MODULE 11: NONSTATE INSTITUTIONS
NONSTATE INSTITUTIONS – are institutions not
related to the components of the state. These institutions
functions with minimal intervention from state
institutions. The capacity of nonstate institutions to affect
the political and economic trajectory of a society cannot
be discounted.
NONSTATE INSTITUTIONS
1. BANKS AND CORPORATIONS – these are several
financial institutions that aid people in terms of
money and investments. Everything is associated,
related and linked to money and financial
transactions.
MAJOR FORMS OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
 COMMERCIAL BANKS
- Financial deposit with security and convention
which could be in the form of credit card, debit card, and
check.
-Provides business, individual and personal
loans, enabling commercial banks to earn interest.
- Serve as payment agents within and outside
the country through wire transfer.
-Subjected to more regualtions
 INVESTMENT BANKS
-Financial intermediaries that perform a variety
of services for businesses and some governments
 INSURANCE COMPANIES
-Aid individuals and companies in terms of risk
management and wealth preservation.
 BROKERAGES
-Intermediaries in the transaction between
buyers and sellers for the purpose of security.
 INVESTMENT COMPANIES OR CORPORATIONS
-Help individuals invest funds or money other
investors to mange portfolios of security.
2. COOPERATIVES AND TRADE UNIONS – have the
primary role of promoting labor welfare and good
industrial relations. Trade unions and organizations
comprising workers and laborers with common
goals, purposes and interest. They mostly concern
employment relations, decency and welfare.
3. TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS – TAGs
serve as international catalyst for change aiming to
achieve international changes towards policies and
practices. An example is green peace, which is
popular for its members’ active and alternative
engagement of the public and concerned agencies
in relation to environmental issues.
4. DEVELOPMENTAL AGENCIES – are organizations
with specific aims and goals. The common
denominator among these organizations is the term
development. These agencies concentrate on the
growth, progression and advancement of specific
societal concerns which can be infrastructure or
social institutions.
2 TYPES OF DEVELOPMENTAL AGENCIES
5. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS – the central
role of international organizations is essentially to
provide support and assistance through organized
framework to international cooperation. This
cooperation aims to be developed across several
institutions over time.
- It concentrate mostly on the distribution the
distribution of equitable health and social
development
- Provide and exchange support across different
borders and localize their implementation of
international policies.
6. NONGOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS – Are non-
profit, often voluntary organizations that carry a
broad range of social development functions with
and on behalf of people, the vast majority of these
organizations exists outside of government and thus
their programs emanate more from the expressed
needs of people rather that from the government
5 CATEGORIES OF NGO’s
1. COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS – represent
voices of people from different communities and
act as bridge between members of the
communities and government
2. POLICY ADVOCACY GROUPS – have local,
national, and international levels of participation;
serve as catalysis for collective action among
poor persons in societies unaccustomed such
behavior.
3. SERVICE PROVIDER INTERMEDIARIES –
Have national and international levels of
participation; serve remote areas and
communities especially those who fail to receive
government programs; seek fund through
income generating activities which are mostly
nonprofit.
4. CONTRACTORS – involved in sponsored
projects as consultants to government agencies
or to international financial institutions that gain
no profit at all.
5. COOPERATIVES – protect and provide
economic benefits to the needy; are formed
when a task cannot be done on the individual
level, such as obtaining credit.
MODULE 12: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
STRATIFICATION
SOCIAL DESIRABLES – refers to factors that are
somewhat accepted or desired in a certain society.
3 TYPES OF SOCIAL DESIRABLES
WEALTH – it pertains to the accumulated economic
capital of an individual or group.
POWER – the capacity of an individual to influence
another person
PRESTIGE – level of honour in human society attached
to different groups with reference to the group
occupation.
SOURCES OF PRESTIGE
 WEALTH
 OCCUPATION
 EDUCATION
SOCIAL MOBILITY SYSTEM – is the shift in social
status or rank of an individual within a frame of a social
structure.
2 TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
VERTICAL MOBILITY
It involves the upward and downward mobility,
which means a progression of social status related to
class, power, and prestige.
HORIZONTAL MOBILITY
It refers to the movement from one status to
another within the same social category. It may be
transfer of position to another area but with no other
changes in the position.
4 TYPES OF STRATIFICATION SYSTEMS
CLASS SYSTEM – it denotes the classification of an
individual or group of persons having explicit societal
status based on acquired characteristics.
 Upper class – Elite group
 Middle class – Scientific and technical
individuals
 Lower class – Working class
CASTE SYSTEM – it is related to the concept of hindu
practice, tradition and culture, which is rooted in divine
sanction and custom.
 BHRAMIN
 KSHATRYIA
 VAISHYA
 SUDRA
 UNTOUCHABLES
PHILIPPINES CASTE SYSTEM
 MAHARLIKA
 TIMAWA
 ALIPINING NAMAMAHAY
 ALIPING SAGIGILID
ESTATE SYSTEM – it is identical to the practice of
feudalism. It has its roots in pre-Revolution France,
where individuals were ranked according to the three
categories: clergy or ministry, nobility and commoners.
The estate system was based on existing legal
structures that defined member’s status, rights, and
duties.
SLAVERY – is the most extreme form of inequality in
society. Slaves are often maltreated by their owners.
Slaves have no rights at all and, deprived of everything
because it is believed that they are created to work only
for other.
INEQUALITY – this type of inequality refers to the
unequal distribution of scarce resources and values
across territories.
GENDER INEQUALITY
SOCIAL INEQUALITY – is one of the dimensions of
stratification that concerns the gap between the rich and
the poor. Affecting other aspects such as gender,
capital, ethnic minorities and global inequality.
CONFLICT THEORY
Karl Marx’s is highly based on the modern society
which is divided into two classes:
PROLETARIATS – “Those who have not”, are the
workers or the working class.
BOURGEOISIE – “Those who have”, are the landlords
and owners of production.
MODULE 13: EDUCATION
EDUCATION – A social institution
- It gives the society the potential to
reach development and success
- The development of the intellect, which
is an act of thinking
- The process of enhancing the holistic
abilities becoming a responsible.
3 CLASSIFICATION OF EDUCATION
FORMAL EDUCATION – Learns inside the classroom
NONFORMAL EDUCATION – Enables a student to
learn skills and knowledge through structure learning
experiences. Working either separately or as a special
feature of a formal education institution. (Home school)
INFORMAL EDUCATION – It is a lifelong process
where learning comes naturally from the daily
experiences as a result of exposure in dealing with
people.
IMPORTANCE OF FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION
- A British sociologist Hebert Spencer explains,
functions are important of be performed as they make
the society whole. If each function is working well,
society attains progress
FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION
1. To produce productive citizens
2. To develop self actualization
PRODUCTIVE CITIZENRY
Educational systems enable citizens to be
productive member of society , as they are equipped
with knowledge and skills that could contribute to the
development of their society’s system and institutions.
Productive citizens required critical thinking.
SELF ACTUALIZATION
According to Abraham Maslow, it is the highest
form of human need.
“to become more and more what one is, to
become everything that one is capable of becoming.”
MASLOW HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
- SELF ACTUALIZATION
- SELF ESTEEM
- LOVE AND BELONGING
- SAFETY AND SECURITY
- PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
MODULE 14: RELIGION AND BELIEFS SYSTEMS
BELIEF SYSTEM – is a set of strongly held convictions
RELIGION – if the beliefs focus on God
POLYTHEISM – believing that many Gods or
Goddesses exist ( sometimes known as paganism)
MONOTHEISM – belief that only one God exists
ATHEISM – the opposite of theism; not believing in any
gods or deities.
ANIMISM - the believed that the spirits and supernatural
entities dwelt everywhere around the world, including
plants and animals, rivers, mountains, and forest.
Their rituals were based on beliefs in the supreme being
called BATHALANG MAYKAPAL. The believers in their
ANITO in tagalong and DIWATA in visayan.

BABAYLAN or KATALONA – the priest who performed

the sacrifices.

MODULE 15: HEALTH

SHAMAN – cures the sick using special powers that he

has received during the state of trance. Healing is often
done in the house of the sick who is believed to have
lost his or her soul. It is the task of the shaman to return
the lost soul to its body to cure the illness.

MAGIC-BASED HEALERS – this type of healer uses

magic to counter the illness

FOURTUNE TELLER - some individuals believe that

their disease has some underlying spiritual explanation
that, id learned can be addressed and promote healing.
Often, individuals who see the help of fortune tellers are
the ones suffering from psychological and emotional
pains.

TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS - these healers

do not only assist expecting mothers in their process of
giving birth. They also perform traditional massage on
individuals who are complaining of physical pain that
may also be rooted in psychological issues.

TRANCE BASED HEALERS – they provide relied for

sickness and pain through meditation and trance based
activities. They believe that the nature and appropriate
cure for the sickness can only be uncovered through
meditation.

TRADITIONAL MEDICINE EXPERTS – these healers

closely resemble the western concept of healers, such
that the MEs ask the sick individual of the symptoms that
he or she is experiencing, TMEs prescribe a concoction
of plants and other natural ingridients that are believed
to be efficient in arresting the disease

ALBULARYO – Sickness were caused by supernatural

beings

MANGHIHILOT – Sprain/ Fractures

MANGTATAWAS – Determined the cause of illness

through the use of potassium alum, candles, eggs,
mirror, plain paper and paper used for rolling cigarettes.

MANGLULUOP – Depends on the appearance that will

be formed from the burned mixture of water shell, salt,
a piece of palm leaf, and charcoal from coconutshells.

MANGBABARANG – Illness is caused by sorcery.

 ECONOMIC PROCESS SWIDDERN AGRICULTURE – also known as
SHIFTING CULTIVATION refers to a technique of
RECIPROCITY – When you give something away, you rotational farming in which land is cleared for cultivation
expect something in return.
AGRICULTURE – large scale
BARTER – is the most common form of reciprocity, as
this process includes the exchange of commodities
between individuals.

3 TYPES OF REPROCITY

GENERALIZED RECIPROCITY – without expectation of

immediate return.

BALANCED RECIPROCITY – the value of the

commodities is expected to be equal.

NEGATIVE RECIPROCITY – the exchange tends to

favor one party over the other, as the value of the goods
for exchange is unequal.

TRANSFERS – when resources from one individual or

organization are given to another with no expectation of
return, an economic transfer is in place.
– allows for the redistribution of resources
within an economic system.

REDISTRIBUTION – occurs when the resources of one,

several individuals or groups are collected and
distributed.

TRANSACTIONS – (MARKET TRANSACTION) Market

t is referred to as the exchange of goods and services
that involves buying and selling process. It involves
several elements and transactions. Market is about
making money, capital, income and growth

MARKET AND STATE

MARKET - involves all the human actions associated
with economic aspects
STATE – serves as the institution that protects and
maintains economic balance through its economic laws
and policies.

4 TYPES OF ECONOMIC SUBSISTENCE

FORAGING – hunting for animals and gathering wild

plants were their most common activities. Hunting wild
animals were for men and gathering plants are for
women.

3 TYPES OF FORAGING

PEDESTRIAN – on foot
EQUESTRIAN – horseback
AQUATIC – hunted aquatic animals

PASTORAL – These animals eat only plants and grass,

so they are domesticated herbivores.

2 CLASSIFICATION OF PASTORAL

PASTORAL NOMADS – transfer from one place to

another in search of food and resources

TRANSHUMANCE – cyclical pattern

HORTICULTURE – small scale farming

SWIDDEN FARMING - swiddeners prepare and plant in

one land area for a period of time and move to another
area after the produce is harvested from the first area.