Understanding Culture Different types of Non-State Institutions:

Society and Politics 1. Banks- helps us keep our money, avail

different kinds of loan and exchange
A country can be associated with how a currencies. And also provide financial
family functions. assistance to those entrepreneurs who
wanted to create or expand their
Authoritative businesses [RCBC, Metrobank and
- Clear expectation BPI]
- Supportive 2. Corporation- owned by a group of
- Definite rules people but has a separate legal identity
Authoritarian [the owners of the corporation are
- High expectations not responsible for its own debts.]
- Unsupportive Corporations offer stocks [determine
- Disciplined level of ownership] as well as bonds.
Permissive [allows one to earn interest]. These
- Low expectations generate large amounts of capital,
- Executive which is needed for growth [San
- Responsiveness Miguel Corporations, Accenture and
Uninvolved Shell]
- No boundaries 3. Trade Unions- There are some
- Little support entrepreneurs who are on;y for profit
Government is formulated by a state. and they tend to maximize working
- citizen and process of governing hours and minimize wages as much as
[government] possible.
- nation country and a territory This is where the trade unions step in.
considered organized political They look after the well being of the workers.
community and government, self Collectively, they raise issues such as low salary,
governing political entity [state] lack of compensation, to the management that
- Tightly knit group of people which sometimes ends up with work stoppage or
share a common culture [nation] - strike until the demand of both sides are met.
sovereignty [Trade Union Congress of the Philippines]
Social Institutions 4. Cooperatives- made up of people with
Two major types: common interest who agreed to work
- The communist: based on command together for easy, safe, and affordable
economy. access to commodities, loans and other
- The democracy: based on capitalist services. [teachers cooperative and
economy. farmers cooperative]
Political and State Institutions 5. Development Agencies- promote
Politically, the AFP or Armed Forces of the progress by engaging in projects,
Philippines helps the government policy-making and dialogue.
Maintain peace and order throughout its Development agencies work as a bank
territory. that provides financial assistance to
The Local Government Unit [LGU] is created to important projects. [Japan (JICA),
cater the needs of local barangays or Canada (CIDA), United States (USAID)
communities. and Asian Development Bank (ADB)
The Department of Education or DEPED 6. Civil Organizations- include academic
ensures the quality of education based on the institutions, research teams, mass
needs and the norms of the society. media, religious organizations and
Philippine State; public service and public peoples organization. They provide
control facts about life’s various realities to
influence policy making. These
 organizations are created to expose the
conditions of the marginalized sector of
the society by using mass media as its
platform as they raise critical issues to
the government.
7. Transnational Advocacy Groups-
influence the government to take
action on matters commonly
neglected. A group may be a national
or an international organization that
promotes and advocates progress and
development related to particular
issues of the society. [Human Rights
Watch]
The Meaning of Education, Types, Functions
and Its Importance
The meaning of education
- Act or process of imparting or acquiring
general knowledge, developing the
powers of reasoning and judgment,
and preparing oneself or others
intellectually for mature life.
- According to Dr. William Little said
that education is a social institution
through which a society’s children are
taught basic academic knowledge,
learning skills, and cultural norms.
Education is derived from a latin word
“educare” which means “to train” or “to rear-
up or bring-up
(a child)”
The System of Education in the Philippines
[formal and non formal]
Formal Education- refers to the standardized
method of progressive schooling (Elementary
level [6 years], junior high school [4 years] and
senior high school [2 years] )
Non-Formal Education- refers to an
educational activity carried outside the
structure of formal education. According to
UNESCO, non-formal education can cover
programmes contributing to adult and youth
literacy and education for out of school
children. The best example is the ALS or
Alternative Learning System.
The functions of Education and its
Importance
Education also provides a “productive citizenry”
and makes the “self actualization” possible.
a) Socialization - is an essential
ingredient in creating a society. Since
school is the agent of socialization,
thus, education helps transform
humans into becoming literate and
recognize its function in the society.
b) Transmission of Culture- Through
socialization in school teachers to
learners and learners to learners. The
transmission of culture is at the biggest
possible. Through education, humans
learn the values, beliefs, and social
norms of the culture.
c) Social Integration- As the saying goes
“nations are built because of education”
This is because education portrays an
important role to unify individuals by
teaching the common values and social
norms.
d) Social Placement- it could be a cliche
that “all other professions are rooted
from teachers” though, it is indeed the
reality. Education provides a social
placement for everyone. It prepares us
for the later stages of our lives and to
buy the necessities of life. Now, this
makes sense to “productive citizenry”
and “self actualization”.
Legal Provisions of Education as a Human
Right
It is stated in the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights of the UN website:
1) Everyone has the right to education,
Education shall be free, at least in the
elementary and fundamental stages.
Elementary education shall be
compulsory. Technical and
professional education shall be made
generally available and higher
education shall be equally accessible
to all on the basis of merit.
2) Education shall be directed to the full
development of the human
personality and to the strengthening
of respect for human rights and
fundamental freedoms. It shall
promote understanding, tolerance
and friendship among all nations,
 racial or religious groups, and shall
further the activities of the United
Nations for the maintenance of
peace.
3) Parents have a prior right to choose
the kind of education that shall be
given to their children.
In the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article 14:
Section 1: The state shall protect and
promote the right of all citizens to quality
education at all levels, and shall take
appropriate steps to make such education
accessible to all.
Section 2, Paragraph 2: The state shall
establish and maintain a system of free
public education in the elementary and high
school levels. Without limiting the natural
right of parents to rear their children,
elementary education is compulsory for all
children of school age.
Concept of Social Stratification
This is called Social Classes and the layering of
these social classes from higher to lower class is
called Social Stratification. Social Stratification
is defined as the hierarchical arrangement and
establishment of social categories that may
evolve into social groups together with statuses
and their corresponding roles in the society.
Social stratification is divided into three social
classes. At the top of the pyramid is where the
Upper Class. This class in the society is
described by the sociologists as elite individuals
or group of people that are most prolific and
successful in their respective areas. These
people may be stockholders and investors in
very huge well-known companies from
different industries here and abroad. In the
second activity earlier, Henry Sy Sr. and Lucio
Tan Sr. are both considered elite who belong to
the upper class of social stratification.
According to the “List of 50 richest Filipinos in
2014” of Pinoy Money Talk website Henry Sy Sr
and his family had a net worth of 12.7 billion
dollars, while Lucio Tan Sr and his family had a
net worth of 6.1 billion.
Dividing the upper class and lower class is the
Middle Class. MIddle class are mostly
professional individuals or groups of people like
lawyers, doctors, managers, owners of small
businesses in the locality and executives who
work in the corporate world. They are able to
meet both their needs and wants without even
worrying about their finances because of the
job and salary they have. They live in spacious
houses and are situated in the best suburbs.
Their income can afford them a comfortable
lifestyle. They value education the most since
education to them is the most important
measure of social status.
The lowest part of the pyramid of social classes
is where the Lower Class situated. These are
the skilled and unskilled artisan, farm
employees, underemployed and indigent
families. Because of the given status in life,
these people lack revenue or income and
educational training or background.