REVIEWER UCSP

Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

Quarter 2 – Module 3 Political and Leadership
Structures
Lesson 1: Political Organization/Authority and
Legitimacy
A band is usually small, formed by several
families living together; oftentimes moving
from one place to the other to search for food.
A tribe (tribu) is more complex and larger than
a band. As the population increases, there is a
shifting from a basic form of livelihood to a
multiple way of living. Tribe is organized
through pantribal associations in the form of
councils, tribal leaders, elders, etc.
A chiefdom has a more defined political
organization. Chiefdoms have more or less
permanent, fulltime leader with real authority
to make major decisions. These leaders are
referred to as the “chief”.
Out of the breakdown of political organizations,
what emerged was the presence of groups of
people that shared a common history,
language, traditions, customs, habits, and
ethnicity. These groups are collectively referred
to as nations. a state is a political unit
consisting of a government that has sovereignty
presiding over a group of people and a well-
defined territory and has the highest form of
political organization.
Political Legitimacy and Authority The task of
organizing a political community requires the
existence of leaders. Leaders, in order to be
effective, need to possess authority that is
considered legitimate by the community.
Authority in relation to Legitimacy
Authority is the right to command. Authority is
observed when an individual has a command to
make a person do things. Legitimacy gives form
to authority. Legitimacy is a “value whereby
something or someone is recognized and
accepted as right and proper. For authority to
be binding and stable, it must be legitimate.
Max Weber’s three types of authority includes
traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational.
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
Quarter 2 – Module 4 Nonstate Institutions
Bank is a place where people deposit or save
their money with corresponding interest on a
given period of time
Corporation is a company or group of people
authorized to act as a single entity and
recognized as such in law.
Cooperative or coop refers to an autonomous
association whose membership is voluntary
toward the attainment of common economic,
social and cultural needs or aspirations.
A trade union or labor union is an organization
of workers whose main objective is to protect
the welfare of its members. In the Philippines,
these national federations are Trade Union
Congress of the Philippines (TUCP) and the
Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU).
Transnational Advocacy Groups are involved in
social advocacy to promote principled causes,
ideas and values. In the Philippines, Human
Rights Watch is very active in human rights and
peace issues.
Development Agencies are
committed/dedicated to distributing aid. Some
of the prominent development agencies in the
Philippines are United States Agency for
International Development (USAID),
Australian Agency for International
Development (AusAID), and Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
Global Organizations operate in the
development of entire countries. Some of the
most well-known organizations in the world
include World Bank (WB), International
Monetary Bank (IMB), and Asian Development
Bank (ADB).
International Organizations are organizations
with international membership, scope or
presence. The two main types are the
International Non-governmental Organizations
(INGO) and the International Governmental
Organizations (IGOs), these are organizations
that are made up primarily of member states,
example, the United Nations(UN). non-
governmental organizations (NGOs)

Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

Quarter 2 – Module 5 Education
Education is the social institution that formally
socializes members of the society. Socializes
members of the society. It also refers to the
process through which skills, knowledge, and
values are transmitted from the teachers to the
learners.
Formal education usually takes placed in a
classroom setting and provided by trained
teaching and nonteaching staff.
Elementary education is the first part of the
educational system, and it includes the first six
years of compulsory education from grade1 to
grade 6.
Secondary education is continuing basic
education from the elementary level to four
years of junior high school and two years of
senior high school.
Tertiary education is offered by private and
public colleges and universities.
Vocational education. Accredited institutions
offer technical and vocational education.
Programs offered vary in duration from a few
weeks to two years.
Special education (SPED) refers to the
education of persons who are physically,
mentally, emotionally, socially or culturally
different from so-called “normal” individuals,
such that they require modification of school
practices to develop their potential.
Nonformal education is an organized
educational activity that takes placed outside a
formal set up.
Informal education is a lifelong process of
learning by which every person acquires and
accumulates knowledge, skills, attitude from
daily experiences at home, at work, at play, and
from life itself.

The two most important goals of education for

the individual and society are productive
citizenry and self-actualization. Productive
citizenry refers to an idea that a citizen can
create opportunities to become productive.
Primary Education as a Human Right The
Universal Declaration of Human Rights states
that everyone has the right to education.
Education has to be free and compulsory at
least in the primary level, higher education and
technical-vocational education should be made
generally available. In the statement of United
Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO), education is a
fundamental human right and essential for the
exercise of all other human rights. It promotes
individual freedom and empowerment and
yields important development benefits.

Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

Quarter 2 – Module 6 Social and Political
Stratification
Differentiation is the method of relating people
in terms of certain social characteristics and
then classifying them into social categories
based on their characteristics; it does not
involve ranking.
Social stratification is a society’s categorization
of people into socioeconomic strata/layer,
based on their occupation and income, wealth
and social status, or derived power (social and
political).
Three Social Classes
1. The upper class – consists of the elite or
wealthy families who are the most prolific
(productive) in their respective areas. They
value heritage most over wealth.
2. The middle class – these are mostly
professional people like lawyers, doctors,
manager, owners of small businesses,
executives, etc. They value education most
since education to them is the most important
measure of social status.
3. The lower class – these are the office and
clerical workers, skilled and unskilled
craftsman, farm employees, underemployed,
indigent families, etc. They depend on their
paycheck.

Status is the individual’s position in the social

structure.
Ascribed status are assigned or given by the
society or group on the basis of
some fixed category.
Achieved statuses are earned by the
individual.
Prestige refers to the evaluation of status. You
have prestige according to your status.
Esteem refers to the assessment of our role
behavior. The measure of
esteem we have depends on how well we carry
out our role.
Political stratification is the extent to which
inequalities are influenced by
political structures and processes regarding
influence, power and authority.
Social mobility is the act of moving from one
social status to another.
Open class system means that individuals can
change their social class in the society.
Caste and closed-class system, people can do
little or nothing to change their social standing.
Horizontal mobility is the movement of a
person within a social class level.
Vertical mobility is the movement of a person
between social class levels or
another class

Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

Quarter 2 – Module 7 Social Inequality
Social inequality is the existence of uneven
opportunities and rewards for a diverse social
positions or
statuses within a group or society.
 A similar situation is also experienced by the
LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender)
community whose gender preferences are
subject to discrimination in the society.
Gender and sexual orientation has been a
subject in inequality. Traditionally, women
were regarded as placed in the lower social
status in the society compared to men.
Ethnic minorities are also subject to social
discrimination – the cultural marginalization
that they experience from the dominant
majority.
Persons with disabilities (PWD) or differently-
abled persons are also victims of inequality and
deprived of the opportunities in the society
especially in the employment sector due to
their physical impairments.
Minorities in the social structure. Members of
the society that have more power than others
are called dominant members. Those who are
barred from such privileges and opportunities
are called the minorities.
Discrimination and prejudice. Discrimination
happens when minorities are being deprived of
equal treatment and are kept in a lower status
by the dominant members of the society and
the resistance of equality.
Prejudice is defined as a negative attitude
toward the members of a particular group. It is
a prejudgment of others that allows us to brand
or label them in various negative ways.
Stereotyping refers to our tendency to picture
all members of a particular
category as having the same qualities.
Ethnocentrism is the belief that our nation,
race, or group is the best or superior than
others.
Scapegoating. This is a situation when people
encounter problems that they do not know
how to solve it. Often they feel frustrated and
eventually it leads to aggression. When it
happens, people usually look someone or
something else to be blamed for their own
troubles or problems.
Racism. It is the belief that one’s own race is
superior and has the right to
control or direct others
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
Quarter 2 – Module 8 Global Inequality
● Inequality does not only exist in our
community, in our society, in our country but
also among countries.
● There are countries that are economically
matured and more powerful than other
countries and basically ends up to become
influential in the global community.
● Inequality can also be an outcome of the
relative strength of a state as compared with
another in terms of strategic importance or
development assistance.
● Countries with many resources tend to have
more power. Countries that send official
development assistance (ODA) in the form of
loans and grants are in the position to dictate
their policy conditions.
● Military strength is also a source of inequality
where countries with superior military
competence are able to bully the weaker ones.
● Global inequality can also be manifested
through transnational business corporations
and organizations that operate globally
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
Quarter 2 – Module 9 Cultural, Social, and
Political Change
Social change refers to the significant
modification or alteration in the lifestyle of a
society, including culture. Social change also
means any significant shift or modification in
the lifestyle of the society that affects the
major portion of the population that brings
about pattern of behavior.
Cultural change refers to changes made in
cultural elements, both material and non-
material
Political change is when there is a significant
disruption in a government that leads to new or
modified leadership or policies.
CAUSES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
Technology. According to Thomas Friedman,
American political commentator and author,
technology is the driving force behind
globalization. People get connected all over the
world through technology.
Social Institutions. Social institutions are
established sets of norms and subsystems in a
society. Societies are composed of different
sectors and each sector carries out specific
tasks.
Population. A change in population in the
composition of every level in the society leads
to social change. Regardless, whether the
population increases or decreases, for sure it
has a great impact of all aspects in the society.
Environment. A population change may affect
the environment and the natural resources.
Likewise, a change in the environment will also
affect the people and the society. Because of
the changes in the population (increase),
people will now be using all the natural
resources available.
Modernization may also be considered as
atypical result of social change. It refers to the
process of increased differentiation and
specialization within a society, primarily around
its industry and infrastructure.

SOURCES OF CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND

POLITICAL CHANGE
Innovation. It is the use of new techniques to
achieve desired ends. It also refers to changing
or creating more effective processes and ideas.
This is the process of translating a new idea into
something that can create value.
Cultural Diffusion. This is the spread of culture
including aspects such as clothing and food,
from one group to another, typically as a result
of making contact with a new group for the first
time.
Acculturation. It is a process where a minority
(small group of people) adopts the cultural
aspects of the majority (large group of people)
without losing its own traditions and customs.
Assimilation. Assimilation is a process whereby
people of a culture learn to adapt to the ways
of the majority culture. There is a loss of the
minority’s own culture as more value is given to
the cultural aspects of the majority.
SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS AND TENSIONS
Inter-ethnic conflict is an armed conflict
between different ethnic groups. When two or
more ethnic groups meet because they are
occupying or living in the same territory, there
are so many possibilities that may arise. One of
these is misunderstanding between these
groups that would likely lead to conflict and
would result to war.
Political violence can be the result not only of
ethnic conflict but also of class conflict. In
political science, political violence is also seen
as a manifestation of aggressive politics, and it
includes revolutions, civil war, riots, strikes, and
peaceful protest movements. Two of the more
serious forms of political violence are
revolution and terrorism.
Revolution involves a public seizure of the state
with the main goal of overturning the existing
political structures. Revolutions involve the
public, and are usually attended by rapid,
structural changes that usually involve the use
of violence.
Terrorism occurs when nonstate actors use
violence against civilians to achieve their
political goals
Gender issue is also a source of social
contradictions and tensions. The issue on
gender equality has been a subject on social
discussions for quite some time up to the
present. Gender equality refers to a view that
all genders, including men and women, should
receive equal treatment, and therefore should
not be discriminated against based on their
gender.

Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

Quarter 2 – Module 10 New Challenges to
Human Adaptation and Social Change
Humans are generally adaptive to changes in
the environment. If people perceive relevant
changes in the environment they are in, they
readily adapt their behavior to meet these new
challenges for their own benefit.
Global Warming and Climate Change Many
researchers on global warming and climate
change focus mostly on what it will bring to the
future. Climate change serves as a new
challenge to humans today. The changing
climatic conditions that we experience tell us
that there is an existing environmental problem
that needs to be addressed immediately so that
it will not give too much negative impact to
human beings in the future.
Transnational Migration and Overseas Filipino
Workers
Migration is defined as the process of
geographic mobility, or the change of residence
of a person from one community to another
with the intention of settling temporarily or
permanently. There are three types of
migration – international migration is the
permanent transfer from one country to
another. A change of residence within a
country is called internal migration. Circular
migration is a temporary movement of a
person.
Transnational migrants are those persons who
having migrated from one nation-state to
another, live their lives across borders,
participating simultaneously in social relations
that embed them in more than one nation-
state.
Overseas Filipino Worker is a person of Filipino
origin who lives and works outside of the
Philippines. This term applies to Filipinos who
are abroad indefinitely as citizens or as
permanent residents of a different country and
to those Filipino citizens who are abroad for a
limited, definite period as workers or as
students.
Responding to Social, Political, and Cultural
Change
Inclusive citizenship is a governing policy
focused at giving all citizens a strong sense that
they are members of the overall society. This
also includes access to public funds, public
organizations, egalitarian rights and acceptance
by national figures.
Participatory governance is a kind theory
which put emphasis on democratic
engagement through deliberative practices.
New media . From media to mass media, to
electronic media, and now to the so-called new
media. Technology has a great influence on our
way of living; it also widens our social circle.
New media is a generic term for the many
different forms of electronic communication
that are made possible through the use of
computer technology.
Social networking is a more casual form of
social media. The most popular example is
Facebook. Social networking is just one of the
different forms and types of social media.
Others include forums, microblogging,
bookmarking, video sites and search engines.
Social movement is defined as a set of attitudes
and self-conscious actions by people seeking to
change society. Social movements involve a
large number of people mobilize to endorse or
resist any social and cultural change.
Environmentalism is a social movement whose
advocacies are in line with concerns for the
environment – its protection and improvement;
feminism is for the women’s liberation
movement. It is a feminist movement which is a
series of political campaigns to push for
reforms on issues involving women such as
reproductive health, domestic violence, fair
labor practices, political suffrage and sexual
harassment.