to two
years. 

∙ Nonformal education is an organized educational activity that takes placed 

outside a formal set up.  

∙ Informal education is a lifelong process of learning by which every person 

acquires and accumulates knowledge, skills, attitude from daily
experiences  at home, at work, at play, and from life itself. 
∙ Special education (SPED) refers to the education of persons who are  physically,
mentally, emotionally, socially or culturally different from so-called  “normal” individuals,
such that they require modification of school practices to  develop their potential.
 The two most important goals of education for the individual and society are
productive citizenry and self-actualization.
 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right
to education. Education has to be free and compulsory at least in the primary
level, higher education and technical-vocational education should be made
generally available.

SUMMARY

 Differentiation is the method of relating people in terms of certain social

characteristics and then classifying them into social categories based on their
characteristics; it does not involve ranking.
 Social stratification is a society’s categorization of people into socioeconomic
strata/layer, based on their occupation and income, wealth and social status,
or derived power (social and political).
 The three social classes are the upper class, middle class, lower class.
 Status is the individual’s position in the social structure.
 Ascribed status are assigned or given by the society or group on the basis of
some fixed category.
 Achieved statuses are earned by the individual.
 Prestige refers to the evaluation of status. You have prestige according to
your status.
 Esteem refers to the assessment of our role behaviour. The measure of
esteem we have depends on how well we carry out our role.
 Political stratification is the extent to which inequalities are influenced by
political structures and processes regarding influence, power and authority.
 Social mobility is the act of moving from one social status to another.
 Open class system means that individuals can change their social class in the
society.
 Caste and closed-class system, people can do little or nothing to change their
social standing.

 Horizontal mobility is the movement of a person within a social class level.
 Vertical mobility is the movement of a person between social class levels or
another class
 Social inequality is the existence of uneven opportunities and rewards for a
diverse social positions or statuses within a group or society.
 Gender and sexual orientation has been a subject in inequality. Traditionally,
women were regarded as placed in the lower social status in the society
compared to men.
 A similar situation is also experienced by the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual,
transgender) community whose gender preferences are subject to
discrimination in the society.
 Ethnic minorities are also subject to social discrimination – the cultural
marginalization that they experience from the dominant majority.
 Persons with disabilities (PWD) or differently-abled persons are also victims of
inequality and deprived of the opportunities in the society especially in the
employment sector due to their physical impairments.
 Members of the society that have more power than others are called dominant
members. Those who are barred from such privileges and opportunities are
called the minorities.
 Discrimination happens when minorities are being deprived of equal treatment
and are kept in a lower status by the dominant members of the society and
the resistance of equality.
 Prejudice is defined as a negative attitude toward the members of a particular
group. It is a prejudgement of others that allows us to brand or label them in
various negative ways.
 Stereotyping refers to our tendency to picture all members of a particular
category as having the same qualities.
 Ethnocentrism is the belief that our nation, race, or group is the best or
superior than others.
 Scapegoating is a situation when people encounter problems that they do not
know how to solve it. People usually look someone or something else to be
blamed for their own troubles or problems.
 Racism is the belief that one’s own race is superior and has the right to
control or direct others.
Inequality does not only exist in our community, in our society, in our country
but also among countries.
 There are countries that are economically matured and more powerful than
other countries and basically ends up to become influential in the global
community.
 Inequality can also be an outcome of the relative strength of a state as
compared with another in terms of strategic importance or development
assistance.
 Countries with many resources tend to have more power. Countries that send
official development assistance (ODA) in the form of loans and grants are in
the position to dictate their policy conditions.
 Military strength is also a source of inequality where countries with superior
military competence are able to bully the weaker ones.
 Global inequality can also be manifested through transnational business
corporations and organizations that operate globally
 Humans are generally adaptive to changes in the environment. If people
perceive relevant changes in the environment they are in, they readily adapt
their behaviour to meet these new challenges for their own benefit.
 Many researchers on global warming and climate change focus mostly on
what it will bring to the future. Climate change serves as a new challenge to
humans today. The changing climatic conditions that we experience tell us
that there is an existing environmental problem that needs to be addressed
immediately so that it will not give too much negative impact to human beings
in the future.
 Migration is defined as the process of geographic mobility, or the change of
residence of a person from one community to another with the intention of
settling temporarily or permanently. There are three types of migration –
international migration, internal migration and circular migration.
 Transnational migrants are those persons who having migrated from one
nation-state to another, live their lives across borders, participating
simultaneously in social relations that embed them in more than one nation.
 Overseas Filipino Worker is a person of Filipino origin who lives and works
outside of the Philippines. This term applies to Filipinos who are abroad
indefinitely as citizens or as permanent residents of a different country and to
those Filipino citizens who are abroad for a limited, definite period as workers
or as students.
 Inclusive citizenship is a governing policy focused at giving all citizens a
strong sense that they are members of the overall society.
 Participatory governance is a kind theory which put emphasis on democratic
engagement through deliberative practices.
 New media is a generic term for the many different forms of electronic
communication that are made possible through the use of computer
technology.
 Social networking is a more casual form of social media. The most popular
example is Facebook.
 Social movement is defined as a set of attitudes and self-conscious actions by
people seeking to change society. Environmentalism is a social movement
whose advocacies are in line with concerns for the environment – its
protection and improvement; feminism is for the women’s liberation
movement.