1. Origin and Development of Organizations: Organizations are formed to achieve
Administration:
common goals or objectives. The origin of organizations can be traced back to the need
for individuals to collaborate and coordinate e orts to accomplish tasks more
e ectively. Over time, organizations have evolved in response to changing societal
needs, technological advancements, and economic developments.
2. Social Role of Organization: Organizations play a crucial role in society by providing
structure and facilitating the accomplishment of collective goals. They contribute to
economic development, job creation, and the provision of goods and services.
Organizations can also serve social and cultural purposes by promoting community
engagement and addressing societal challenges.
3. Basic Elements of People Forming Organizations:
 Vision and Mission: Clear goals and purpose.
 Leadership: Individuals or a group guiding the organization.
 Members/Participants: People forming the organization.
 Resources: Financial, human, and technological resources.
 Structure: Organizational hierarchy and division of responsibilities.
4. Communities of Interest: Organizations often form around shared interests or goals.
These communities of interest bring together individuals who have a common purpose,
whether it's in business, non-profit activities, or other areas.
5. Formal Organization: Formal organizations have a defined structure with clear roles,
responsibilities, and a hierarchy. They often have established rules and procedures to
govern their operations. Formal organizations can include corporations, government
agencies, and non-profit entities.
6. Types of Organizations: Organizations can be categorized based on their purpose,
structure, and legal status. Common types include:
 For-profit organizations: Aim to make a profit, such as corporations.
 Non-profit organizations: Operate for charitable, educational, or social
purposes.
 Government organizations: Created by the state to fulfill specific functions.
 Informal organizations: Lack a formal structure, often seen in community
groups or social clubs.
1.
 Definition: Administration refers to the implementation of policies, decisions,
and actions to achieve specific goals. It involves the day-to-day management
and operation of organizations or public institutions.
 Role: Administrators are responsible for executing the policies and directives set
by higher authorities, such as government o icials or boards. They ensure the
e icient use of resources, oversee personnel, and carry out tasks to meet
organizational objectives.
2. Governance:
 Definition: Governance is a broader concept that encompasses the processes,
structures, and mechanisms through which decisions are made and authority is
exercised. It involves the interaction between di erent actors in a society,
including government institutions, private sector entities, and civil society
organizations.
 Role: Governance is about the way power and authority are distributed and used
to manage societal a airs. Good governance is characterized by transparency,
accountability, rule of law, participation, and responsiveness to the needs of the
community.
3. Governance and Social Regulation:
 Social Regulation: Governance plays a crucial role in establishing and enforcing
rules and regulations that guide social behavior. It involves creating a framework
that ensures individuals and organizations act in a manner that is socially
acceptable and beneficial.
 Government and Non-Government Actors: Both government and non-
governmental entities contribute to social regulation. Government agencies
create and enforce laws, while non-governmental organizations may advocate
for certain regulations or monitor compliance.
4. Governance and Provision of Public Goods and Services:
 Public Goods and Services: Public goods are goods or services that are non-
excludable and non-rivalrous, meaning that one person's use does not diminish
its availability to others. Governments often play a central role in providing
public goods and services, such as infrastructure, education, healthcare, and
public safety.
 Government Responsibility: Good governance ensures that the government is
e ective, transparent, and accountable in providing public goods and services.
It involves fair allocation of resources, citizen participation in decision-making,
and responsiveness to the needs of the community.
In the context of governance and public goods and services, it's important to consider:
 Policy Formulation: Governance involves the formulation of policies that address
societal needs and priorities.
 Resource Allocation: Decision-making on how resources are allocated to provide
public goods and services e iciently.
 Citizen Participation: Inclusive governance allows citizens to participate in decision-
making processes, ensuring that policies align with community needs.
1. Organization of Public Administration as a System:
 Hierarchical Structure: Public administration is often organized in a
hierarchical structure, with di erent levels of government (local, regional,
national) and various departments or agencies at each level.
 Specialization: Departments or agencies within the public administration
system are often specialized in specific areas such as education, health,
transportation, and finance to ensure expertise in policy implementation.
 Coordination: There is a need for coordination among di erent levels and
branches of government to avoid duplication of e orts, ensure e iciency, and
achieve policy coherence.
2. Connecting Social Communities into a Unified Public Administration System:
 Policy Formulation: The process begins with the formulation of policies that
address the needs and priorities of various social communities. This can involve
input from citizens, experts, and stakeholders.
 Legislation: Once policies are established, corresponding laws and regulations
are enacted to provide a legal framework for implementation. This legislative
process involves input from elected representatives.
 Implementation: Government agencies and departments are responsible for
implementing policies and delivering public services. This involves connecting
with social communities to understand their needs and concerns.
 Feedback Mechanisms: A responsive public administration system
incorporates feedback loops to assess the impact of policies and services,
allowing for adjustments based on community input.
3. Public Administration Bodies:
 Executive Branch: Typically headed by the head of state or government, this
branch is responsible for implementing and enforcing laws. It includes various
ministries or departments, each overseeing specific policy areas.
 Legislative Branch: Responsible for making laws, often consisting of elected
representatives who debate and vote on proposed legislation. The legislative
branch provides the legal framework for public administration.
 Judicial Branch: Ensures that laws are interpreted and applied fairly. It may
review the constitutionality of laws and settle disputes related to the actions of
public administration bodies.
 Agencies and Commissions: Specialized bodies may be created to address
specific issues or oversee certain functions. These bodies operate within the
framework set by the legislative and executive branches.
4. Public Administration Principles:
 Transparency: Openness in decision-making processes and communication
with the public.
 Accountability: Holding public o icials responsible for their actions and
decisions.
 E iciency: Ensuring that resources are used e ectively to achieve desired
outcomes.
 Fairness and Equity: Treating all individuals and communities fairly and
equitably.
1. Public Administration Financing:
 Revenue Sources: Public administration is financed through various revenue
sources, including taxes, fees, fines, grants, and borrowing. The allocation of
resources depends on government policies and priorities.
 Budgeting: The process of budgeting involves planning, allocating, and
managing financial resources. It includes creating a budget that outlines
expected revenues and expenditures for a specific period.
 Financial Management: E icient financial management involves monitoring
spending, ensuring compliance with budgetary constraints, and adapting to
changing economic conditions.
2. Problems of Public Administration's Economic and Overall E iciency: 5. Strategic Resource Management:

 Bureaucratic Ine iciencies: Public administration can face challenges related  Strategic Planning: Aligning budgetary decisions with long-term strategic plans
to bureaucratic processes, red tape, and slow decision-making, which may ensures that resources are allocated to achieve overarching goals.
hinder economic e iciency.
 Resource Allocation: Prioritizing key areas based on societal needs and
 Corruption: Corruption can undermine economic e iciency by diverting objectives allows for optimal resource allocation.
resources away from their intended purposes and eroding public trust in the
 Cost-Benefit Analysis: Evaluating the costs and benefits of programs and
administration.
initiatives helps in making informed decisions on resource allocation.
 Lack of Innovation: Failure to adopt modern technologies and innovative
practices can lead to ine iciencies in service delivery and resource utilization.
1. Definition:
 Poor Planning: Inadequate planning may result in misallocation of resources,
leading to economic ine iciencies and suboptimal outcomes.  Administrative law is a branch of public law that governs the activities of
administrative agencies, government o icials, and the relationship between the
3. Budget System:
government and individuals or organizations.
 Types of Budgets: Public administration typically uses di erent types of
2. Concept and Content of Administrative Law:
budgets, including operating budgets, capital budgets, and program budgets.
Each serves specific purposes in allocating resources.  Concept: Administrative law regulates the actions and decisions of
administrative bodies, ensuring that their powers are exercised within legal
 Budget Cycle: The budget cycle involves several stages, including preparation,
bounds and that individuals are protected from arbitrary or unjust actions.
approval, execution, monitoring, and evaluation. This cycle ensures a systematic
and controlled approach to financial management.  Content: It encompasses laws, regulations, and legal principles that define the
structure, powers, and procedures of administrative agencies, as well as the
 Performance Budgeting: Some systems use performance-based budgeting,
rights and obligations of individuals a ected by administrative decisions.
linking funding to the achievement of specific outcomes and results rather than
merely focusing on inputs and outputs. 3. Administrative Law System:
 Public Participation: In some cases, there are e orts to involve the public in the  Hierarchy of Norms: Administrative law operates within a hierarchy of norms,
budgeting process, allowing citizens to provide input on spending priorities and where laws and regulations set by the legislature provide the framework for
hold the administration accountable. administrative action. Decisions and actions of administrative agencies must
comply with these higher norms.
4. Financial Accountability and Transparency:
 Judicial Review: Courts often play a role in administrative law by reviewing
 Auditing: Regular audits ensure financial accountability by reviewing the
administrative decisions to ensure they adhere to legal standards. This process,
administration's financial records and practices.
known as judicial review, helps maintain the rule of law and prevents abuses of
 Transparency: Open and transparent reporting on budgetary matters, power.
expenditures, and financial performance promotes public trust and
accountability.

 Internal Controls: Establishing e ective internal controls helps prevent

financial mismanagement and fraud within public administration.
 4. Public Administrative Acts:
 Definition: Public administrative acts refer to actions and decisions taken by
administrative authorities or agencies in the course of their functions.
 Characteristics:
 Binding Nature: Administrative acts are generally binding on individuals
and organizations. They create legal obligations or confer rights.
 Discretion: Administrative authorities often have a degree of discretion
when making decisions, allowing them to tailor their actions to specific
circumstances within the limits set by law.
 Public Nature: Administrative acts have a public character, as they are
performed in the interest of the public or the state.
 Types of Administrative Acts:
 Regulations: General rules or norms issued by administrative bodies to
implement laws and policies.
 Decisions: Specific determinations made by administrative authorities
in response to individual cases.
 Orders: Directives issued by administrative bodies to individuals or
entities, often in a specific situation.
 Legal Safeguards:
 Right to Appeal: Individuals a ected by administrative acts usually have
the right to appeal or seek judicial review.
 Due Process: Administrative procedures must adhere to principles of
fairness, giving a ected parties an opportunity to be heard and present
their case.
In summary, administrative law serves as a framework for ensuring that government actions are
conducted lawfully, fairly, and in the public interest. It establishes the rules and procedures that
govern administrative agencies and their interactions with individuals and organizations, with
judicial review serving as a check on the exercise of administrative power.
1. Access to Public Administration:
 Transparency: Open public administration emphasizes transparency, ensuring
that information about government activities, decisions, and processes is easily
accessible to the public.
 Right to Information: Many legal systems recognize the right of citizens to
access information held by public authorities. This right promotes accountability
and allows individuals to make informed decisions.
 Open Data Initiatives: Governments may proactively release datasets and
information in a machine-readable format, fostering innovation, and allowing
citizens to analyze and utilize government data.
2. Public's Involvement in the Adoption of Regulations:
 Public Consultation: Governments may engage in public consultation
processes before adopting new regulations. This involves seeking input from
citizens, stakeholders, and experts to ensure that diverse perspectives are
considered.
 Notice and Comment Procedures: Some legal systems have mechanisms for
the public to comment on proposed regulations before they are finalized. This
allows for feedback on potential impacts and helps improve the quality of
regulations.
 Citizen Participation in Decision-Making: Open governance encourages citizen
participation in decision-making processes. This can take the form of advisory
committees, public hearings, or online platforms where citizens can express
their views on proposed regulations.
3. E-Participation:
 Online Platforms: Many governments have embraced e-participation tools,
such as online forums and platforms, to facilitate public engagement. These
tools make it easier for citizens to provide input on proposed regulations from
the comfort of their homes.
 Social Media: Social media platforms are increasingly used to disseminate
information about proposed regulations and gather public feedback. These
platforms enable broader outreach and real-time interaction.
4. Legislation and Regulation Accessibility:
 Online Portals: Governments often maintain online portals or databases where
citizens can access current legislation, regulations, and related documents.
 Plain Language: E orts may be made to present legal texts in a clear and
understandable manner, using plain language, to enhance accessibility for the
general public.
 3. Institutions and Functions of Public Administration:

5. Legal Aid and Assistance:
 Providing Guidance: Public administration may o er guidance to citizens on
understanding and navigating legal processes, including the implications of
regulations.
 Legal Aid Services: Access to legal aid services ensures that individuals have
the means to challenge regulations or administrative decisions if they believe
their rights have been violated.
6. Ombudsman and Accountability Mechanisms:
 Ombudsman O ices: Independent ombudsman o ices may exist to investigate
complaints and ensure that public administration is fair, accountable, and
responsive to citizens' concerns.
 Accountability Boards: Some jurisdictions establish accountability boards or
commissions to oversee the actions of public administration and hold them
accountable for their decisions.
 Central Government Agencies: These agencies operate at the national level
and are responsible for formulating and implementing policies across various
sectors.
 Local Government: Public administration also includes local government
bodies, such as municipalities or county governments, responsible for delivering
services and implementing policies at the community level.
 Specialized Agencies: Public administration may involve specialized agencies
that focus on specific areas, such as healthcare, education, or environmental
protection.
 Functions of Public Administration:
 Policy Formulation: In collaboration with elected o icials, public
administration develops policies that address societal challenges and
promote public welfare.
 Implementation: Public administration is responsible for executing
policies and delivering public services to citizens.

 Regulation: Public administration establishes and enforces regulations

1. Public Administration's Relationship to Its Environment:
to ensure compliance with laws and standards.
 Dynamic Interaction: Public administration is in constant interaction with its
 Resource Management: E icient allocation and management of
environment, which includes the broader societal, political, economic, and
resources, including budgetary control and financial oversight.
cultural context.
 Public Engagement: Engaging with the public through various means,
 Adaptation: Public administration must adapt to changes in its environment,
including consultations, feedback mechanisms, and communication
such as shifts in public expectations, technological advancements, and
initiatives.
changes in political leadership.
 Monitoring and Evaluation: Assessing the impact and e ectiveness of
 Policy Responsiveness: The e ectiveness of public administration is often
policies and programs through monitoring and evaluation processes.
measured by its ability to respond to emerging challenges and address the
needs of the community. 4. Inter-Agency Coordination:

2. People in Public Administration:  Collaboration: Di erent institutions within public administration often need to
collaborate to address complex issues that require a multi-agency approach.
 Public Servants: Individuals working in public administration, often referred to
as public servants, play a crucial role in implementing government policies and  Information Sharing: E ective coordination involves sharing information and
delivering public services. resources among agencies to avoid duplication of e orts and enhance overall
e iciency.
 Civil Service: The civil service is a key component, consisting of professionals
and bureaucrats who serve the government in various capacities.  Inter-Governmental Relations: In federal or multi-level governance structures,
coordination occurs between di erent levels of government.
 Ethics and Professionalism: People in public administration are expected to
adhere to ethical standards, ensuring transparency, accountability, and
impartiality in their actions.
 5. Legal and Regulatory Framework:
 Administrative Law: Public administration operates within a legal framework,
with administrative law defining the rules, procedures, and limits of
administrative action.
 Regulations and Policies: Public administration institutions develop and
enforce regulations and policies that guide their activities and interactions with
the public.
6. International Dimensions:
 International Cooperation: Public administration may engage in international
collaboration and partnerships to address global challenges, exchange best
practices, and participate in international forums.
 Global Governance: Issues such as climate change, security, and health often
require coordinated e orts at the international level, involving public
administration representatives.
The concept of legal entities under public law refers to organizations that have a legal
personality and are subject to public law regulations. The criteria for determining legal entities
under public law may vary between legal systems, but common factors often include their
establishment method, working in the public interest, mandatory membership, financing from
public resources, implementing public authorizations, and using public law in external and
internal relationships. Additionally, the a contrario argumentation, a legal reasoning approach,
can be used to define other legal entities under public law.
1. Establishment Method Criterion:
 Legal entities under public law are often created through specific legal
procedures, such as legislation, governmental decrees, or administrative acts.
The manner of establishment is a criterion for determining their public law
status.
2. Criterion of Working in the Public Interest:
 Entities under public law typically operate to serve the public interest rather than
pursuing private profit. Their activities and objectives are oriented towards
fulfilling public needs or promoting the common good.
3. Criterion of Mandatory Membership:
 Membership in legal entities under public law is often mandatory for specific
groups or individuals as defined by law. This mandatory association
distinguishes them from private entities where membership is usually voluntary.
4. Criterion of Financing from Public Resources:
 Legal entities under public law may receive a significant portion of their funding
from public sources, such as government budgets or grants. This financial
dependence on public funds is a criterion for their classification.
5. Criterion of Implementing Public Authorizations:
 These entities are often tasked with implementing public policies, regulations, or
specific governmental functions. They act as agents of the state in carrying out
tasks that are in the public interest.
6. Criterion of Using Public Law in External and Internal Relationships:
 Legal entities under public law typically apply public law principles in their
relationships, both internally among members and externally with other entities.
This involves adherence to administrative law, public procurement rules, and
other public law norms.
7. Assessment of Applicability of Criteria in Determining Other Legal Entities Under
Public Law:
 When determining the legal nature of an entity, each criterion is assessed to
determine whether it aligns with the characteristics of legal entities under public
law. A comprehensive analysis considers the entity's legal framework, purpose,
and operational features.
8. Definition of Other Legal Entity Under Public Law with the A Contrario
Argumentation:
 The a contrario argumentation involves reasoning by negation, suggesting that if
a certain set of criteria does not apply, the entity may be considered a legal
entity under public law. For example, if an entity does not operate in the public
interest, does not have mandatory membership, or is not financed from public
resources, it may not qualify as a legal entity under public law.
1. State Administration Tasks:
 State administration is responsible for implementing laws, policies, and
government decisions.
 It facilitates the operation of public services, regulatory functions, and the
execution of government programs.
 Administrative tasks include managing public resources, personnel, and
providing support to elected o icials.
2. State Administration and Legal System:
 State administration operates within the legal framework established by laws
and regulations.
 It ensures that the implementation of laws aligns with legal principles and
constitutional provisions.
 The legal system provides the framework for the creation, organization, and
functioning of state administrative bodies.
3. State Administration Functions:
 Policy Implementation: State administration is responsible for translating
legislative policies into concrete actions and programs.
 Regulatory Functions: It formulates and enforces regulations to ensure
compliance with laws and standards.
 Public Service Delivery: State administration delivers public services to
citizens, ranging from healthcare to education and public safety.
 Resource Management: It manages public resources, including budgetary
allocations and government assets.
4. Organization of the State Administration:
 Ministries and Departments: State administration is often organized into
ministries or departments, each overseeing specific policy areas (e.g., health,
finance, education).
 Central Agencies: Some countries have central agencies responsible for
coordinating and overseeing government activities.
 Local Government Entities: State administration may extend to local
government bodies, contributing to the decentralized delivery of services.
5. Territorial Organization of Administrative Bodies:
 Regional and Local O ices: Administrative bodies may have regional or local
o ices to ensure a more localized approach to governance.
 Decentralization: Some administrative functions may be decentralized to
regional or local levels to address specific regional needs.
6. Supervision Over the Work of the (State) Administration:
 Internal Control Mechanisms: State administration often has internal control
mechanisms to ensure compliance with policies and regulations.
 Audit and Inspection: Independent audit and inspection bodies may assess the
performance of state administration in achieving its objectives.
7. Judicial Supervision Over the Work of the (State) Administration:
 Judicial Review: The judiciary plays a role in ensuring that state administration
actions are legal and in accordance with constitutional principles.
 Citizen Appeals: Citizens can seek judicial review of administrative decisions,
providing a check on the potential abuse of administrative power.
 Administrative Courts: Some jurisdictions have specialized administrative
courts to handle disputes related to state administration decisions.
State administration is an integral part of the governance structure, implementing laws,
providing services, and ensuring the proper functioning of the state. Its organization, tasks, and
interactions with the legal system contribute to the overall e ectiveness and legitimacy of
government actions.
Non-state public administration refers to entities and bodies that exercise public functions or
powers but are not part of the formal state apparatus. While state public administration is
directly associated with government institutions, non-state public administration involves
entities outside the direct control of the government that still play a significant role in public
a airs. A key aspect of this concept is the delegation of public power to non-state entities. Here
are some key points:
1. Public Power Delegation:
 Non-state entities, such as regulatory bodies, professional associations, or
public-private partnerships, may be delegated certain public powers or
functions by the government.
 Delegation can be explicit through legal provisions or implicit through
recognition of certain entities as having authority in specific domains.
2. Regulatory Agencies:
 Independent regulatory agencies often operate outside traditional government
structures but have the authority to regulate specific industries or sectors.
 These agencies ensure compliance with regulations, protect public interests,
and promote fair competition.
3. Professional Associations:
 Professional bodies or associations may be delegated certain regulatory
functions, such as licensing and accreditation, in areas like healthcare, law, or
engineering.
 These associations often establish and enforce professional standards,
contributing to the quality and integrity of services in their respective fields.
 4. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs):
 PPPs involve collaboration between government agencies and private entities to
deliver public services or infrastructure projects.
 Non-state actors may contribute resources, expertise, and management while
working under a framework established by the government.
5. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs):
 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), advocacy groups, and civil society
organizations can play a role in non-state public administration by influencing
policy, participating in public dialogue, and delivering specific services.
 Some CSOs may receive government funding or collaborate with government
agencies to achieve shared goals.
6. International Organizations:
 Certain international organizations, like the United Nations or regional bodies,
may exercise public functions across borders, impacting global or regional
governance.
 International bodies often collaborate with national governments to address
issues such as human rights, development, or environmental protection.
7. Self-Regulation and Co-Regulation:
 Some industries or professions engage in self-regulation or co-regulation, where
non-state entities establish rules and standards in cooperation with the
government.
 This approach allows industries to demonstrate accountability and
responsiveness to public concerns.
8. Challenges and Considerations:
 The delegation of public powers to non-state entities raises questions about
accountability, transparency, and the protection of public interests.
 Balancing the independence of regulatory bodies with the need for oversight is
crucial to maintain the legitimacy of non-state public administration.
In summary, non-state public administration involves a diverse set of entities that exercise
public powers or functions but operate independently of traditional government structures. The
delegation of public functions to these entities reflects a recognition that e ective governance
may require collaboration with various actors beyond the state. The challenge lies in ensuring
that such delegation aligns with public interests and maintains accountability mechanisms.
Local Self-Government:
1. Local Communities:
 Notion of Local Communities: Local communities refer to groups of people
living in proximity within a defined geographical area. These communities form
the basis for local self-government structures.
 Diversity: Local communities can vary in size, demographics, and needs. They
may include rural villages, urban neighborhoods, or other localized groups.
2. Harmonization of Local Self-Government System:
 Definition: Harmonization in the context of local self-government involves
aligning various aspects of the system to ensure consistency, e iciency, and
compliance with laws and regulations.
 Legal Framework: Legislation and regulations are often put in place to
harmonize the functioning of local self-government, providing a legal basis for
their powers and responsibilities.
3. Narrow and Wide Local Self-Governing Local Communities:
 Narrow Local Communities: These may refer to smaller, more localized groups
within a larger administrative unit. For example, neighborhoods within a city.
 Wide Local Communities: These encompass larger territorial units, such as
municipalities or districts, which have a broader range of responsibilities and
services to administer.
4. Bodies of Self-Governing Local Communities:
 Local Councils/Assemblies: These are representative bodies elected by the
local community members. They have legislative powers, make decisions on
local issues, and oversee local government operations.
 Local Executive Bodies: These bodies, led by mayors or local executives, are
responsible for implementing decisions made by the local council. They manage
day-to-day operations and may have administrative and executive functions.
 Local Administration: Administrative bodies and public servants at the local
level who assist in the implementation of local policies and services.
 Local Self-Government Units: Refers to the local entities with self-governing
powers, such as municipalities, cities, or districts, depending on the
administrative structure of a particular country.
 5. Powers and Responsibilities of Local Self-Government: 1. Historical, Linguistic, and Legal Review of the 'Public Service' Concept:

 Autonomy: Local self-government entities typically have a degree of autonomy  Historical Evolution: The concept of public service has evolved over time,
to make decisions on local matters within the framework of national laws. influenced by societal changes, political philosophies, and economic
considerations.
 Local Legislation: They may have the authority to enact local bylaws and
regulations that address specific community needs.  Linguistic Perspective: Linguistically, 'public service' often denotes activities or
work carried out for the benefit of the public or community.
 Service Provision: Local self-government bodies are often responsible for
providing essential services to the community, such as education, healthcare,  Legal Context: In a legal context, the term 'public service' is associated with
infrastructure, and public safety. activities and functions that are deemed to be in the public interest and are
often subject to specific regulations.
6. Decentralization:
2. Definition of the 'Public Service' Concept:
 Definition: Decentralization involves the transfer of powers and responsibilities
from the central government to local self-government units.  General Definition: The 'public service' concept broadly refers to activities or
services provided by the government or other entities for the benefit of the
 Benefits: Decentralization can lead to more responsive and e icient governance
public.
by allowing decisions to be made closer to the communities they a ect.
 Public Interest: Public services are characterized by their commitment to
7. Community Engagement:
serving the public interest and addressing societal needs.
 Public Participation: Local self-government encourages community
3. Regulation of Public Services:
engagement and participation in decision-making processes.
 Legal Framework: Public services are often subject to a legal and regulatory
 Community Development: Involvement of local communities in identifying and
framework that governs their provision, quality, accessibility, and pricing.
addressing their specific needs and priorities.
 Regulatory Authorities: Some countries establish regulatory bodies to oversee
8. Financial Autonomy:
and regulate public services to ensure fair practices and protect consumer
 Local Revenue: Local self-government entities may have their revenue sources, interests.
such as property taxes or local fees, providing financial autonomy for local
4. Public Service Activity:
development projects.
 Scope: Public service activities can encompass a wide range of sectors,
Local self-government is an essential aspect of democratic governance, fostering citizen
including healthcare, education, transportation, utilities, and social welfare.
participation, responsiveness to local needs, and e ective delivery of services. The specific
structure and powers of local self-government can vary widely depending on the legal and  Government Agencies: Public service activities are often carried out by
administrative framework of each country. government agencies, but in some cases, they may be delegated or contracted
to private entities.

5. Public Service Obligations:

 Definition: Public service obligations refer to legal or contractual obligations

imposed on service providers to ensure the availability, a ordability, and
accessibility of essential services.

 Social and Environmental Goals: Public service obligations may be designed to

achieve specific social or environmental goals, such as universal access to
education or environmental sustainability.
6. Funding of Public Services: 3. Operation and Organization of Public Administration:

 Government Funding: Public services are often funded through government  Operation: The practical aspects of how public administration carries out its
budgets, which may be derived from taxes, fees, or other revenue sources. functions, including the execution of laws, regulations, and policies.

 User Fees: In some cases, users may contribute to the funding of public  Organization: The structure and arrangement of entities within public
services through fees or charges, although these are often regulated to ensure administration, detailing how di erent departments and agencies collaborate to
a ordability. achieve common goals.

7. Forms of Public Service Provision: 4. Financing of Public Administration:

 Direct Provision: Public services may be directly provided by government  Budgeting: The process of allocating financial resources to di erent government
agencies or public entities. functions and activities.

 Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Collaboration between public and private  Resource Allocation: Determining how funds are distributed to support the
entities to deliver public services, often involving a mix of public and private operations of public administration entities.
funding and management.
5. Legal Regulation of Public Administration Operation:
8. Privatization of Public Services:
 Administrative Law: The body of law that governs the actions of public
 Definition: Privatization involves the transfer of public service functions or administration. It includes rules, regulations, and legal principles that guide
assets to private entities. decision-making and behavior within the administrative apparatus.

 Motivations: Privatization is often driven by e iciency considerations, cost- 6. State Administration:

e ectiveness, or the belief that private sector competition can improve service
 Functions: Tasks and responsibilities performed by the state administration,
quality.
such as policy formulation, law enforcement, and public service delivery.
 Challenges: Critics argue that privatization may lead to reduced accountability,
 Structure: The organization of state administration, typically involving
inequalities, and the prioritization of profit over public welfare.
ministries, agencies, and other government bodies.

7. Public Services:
1. Organization and Operation of the Executive Branch:
 Definition: Services provided by the government for the benefit of the public.
 Organization: Refers to the structure of the executive branch, including the head This includes areas like education, healthcare, infrastructure, and public safety.
of state/government, ministries, agencies, and departments. Understanding the
 Delivery: The mechanisms and processes through which public services are
hierarchy and functions of each component is essential.
provided to citizens.
 Operation: Involves the day-to-day functioning of the executive branch, such as
8. Local Self-Government:
policy formulation, implementation, and administration of government a airs.
 Principles: Autonomy is a key principle, allowing local entities to govern
2. Basic Principles and Features of Public Administration:
themselves to a certain extent.
 Principles: Core values and guidelines that shape the behavior of public
 Roles: Involves local entities taking responsibility for local governance, service
administrators. Common principles include accountability, transparency,
delivery, and community development.
e iciency, e ectiveness, and responsiveness.
 Organization: The structure of local self-government, often consisting of local
 Features: Identifiable characteristics of public administration, such as its role in
councils, mayors, and administrative bodies.
serving the public interest, delivering public goods and services, and executing
government policies.