CHAPTER 2
Uruk City – considered to be the
Six (6) Major Themes of Innovation
1. Transportation – allowed people to
go places and discover new horizons.
People traveled in search for food and
better locations for settlement.
2. Communication – people needed a
way to communicate with the natives of
the areas they visited to facilitate trade
and prevent possible conflicts.
Record-keeping is also an important
aspect to document trades made, and to
keep records of their history and culture.
3. Weapons and Armors – for the
establishment of alliances with other
tribes. Developed for security and
protection.
4. Conservation of life – for the
prevention and cure of illnesses.
5. Engineering – allowed men to build
structures to address their specific
needs and wants.
6. Architecture – considered as the
status symbol among nations on how
they advanced their technologies.
Ancient Civilizations
Sumerian Civilization
– located in the southernmost tip of
ancient Mesopotamia.
– Known for high degree of cooperation
and desire for great things.
Sumerian Civilization
1. Cuneiform – first writing system
that utilized word pictures and
triangular symbols carved on clay
using wedge instruments.
2.
first true city.
3. The Great Ziggurat of Ur – also
called the mountain of god, built like
the Uruk City. Served as a sacred
place for their chief god.
4. Irrigation and Dikes – brings
water to farmlands and at the same
time control the flooding of the rivers.
5. Sailboats
6. Wheel – made not for
transportation but for farm work and
food processing (i.e. milling of
grains).
Babylonian Civilization 
– emerged near the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers.
– Known as great builders and
architects.
1. Hanging Gardens of Babylon –
structure made up of layers of
gardens that contained several
species of plants, trees, and vines.
Built by King Nebuchadnezzar II for
his wife, Queen Amytis.
Egyptian Civilization – emerged on
North Africa, along the Nile River Delta.
Known for engineering, architecture, and
practical things that are still in use today.
1. Paper/ Papyrus – addressed the
issues on the use of clay tablets.
This is a more portable and stronger
material for record-keeping. Made
from papyrus – a plant (reed) that
grew abundantly along the Nile
River.
2. Ink – created by combining soot
with different chemicals to produce
different colors. Also used for record-
keeping.
3. Hieroglyphics – system of Chinese Civilization
writing using symbols. – considered to be the oldest civilization
4. Cosmetics – to improve and in Asia, if not the world. Also known as
highlight the facial features of a the Middle Kingdom.
person, functioned as both for health
and aesthetic reasons. Kohl 1. Silk – developed the technology
– created by mixing soot or to harvest silk.
malachite with mineral galena. 2. Tea – beverage produced by
5. Wig – worn for health and pouring hot or boiling water over
wellness rather than aesthetic crushed or shredded dried tea
reasons. Protected the bald heads leaves.
from sun’s rays. 3. Great Wall of China
6. Water Clock/Clepsydra 4. Gunpowder – a mix of charcoal,
– utilizes gravity to use for time- sulfur, and potassium nitrate. Initially
keeping. thought by the Chinese to be an
elixir (a potion for eternal life).
Greek Civilization – emerged in an
archipelago in the southeastern part of Mayan Civilization
Europe. Birthplace of Philosophy,
Democracy and Mathematics. 1. Looms – a device used to create
fabrics from fibers.
1. Alarm Clock – designed by Plato 2. Rubber Products – utilized the
to signal the start of his lectures. sap of rubber trees (latex).
2. Water Mill – used the flow of
water to propel mills used in milling Incan Civilization
grains for food. Minimized the need
for raising of livestock used for 1. Quipu – a system of knotted
milling. ropes to keep records that only
experts can interpret.
Roman Civilization – perceived to be
the strongest political and social entity in Aztec Civilization
the West.
1. Chinampa – agricultural
1. Newspaper – known as gazettes. technology in which the land is
This contained announcements of divided into rectangular areas
the Roman Empire to the people. surrounded by canals.
2. Bound Books/ Codex – stacked 2. Chocolates
papers bound by wax, at first, then 3. Canoe
animal skin.
3. Architecture – considered to be Indian Civilization
a continuation of the Greek
Architecture. 1. Ayurveda – a system of
4. Roman Numerals - standardized traditional medicine.
the counting method to meet the 2. Hindu-Arabic Numerals
increasing need for communication 3. Sexual Wellness Techniques
and trade concerns. - also called Kama Sutra
Middle Eastern Civilizations (except
Sumeria and Babylon)
1. Al-jabr – Arabic term that is
considered to be the origin of the
word Algebra.
African Civilizations (except Egypt)
1. Lebombo Bone – a
mathematical tool found between the
mountains of Swaziland and South
Africa.
Other Antiquity Inventions
Shadoof/ Shaduf – a tool used by
ancient Egyptians to irrigate the land.
Used the concept of counterweights.  catapults. Defensive tools/infrastructure
Antikythera Mechanism – ancient
world’s first analog orrery/device. Used
by the Greeks to display celestial time,
predict astronomical positions and
eclipses for calendar and astrological
purposes. The earliest known
antecedent to modern clockwork.  Chinese. Used the concept of assigning
Aeolipile/ Hero’s Engine – a steam-
powered turbine which spun when the
water container at its center was heated.
CHAPTER 3
Medieval/ Middle Ages
– Also called as the “Dark Ages” due to
the dominance of the Roman Catholic
Church. This has led to the decline in
the scientific advancements.
– Civilizations has slowly transitioned to
establish larger settlements like cities,
where it is surrounded by large areas of
agricultural lands.
– Feudalism and monarchy dominated
the political and economic landscape.
Medieval/ Middle Ages
1. Printing Press
– invented by Johann Gutenberg.
– Used fruit juices as ink, and metal
impression of letters (negative) to
produce an impression on paper
(positive).
2. Microscope
– a device that could magnify things
invisible to the naked eye.
– Zacharias Janssen invented the first
compound microscope.
3. Telescope – an optical instrument
that helps in the observation of remote
objects.
4. War Weapons – long range weapons
like cannons, arrows, trebuchets and
like armors, chainmail, walls, fortresses
and citadels.
5. Heavy Plough – gave the Europeans
the ability to turn clay soils to arable
land, increasing their food production.
Led to an agricultural revolution.
6. Paper Money – developed first by the
value to a marked piece of paper in
place of using precious metals as
currency.
7. Mechanical Clock – paved the way
for a more accurate time-keeping.
Changed the way people spent their
days and work patterns.
8. Spinning Wheel – a machine used
for transforming fiber into thread or yarn,
and eventually is woven into a cloth
using a loom.
Modern Ages
– Kickstarted by the First Industrial
Revolution, where populations started to
concentrate in large cities.
– Characterized by the spread of large
urban sprawls, the use of and
dependence on machines for mass
production, and the reliance on fossil
fuels.
1. Pasteurization
– invented by Louis Pasteur.
– The process of heating dairy products
to kill the harmful bacteria that allow
them to spoil faster.
2. Petroleum Refinery – Samuel M.
Kier invented kerosene by refining
petroleum. Producing different products
from crude oil through refining/ distilling.
3. Telephone
– allowed for real-time communication
using telephone wires via a switchboard.
– Invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
4. Calculator – allowed for the faster
computation of complex equations.
5. Jacquard Loom – lessened the
demand for labor while it also increased
the complexity of designs of fabrics.
Used punch cards to mass produce
fabrics with complex designs.
6. Engine-Powered Plane
– by American brothers Orville and
Wilbur Wright.
– The first engine-powered aircraft was
launched in 1903, and it spurred the age
of powered flights.
7. Television – by John Logie Baird. A
device capable of projecting images to a
screen.
Philippine Inventions
– Inventions of Filipinos which presents
the unique Filipino ingenuity by using
local materials to address issues.
Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
– an amphibious tricycle that can run
both land and on water.
SALt Lamp
– invented by Aisa Mijeno. Sustainable
Alternative Lighting (SALt) Lamp.
Medical Incubator
– invented by Dr. Fe Del Mundo.
– used two native laundry baskets
heated by hot water bottles to allow
premature babies to further develop.
Mosquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal Trap
System – works by attracting
female mosquitoes to lay eggs on the
paddle drenched with an organic
solution.
E-Jeepney – an innovation to the
existing Filipino invention jeepneys. It
uses electric motors instead of internal-
combustion engines to lessen pollution.
Erythromycin – an antibiotic out of a
strain of Streptomyces erytheus
developed by Abelardo Aguilar.
Mole Remover – developed by Rolando
Dela Cruz. Used cashew extract to
remove moles and warts from the skin
without an operation.
Banana Ketchup – by Maria Orosa.
Due to a shortage in tomato supply due
to the World War II, Orosa used mashed
bananas, vinegar, sugar, and spices to
develop the banana ketchup. Red
colorants were used to resemble the
tomato ketchup color.
CHAPTER 4
Intellectual Revolutions
Copernican | Darwinian | Freudian
Intellectual Revolution
– Refers to the groundbreaking ideas
introduced by select thinkers
– It is the period where paradigm shifts
(change in the peoples’ way of thinking)
occurred
– It is where the scientific beliefs that
have been widely embraced and
accepted by the people were challenged
and opposed.
 Theory of Evolution by Natural
Selection – The process by which
organisms change over time as a
result of changes in heritable
physical or behavioral traits.
3. Freudian Revolution

1. Copernican Revolution Sigmund Freud’s Theory of

Psychoanalysis.
Nicolaus Copernicus introduced the
concept of Heliocentrism (the Sun is Psychoanalysis is the study that
the center of the Solar System, and not explains human behavior.
the Earth). This challenged Claudius  Id – Instincts
Ptolemy’s Geocentrism (the Earth is  Ego – Reality
the center).  Superego – Morality
Geocentrism: A Thinking Challenged
Theory of Psychoanalysis
Geocentrism by Claudius Ptolemy – The theory of personality organization
posits that the Earth is at the center of and the dynamics of personality
the Universe. This has been generally development that guides
accepted by people and by the Roman psychoanalysis, a clinical method for
Catholic Church. treating psychopathology.
Heliocentrism: The Copernican Oedipus
Revolution
– describe a boy’s feeling of desire for
Heliocentrism as posited by Nicolaus his mother and jealously and anger
Copernicus provides that the Sun is at towards his father.
the center of the Solar System where
Earth, along with other planets, are Electra Complexes
revolving around it. – describe a girl’s sense of competition
2. Darwinian Revolution with her mother for the affections of her
father.
– Charles Darwin’s book On the Origin
of Species, he introduced the Theory of
Evolution (populations pass through a
process of natural selection where only
the fittest would survive).