DRRR Key Principles of DRRM
1. Development can either increase or decrease
CONCEPT of DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
MGT. (DRRM)
DRRM is a systematic approach to identifying,
assessing, and implementing strategies and plans
that aims to reduce the damage caused by natural
hazards.
DRRM discusses the concepts of:
- mitigating and preparing for the adverse impacts
of hazards;
- reducing vulnerabilities to hazards;
- wise management of land and the environment;
Concept of DRRM DRRM discusses the concepts
of:
- increasing disaster resilience of communities,
among others.
The United Nations International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction (UNISDR)
-aims to guide and coordinate the efforts of a wide
range of partners to achieve substantive reduction
in disaster losses and build resilient nations and
communities as an essential condition for
sustainable development.
Specific objectives are:
-climate change adaptation;
- increasing investments for DRRM;
- building disaster-resilient cities, schools, and
hospitals; and Objectives of UNISDR
- strengthening the international system for DRRM
UNISDR leads the global forum for disaster risk
reduction where various communities and
countries share strategies and guidance as its
immediate and practical output.
Importance of DRRM
1. The Philippines, by virtue of its geographical
location, is exposed to numerous geological and
hydrometeorological hazards. To lower the risks of
disasters brought by these natural hazards, it is
important that a DRRM be in place. Importance of
DRRM
2. The Philippines, being a developing country, may
not have enough materials and support to address
the immediate needs of disaster victims and to
recover from the damage of the disaster. To be
prepared for the potential damage of disasters, a
DRRM needs to be implemented.
3. DRRM is essential in building a more equitable
and sustainable future for the communities in high
risk areas for disasters.
When DRRM programs are in place, the
community becomes aware of specific possible
damages and loss.
disaster risk. Key Principles of DRRM
2. DRRM policies, laws, and regulations will not
save lives unless implemented in communities.
3. The community is the front line of disaster risk
management.
4. DRRM is not a stand-alone activity.
5. The main objective of DRRM is to build a
resilient community.
DRRM Plan
- A DRRM plan covers all stages of development
from planning up to execution.
- It also incorporates feedback, recommendations,
and guidance taken from various sectors of the
society.
- It is a cyclic process of updating information and
plans to make the DRRM more specific and
suitable to the community
Elements of DRRM Plan
1. Assessment and analysis – This is also known
as the needs and risk assessment. Risks are
identified and assessed based on the following:
a. Hazard profile – likelihood, frequency, severity,
warning, and likely impact of the hazard(s)
b. Vulnerability of the area – exposure of the
community or other elements to the identified
hazard and how they could be affected, whether
directly or indirectly
c. Capacity of the community – identification of all
available and accessible facilities and services that
can minimize or prevent the hazard from turning
into a disaster
2. Design – This is modeled on the findings from
the Assessment and Analysis stage. It should
include, at the minimum, the following components
(Turnbull et al., 2013):
a. issues identified during the analysis;
b. identification of responsibility, priorities, and
competencies of individuals and institutions or
agencies carrying out the task;
c. identification of other programs and strategies
that may complement, add, or duplicate with other
programs; Elements of DRRM Plan
d. potential partners, allies, and networks; and e.
source of funding and its restrictions.
3. Results of implementation
– Implementing the DRRM plan is usually in the
form of a drill. Regular implementation is important
because new conditions or unforeseen situations
always arise in communities because of their
dynamism. The outcome of the implementation
should be properly and accurately documented so
that any necessary changes in the DRRM design
can be made immediately.
Community-based DRRM
A community-based DRRM is essential to
develop, implement, and maintain an effective early
warning system in a hazard-prone community.
Through a community preparedness plan, the
community is informed and trained on how to
prepare for hazard events and emergencies. For an
effective community prepared ness plan,
communities need to be actively involved in it. The
key components of a community preparedness plan
are the following
Components Community-based DRRM
I. Community Profile
A. Identification of vulnerable communities -
This accounts for all communities within the area
and their levels of exposure to an identified hazard
B. Manpower
1. Experts conducting risk assessment Initially, the
experts oversee, implement, update, and manage
the whole plan. Eventually, the locals of the
community will be trained so that they will take over
the implementation of the DRRM plan.
2. Rescue Team - Trained personnel or experts
are designated to form a team for the following:
- Search and rescue
- Medical assistance
- Relief distribution
3. Relational connectivity with local authorities,
NGOs, etc.
This identifies the community’s relationships with
certain agencies and institutions in terms of
providing aid, facilitating services, and supporting
programs related to the implementation,
improvement, and enhancement of the DRRM plan.
II. Physical Infrastructure
This is the identification of both vertical and
horizontal infrastructure and natural elements that
may be affected or can cause disaster from a
hazard. Components Community-based DRRM
Factors to determine the level of disaster risk are: -
age and durability of the structures; - magnitude of
potential hazard;
- presence of other structures within its vicinity;
- type of material; and
- approximate number of people or vehicles using
the structure.
III. Risk Assessment
It is done by experts from Manpower section.
The guiding parameters in assessing the risks
include
- vulnerability of the community to the hazard,;
- potential magnitude of hazard (high or low scale);
- duration of impact of hazard (short or long term);
- causality of effects (direct or indirect) to exposed
elements;
- reversibility of the potential disaster to the
community and other identified stakeholders
IV. Early Warning Systems (EWS)
- is the provision of information about an imminent
hazard that is likely to affect a community. It may
be in various forms of communication (e.g., sound,
symbol, letter) that can be easily and immediately
understood by all stakeholders.
The EWS should be short, distinct, and clear so as
not to be confused with ordinary communication
that does not require urgent action. Most warning
systems involve alert levels that are distinguished
through colors. Red usually connotes imminent
danger.
V. Emergency Response Protocol
A. Search and Rescue
1. Wear protective gear at all times. Components
Community-based DRRM
2. Constantly monitor for vital signs.
3. Decontamination of rescuers and their
equipment should be done before leaving the
rescue site prevent the spread of health hazards or
secondary contamination.
B. Needs of survivors
1. Clean and potable water
2. Ready-to-eat food
3. Huge, secured, and safe evacuation centers
4. Visible, accessible, and equipped health care
providers
5. Debriefing
C. Survival kits and materials
1. food
2. medicines
3. First aid kit
4. Sanitation and toiletries
5. Clothing
6. Emergency tools or gadgets
7. Other important items / documents (sealed in
waterproof container
D. General evacuation procedures
1. Be aware of the emergency exits and warning
calls of the buildings you frequently go to.
2. When emergency alarms are sounded, keep
calm and try to keep others calm, too.
3. Exit the buildings using the stairs. NEVER use
the elevator.
4. If there is a DRRM personnel directing people on
what to do, follow instructions to facilitate a
systematic and orderly evacuation or DRRM
procedure
5. Once in the assembly area, notify authorities of
people who need assistance such as the injured,
trapped, or disabled.
6. Never reenter the building unless it has been
declared safe by authorities.
VI. Recovery Plans
will give communities options for rehabilitation of
livelihood, restoration of social and economic
activities, advancement in development projects,
and reconstruction of shelters and infrastructure.
Resilient communities have a proactive attitude
toward disaster.
They view it as a learning process instead of a
destructive event, simply because they are
equipped with recovery plans.
VII. Community Disaster Reduction Fund
It is important to develop a comprehensive DRRM
plan to estimate and allocate funds for the
implementation of the plan before, during, and after
a disaster.
A contingency fund is always provided for
expenses that are overlooked or an allowance for
inflation Responsible management and utilization of
funds need to be strictly exercised in this regard.
General Profile of Disaster Risks in the
Philippines
In addition to climate change programs, developing
and implementing a reliable DRRM is significant in
the Philippines in terms of geographical, geological
and hydrometeorological perspectives
Geographically, many human and animal casualties
and infrastructure damages from various forms of
disasters in recent years have affected the
economy and the lives of millions of Filipino
families.
Hydrometeorologically, typhoons have negatively
affected agricultural, infrastructure and private
properties and they have caused more hazards
such as floods and landslides. Billions of pesos
were lost as per NDRRMC.
Geologically, the Philippines experiences disasters
from earthquakes and volcanic eruption but not as
massive and devastating as those generated by
typhoon.
Hazards lead to disasters only if vulnerability and
exposure of communities remain high.
Communities are highly vulnerable if these are
located in hazard-prone areas. This is why disaster
plans need to be seriously implemented.
The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)
World Disaster Reduction Conference held in Kobe,
Hyogo, Japan in January 2005. It promoted
strategic and systematic approach for reducing
vulnerabilities and risks to hazards. Its main
objective is to build resilience of nations and
communities to disasters.
HFA was developed as a 10-yr plan to make the
world safer from natural hazards and to reduce
disaster losses.
Priorities of HFA
Primary actions:
1. Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national
and local priority with a strong institutional basis for
implementation.
2. Identify, assess and monitor disaster risk and
enhance early warning.
3. Use knowledge, innovation, and education to
build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels.
4. Reduce the underlying risk factors.
5. Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective
response at all levels.
Relevant Laws Associated with Disasters
Climate Change Act of 2009 or RA 9729
– this law recognizes the constitutional right of the
people to have a cleaner environment.
– It mandates formulation and implementation of
plans and strategies that would lower the
vulnerability of local communities especially the
most vulnerable sectors of the society (e.g. poor,
women, children).
– It encourages the integration of disaster plans
into all climate change activities, programs and
initiatives.
The People’s Survival Fund Act of 2011 or RA
10174
– was established to help achieve the objectives of
the climate change adaptation programs.
– The People’s Survival Fund was initially set at
₱1 billion per year and may be augmented from
various sources through donations, endowments,
grants, and contributions.
The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Act of 2011 or RA 10121
– following this is the birth of National Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Council
(NDRRMC)
– The key objective of the organization is “to
strengthen the capacity of the national government
and the local government units (LGUs), together
with partner stakeholders, to build the disaster
resilience of communities, and to institutionalize
arrangements and measures for reducing disaster
risks, including projected climate risks, and
enhancing disaster preparedness and response
capabilities at all levels” (Sec. 2, IRA 10121).
The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Act of 2011 or RA 10121
– This paved the way for the development of
policies, plans, actions, and measures toward
reduction of disaster risk and establishment of
preparedness for effective response and speedy
recovery.
– The executive arm and undersecretariat of the
NDRRMC is the Office of Civil Defense (OCD),
which is under the Department of National
Defense (DND).

Thematic Areas of the NDRRMC
1. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
Managed by the Department of Science
and Technology (DOST), the main objective of
this area is to assess and address potential impacts
of a disaster by lowering vulnerabilities and
exposure and enhancing capacities of the
communities.
2. Disaster Preparedness
Managed by the Department of the
Interior and Local Government (DILG), the main
objective of this area is to build and strengthen
capacities of the communities to anticipate, handle,
and recover from the negative effects of emergency
occurrences and disasters.
3. Disaster Response
Managed by the Department of Social Welfare
and Development (DSWD), the main objective of
this area is to provide all means to preserve life and
meet the immediate basic needs of the victims of
disaster or those in distress.
4. Rehabilitation and Recovery
Managed by the National Economic and
Development Authority (NEDA), the main
objective of this Managed by the National
Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), the
main objective of this area is to construct,
rehabilitate, restore, and improve facilities,
livelihood, and living conditions of the
organizational capacities of the affected
communities.
These four priority areas mutually reinforce and
complement one another. It is not advisable that
each be independent because they are inextricably
linked. Overlapping of functions and programs are
expected especially if the goals point to only one
direction—addressing problems, strengthening
assets, reducing vulnerabilities, and increasing
capacities.
DRRM Policies and Regulations
Declaration of “STATE OF EMERGENCY”
This depends on the severity of the disaster and
the number of affected lives.
This declaration by national government is a
warning given to the people to adjust or change
their normal operations and behavior.
It also instructs certain government agencies to
implement their emergency plans.
Governors are given the authority to carry out
emergency measures needed in the aftermath of
the disaster such as the following:
a. Procurement or purchase of relief supplies and
emergency materials without public bidding,
regardless of amount, as long as these are
absolutely indispensable and urgent to prevent
imminent danger or loss of life and property
b. Disbursement of local funds by the local
treasurer to purchase or subsidize materials or
services in relation to emergency response
It should be noted, though, that the declaration
cannot be used as an occasion for the local
government to conduct searches, seizure, arrests
without warrants, and other political moves
considering that the entire area is in a helpless
situation. Hence, the declaration is limited only to
any activity related to disaster management.
Declaration of “STATE OF CALAMITY”
-defined in Section 3 (ll) of Republic Act 10121 as
the “condition involving mass casualty and/or major
damages to property, disruption of means of
livelihood, roads and normal way of life of people
as a result of the occurrence of natural or human-
induced hazard.”
The president is given the authority to declare this
in any barangay, municipality, city, province, or
region, upon the recommendation of the NDRRMC.
When this happens, such cases are implemented:
a. Prices of basic commodities are controlled.
b. Buyers and traders are strictly monitored for
overpricing, profiteering, or hoarding of prime
commodities and basic necessities.
c. Adjustments of budgets or funds are done for
repair and safety upgrading of public infrastructures
and facilities.
d. Government financing or lending institutions
grant no-interest loans to the most affected section
of the population.
Calamity Fund (CF)
– a reserved fund to be used for the purpose of
covering expenses related to assistance, relief,
and rehabilitation of communities that are
affected by natural and man-made hazards.
– NDRRM manages this fund
– All together, they advise the president on any
status of disaster-related activities that include
calamity fund allocation.
a. Calamity Fund (CF)
– Upon the approval of the Office of the President
(OP), the fund request is forwarded to the
Department of Budget and Management (DBM). In
turn, DBM releases the Special Allotment
Release Order (SARO) directly to the appropriate
implementing agency or the LGU.
a. Quick Response Fund (QRF)
– a standby fund reserved by government agencies
for catastrophes and calamities that require
immediate response.
– The agencies that have this built-in QRF are
DPWH, DND-OSEC, DepEd, DSWD, and
Department of Agriculture (DA).
Handling of Humanitarian Assistance
The United Nations Office for the Coordination
of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) created in 2007
in Phil. OCHA in the Philippines functions both as a
response to a protracted conflict situation in
Mindanao (facilitated by the Mindanao
Humanitarian Team) and, at the national level,
preparedness for and response to frequent natural
disasters (facilitated by the Humanitarian Country
Team). OCHA closely works with the OCD to
ensure that preparedness activities and response
to disasters are carried out in accordance
withhumanitarian principles, are timely, are
effective and efficient, and contribute to long-term
recovery.
Prohibited Acts During Disaster
Acts considered as crimes or offenses and are thus
prohibited and may be grounds for penalties or
fines, as cited in Republic Act 10121 (Sec. 19) are
the following:
1. Negligence of duties or tasks leading to
destruction, loss of lives, critical damage of
facilities, and misuse of funds;
2. Prevention of entry and distribution of relief
goods in disaster-stricken areas, including
appropriate technology, instruments, accessories,
or disaster teams or experts;
3. Seizure, purchase, consumption, or resale of
relief goods, equipment, or other forms of
assistance intended to disaster victims;
4. Diversion or mis-delivery of relief goods,
equipment, or other forms of assistance aside from
the rightful recipients;
5. Misrepresentation of the source of relief goods,
equipment, and other forms of assistance by
tampering with, covering, replacing, or defacing
labels, or repacking goods;
6. Substitution or replacement of relief goods with
items that are cheaper or inferior in quality;
7. Illegal solicitation from other institutions /
organizations or using false or inflated data to
request for funding, relief goods, equipment, and
other forms of assistance; and
8. Instances of tampering with or stealing hazard-
monitoring and disaster-preparedness equipment
and accessories.
DRRM EDUCATION
A. Improvement of Physical Structures
1. Standard Building Plan
Rural Area: 7m x 7m classroom; 1:45 students
Urban Area: 7m x 9m classroom; 1:45 students
(this is also for highly urbanized areas – NCR)
2. Special Building Plan
Upon approval of DepEd, this design is for schools
that have higher vulnerability & exposure.
B. Development of DRRM Curriculum Materials
C. Teacher Training and Curriculum Development
NDRRMC through its Web site
(www.ndrmc.gov.ph), regularly posts seminars and
trainings geared toward strengthening awareness
and skills in preventing, preparing for, and facing
disasters.
DRRM for Social Awareness
In response to the HFA, the OCD incessantly seeks
innovative means to reach out to many
communities to educate them in building a culture
of safety and resilience at all levels.
 NDRRM Plan (NDRRMP) for 2011-2028
Government Projects are: In all its operations, the NDRRMC will contribute
and promote gender-responsive and rights-based
1. Disaster Information for Nationwide sustainable development.
Awareness Project (Project DINA)
materializes this vision and shows commitment to
implement its programs of exposition and access of
DRRM information materials.

2. PREPARE (Pandemic Preparedness) Proj.

this project is in collaboration with United States
Agency for International Development (USAID) in
strengthening preparedness strategies for severe
pandemic disaster impacts and hazards
Government Projects are: It focuses on capacity-
building of businesses and operations, particularly
in equipping these institutions with tools to do staff
succession (workforce augmentation) and resource
interdependency planning (NDRRMC,2011)

3. Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Training

(DRRMT) in the municipalities of Brobon, Sogod,
Carmen, Catmon & Moalboal in Cebu Government
Projects are:

4. Region-wide consultation forum with the theme

of “protecting and advancing SOCCSKSARGEN’s
development through safer, adaptive, and disaster-
resilient communities”

5. Capacity building on DRRMT workshop in

Quirino Region II

6. Provincial women’s forum centering on the

theme of “Women Weathering Climate Change:
Governance and Accountability, Everyone’s
Responsibility” held in Iloilo City

7. Risk reduction management trainings in Negros

Occidental to ensure a systematic conduct of
evacuation for earthquake occurrences

NDRRM Plan (NDRRMP) for 2011-2028

This envisions of “safer, adaptive, and disaster

resilient Filipino communities toward sustainable
development. NDRRMP is specific in its layout plan
(4 thematic areas) and is divided into three
timelines:

Short term : 2011-2013

Medium term : 2014-2016 (Goal: Millennium
Development Goals and HFA)
Long term : 2017-2028 (Goal: Nat’l. Climate
Change Action Plan)

Thematic Area 1: Disaster Prevention &

Mitigation Lead Agency: DOST

Thematic Area 2: Disaster Preparedness Lead

Agency: DILG

Thematic Area 3: Disaster Response Lead

Agency: DSWD

Thematic Area 4: Disaster Rehabilitation &

Recovery Lead Agency: NEDA