Xenocentrism occurs when one has

a preference for a foreign culture's

goods, ideas, styles, and traditions
over their own culture

Example: In the United States, for instance, it is

often assumed that European products such as
wine and cheese are superior to those produced
locally
Conformity and Deviance
 What is social control?
Social control is the way that the standards,
rules, laws, and structures of society regulate
human behavior.
Society needs harmonious life with a sense of belonging
and respect. That is why social order is necessary to
recognize the strengths and weaknesses and make
people realize their qualities and shortcomings. In order
to achieve and support social order, we must remember
that every system has the motivation to be inspired and
can tell if it deviates from our social norms.
Rewards are given to individuals who
conform to social norms or those who
agree to motivate individuals.

punishments are given to people who deviate

from the social norms.
 What is Conformity?

Conformity is a type of social influence which

involve change in belief or behavior in order to
fit in (McLeod 2016). It is an essential social
component in
society, and without it, we would not have
social standards and worthy behavior. It may
have positive as well as a negative impact on
us.
 Two Types of Conformity

1. Compliance involves changing our behavior

while we are still internally disagreeing with the
group.
2. Internalization involves changing our behavior,
also internally as we believe in the viewpoint of
the group. Meaning the change in behavior is
permanent (McLeod 2016).
 What is Deviance?
Deviance in sociological context, describes
actions or behaviors that violate informal
social norms or formally-enacted rules.
 Two types of deviance

(1) Formal deviance includes criminal violation of

formal-enacted laws.

(2) Informal deviance refers to violations of informal

social norms, which are norms that have not been
codified into
law.
The violation of social norms, or deviance, results
sanction. Sanction depend to the degree of violations.
There are three main forms of social sanction these are
the following:

1. Legal sanction. Formal deviance, or the violation

of legal codes, results in criminal action initiated
by the state.
2. Stigmatization. Informal deviance, or violation of
unwritten, social rules of behavior, results in
social sanction, or stigma.
3. Preference for one behavior over another.
For further understanding about deviance
and society, the Social Strain Theory was
developed by Robert Merton, a well-known
American sociologist the
theory discusses behaviors that don’t satisfy
the social norms. He argues that deviance is
only created when society does not accept the
means and goals of the
society. He conceptualized a framework to
help understand his theory.
Merton’s outline 5 modes of adaptation/deviance typology
1. Conformity. It involves the acceptance of the cultural
goals and means of attaining those goals. People
who believe in normative means for attaining goals
justifiably.

2. Innovation. It involves the acceptance of the goals of

a culture but the rejection of the traditional and/or
legitimate means of attaining those goals. Innovators
are individuals who accept the goal, reject the means
to get the society’s goal. People use different ways to
achieve those goals.
3. Ritualism. It involved the rejection of cultural goals or do
not believe in the goals of the society. However, people still
accept the means by doing the same things as conformists.

4. Retreatism. It involves the rejection of both the cultural

goals and the traditional means of achieving those goals.
Retreatants reject cultural norms without replacing those
goals and objectives, instead creating a norms they believe
in.

5. Rebellion. It involved the rejection of cultural norms and

trying to change the goals and means to achieve their
beliefs.
 Deviance and Technology

Advances in technology have resulted in new

forms of deviance as well as forms of control. As
technology has opened up a new space for cyber
culture, new
forms of deviance and social control have
appeared. Some individuals use technology as a
means of deviating from more traditional cultural
norms.
 Directions: Read each item carefully and try to
determine whether the statement is true or
false. Write True if the statement is correct,
otherwise
_______1. write False.
Conformity is a type of social influence involving
a change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with a
group.
_______2. Deviance is often used to indicate an agreement
to the majority position because of a desire to be correct.
_______3. Deviant means behavior that departs from
societal or group norms.
_______4. Deviance is a person who breaks significant
societal or group norms.
_______5. Crime is an act committed in violation of the law.
Human Dignity, Rights, and the
Common Good
 Human Dignity
The English word dignity comes from the Latin word,
dignitas, which means “worthiness.” Dignity implies
that each person is worthy of honor and respect who
they are, not just for what they can do. In other words,
people are entitled to having the rights regardless the
race, age, gender orientation, etc
 Human Rights

We have the right to enjoy privileges because

we are human. People are entitled to immunity
granted by state or another authority to a
limited group, either by birth or conditional
premise is called privilege whereas the right is
an inherent, irreversible privilege held by all
citizens or all human beings from the minute
of birth
Human Rights may be defined as those
fundamental rights of man essential for the
exercise of human dignity. These human rights
are natural rights of all human beings whatever
their nationality, religion, ethnicity, sex, language
and color. We are equally entitled to our human
rights without discrimination. When human
rights are not well-known or made known to
people, abuses such as discrimination,
intolerance, injustice, oppression, and slavery can
arise.
 Common Good
In philosophy, economics, and political
science, the common good refers to either what
is shared and beneficial for all or most
members of a given community it is also
known as commonwealth, common weal, general
welfare, or public benefit (Wikipedia 2020).
Hence, it refers to the sum total of the
condition of social life which empower
individuals to appreciate basic human rights
as part of the community
SOCIAL GROUPS
A society is defined in many aspects. According
Cambridge dictionary, society is defined as
people in general living together in an organized
way, making decisions about how to do things,
and sharing the work that needs to be done. All
people in a country, or in several countries, can
be referred to as a society.
Sociologists classified the group as social
aggregates and social categories.

social aggregates - a group of people happened

to be in a particular place but they do not
interact or identify with one another

social categories - If a group of people share

common characteristics,
 Two types of social groups
1. Primary group. A primary group is a small social
group whose members share close and long term
relationships (Wikibooks 2019). People in this group
tend to help each member and respect their
differences in opinions and political viewpoints.

The concept of the primary group was introduced by

Charles
Cooley, a sociologist from the Chicago School of
sociology
2. Secondary group. A large group of people share
common goals which often aim to complete tasks
at hand. In this type of group, people are
surrounded with relationships which are not
personal. Relationships that merely involve in a
purpose-oriented goal is always the impetus of this
kind of people alliance.
In-Groups and Out-Groups
in-group is a group where people feel that they
belong to the social group. In the field of sociology
and social psychology, in-group is defined as a
social group to which a person psychologically
identifies himself as a member of a particular
group.

out-group is a social group that is not

recognized by any individual.
 Reasons why these two
groups would not come into consensus and
usually ended with a discordance.
*In-group favoritism. It is the feeling of people to favor one
group over others.
*Out-group derogation. A phenomenon in which an out-
group is perceived as threatening to the members of an
in-group.
*Social influence. People have been shown to be
differentially influenced by ingroup members. That is,
under conditions wherein group categorization is
psychologically salient, people will shift their beliefs in
line with in-group social norms.
Group polarization. This refers to the tendency
of groups to make decisions that are
extreme than the initial inclination of its
members.

Intergroup aggression. People in in-group who

try to harm another individual because they
feel that they are part of the out-group.
 Reference Groups

A reference group is a group to which one can

compare himself or herself to others. This
group serves as a standard to which it
measures one’s behaviors and attitudes.
Reference groups are used in order to guide
people’s behavior and attitudes in identifying
social norms.
 Types of reference groups:

1. Informal reference groups. These are the type

of groups that share interests and goals.
Members react on a personal level. Examples:
family and friends.
2. Formal reference groups. They have specific
goals and missions. Example: Employee Union.
3. Membership reference groups. Groups that
agree on attitude, norms, and behaviors.
4. Disclaimant reference groups. Groups that do
not agree as regards to attitudes, norms, and
behaviors.
5. Aspirational reference groups. Groups of
individuals who aspire to become a person they
desire to be associated with.
6. Dissociative reference groups. Groups of
individual who do not belong to any group and
often wish to avoid any association from others
as regards to attitudes, norms, and behaviors.
Examining Cultural,
Social, and
Political Institutions
A social institution is a complex, integrated set of social
norms organized around the preservation of a basic
societal value.

According to Marshal (1998) as cited in DepED (2016),

social institutions are consist of all the structural
components of society through which the main
concerns and activities are organized, and social needs
are met.
Primary Institution
According to sociologists, the term “institutions”
refers to the normative systems that operate
in five basic areas of life, which can be
designated as the
primary institutions (Sociology Guide 2020).
 Five basic institutions
1.Family
According to Macionis (2012), the family is a social
institution established in all societies that bonds
people in cooperative groups to care for one
another, including any children (DepEd 2016). It is
a group of people related by blood or marriage.
 Types of Family by Size or Structure

Nuclear Family. A family unit that consists of a single

couple or monogamous family, that is – the husband,
wife, and their child or children.

Extend family. It is a family composed of parents and

children as well as other kin.
Reconstituted family (Blended Family) A family unit that
consists of one or both parents who have a child or
children from a previous relationship or past marriage,
but they have combined to form a new family often
after a death of a previous spouse, or marital
separation, annulment, or divorce.
Single parent family. A family unit which is headed by one
parent (either father or mother only) raising a child or
children.
 The secondary institutions derived from Family would be:

 Monogamy. It a form of marriage in which one man

marries one woman.
 Polygamy. The practice or custom of having more than
one wife or husband at the same time.
 Marriage. The legally or formally organized union of a
man and a woman as partners in a relationship.
 Divorce. Divorce occurs after the couple decides not to
live together and that may no longer want to be married
to each other. They agree to sign legal papers that make
them each single again and allow them to marry
someone else if they wish.
2. Economics
Macionis (2012) defined economy as the “social
institution that organizes a society’s production,
distribution, and consumption of goods and services
(DepEd 2016). The economic institutions assist in the
strategy and flow of decision making of the production,
consumption, and distribution of goods and services of
a society
toExamples
ensure that the needs of
of secondary each individual
institution are met.
of economics would
be:
 Trading  Credit
 Property  Banking
3.Education
It is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values and
beliefs. It is a social institution where the children of
society are taught basic academic knowledge, learning
skills, and cultural norms.
4.Religion
It a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to
the supernatural power, whether they are gods, spirits,
ghost which are supernatural beings. Religion plays an
important role in establishing our connection to the
divine and developing the belief that there is a supreme
energy that acts as a regulator in our daily lives.
5. State
According to Encyclopedia Britannica, a state is political
organization of society, or the body politic, or more
narrowly, the institution of government.
 The Other Secondary Institutions

Non-State. Non-state institution is also known as Non-

state Actors. They participate in international affair
and relations. They are considered to have sufficient
power and influence to advocate and cause changes in
international norms and development practices.

Mass Media Institutions. Mass media shapes

communication and opinions: Example: (internet,
mobile phones, books, magazines, radio, televisions)