Effectiveness of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office of Municipality of Leganes

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirement for the Subject
Developmental Research

A Research Proposal
Presented to

Faculty Member
Graduate School
Central Philippine University

By:

Jose Ituriaga
Yeno Lego
Ruzzel Diane Oducado
 Central Philippine University
Graduate School Department
Lopez Jaena St., Jaro, Iloilo City

February 2020

Chapter I

Introduction of the Study

Chapter I consists of (1) Background and Rationale of the Study, (2) Objectives of the

Study, Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis, (3) Significance of the Study, (4) Definition of

Terms, (5) Scope and Limitation of the Study.

Part I, Background and Rationale of the Study presents the problem situation, expected or

ideal situation, possible reasons for the discrepancy between what is and what should be and

what is known about the problem and what questions remain unanswered.

Part II, Objectives of the Study, Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis presents the

specific and general problems and enumerates the hypothesis tested.

Part III, Significance of the Study enumerates the different beneficiaries and benefits that

may obtained from the result of the study.

Part IV, Definition of Terms presents the conceptual and operational definition of terms.

Part V, Scope and Limitation specifies the coverage and scope and limitation encountered

in the study.

Background and Rationale of the Study

 Central Philippine University
Graduate School Department
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Hazards come in all shapes and sizes. People around the world have become more and

more vulnerable to these numerous types of hazards and disasters. Disasters can occur anywhere

and at any time and overwhelms the capability of existing resources.

Typhoons, earthquakes, floods, landslides, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions are natural

disasters commonly experienced not only by the Philippines but also by other countries in the

world. While efforts are made by the government to improve every aspect of life of its citizens,

i.e. poverty alleviation, these efforts or the results of such are either thrown to waste or hampered

by disasters. Disasters hold back development and progress. Disasters affect poverty reduction in

several ways.

In 2010, Republic Act No. 10121, An Act Strengthening the Philippines Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management System, Providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Framework and Instituionalizing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Plan, Appropriating Funds Therefor and for other purposes, was enacted.

Among others, the declaration of policies includes building the resilience of local

communities to disasters

Attempts to reduce risk without adequate planning can be counterproductive.

 Central Philippine University
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Effective policies for disaster risk reduction (DRR) can greatly reduce the loss of life and

assets caused by disasters. Some governments have successfully adopted and implemented DRR

policies, but others lag behind, leaving their citizens highly vulnerable. (Williams, 2011)

Poverty alleviation, development and disaster risk reduction are strongly interdependent.

Constraints to progress towards the first two of these objectives will not be adequately addressed

without more attention to the third, because disasters impact substantially on livelihoods and

development. Conversely, disasters are rooted in poverty and development failures, so risk

reduction can only be effective as a core attribute of poverty alleviation and development.

Development gains are at a risk when natural phenomena occur, and wrong development

choices may allow these risks to rise even further. Knowledge about and causes of natural

disasters and the concern and commitment to activities that aim to alleviate the effects of these

disasters are increasing alongside disaster related human casualties and economic losses

[ CITATION Dis04 \l 13321 ].

In order to allow for a decision-making process that interacts with the citizens and the

key persons at the regional level, allocation of power to local governments should be

implemented with the greatest importance. Appropriate authority of local governments, human

limitations, and proper distribution of correct resources should be established. Competent risk

reduction at regional levels are reliant on their respective governance, especially in political

planning and management of authority in relation to land use planning, regulatory controls,

zoning, and construction standards. (International Recovery Problem, 2009).

 Central Philippine University
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A Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (LDRRMP) is expected from all

local government units. This LDRRMP includes four phases of DRRM: Disaster preparedness,

response, prevention and mitigation, & rehabilitation and recovery. Local councils are also

established by the law of NDRRMC Republic Act 10121. The relationship and collaboration of

the NDRRMC and the local councils are also named within this law. Effective and efficient

responses regarding disaster situations are allegedly assured by these well-defined frameworks

[ CITATION Rap14 \l 13321 ].

There are, however, situations where the local government fails to meet its

responsibilities. In this regard, a gap is created between what is planned and the actual situation.

Advisory negligence and breach on the use of the Disaster Management Fund are the two

primary reasons that have been determined by researchers to have caused this inconsistency.

Last September, the Department of Interior and Local Government issued Show Cause

Orders against 16 mayors from Cagayan Valley and Cordillera Administrative Region because of

their absence when Typhoon Ompong came to the country although an Advisory was given prior

to the typhoon which directed all mayors to be present in their respective areas in order to ensure

immediate government response[CITATION New19 \l 13321 ]. This situation has been viewed as a

type of Advisory neglect which is considered as a reason in the said disparity.

Section 21 of the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 stated

that 5% of the revenues of the LGUs must be allocated for disaster preparedness but the

Commission on Audit (COA) revealed that the LGUs were one of the biggest violators of the
 Central Philippine University
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rules regarding the funds in 2015. In fact, state auditors said 22 of them have failed to allocate at

least P124.95-million funds for its expected purpose [ CITATION Inq17 \l 13321 ].

With the arising risks associated with the ill-preparedness of a Local Government in

terms of disaster, a study entitled Challenging the Development Paradigm: Assessing

Accountability and Equity of the Local Government in Disaster Risk Management Responses to

its People must be conducted. Furthermore, this would be a great help to the community, local

government units and the people around Iloilo City which could help alleviate or address issues

related to it. The accomplishment of this study would benefit the majority in terms of the

people’s safety and resilience, as well as the local government’s productivity.

Objectives of the Study

This study will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of disaster risk reduction

program of Leganes, NDRRMO among residents of Leganes, Iloilo.

Specifically, this study will seek to determine the:

1. profile of resident of Leganes, Iloilo in terms of age, sex, civil status and educational

attainment;

2. determine the effectiveness of the disaster risk reduction plan of Leganes, MDRRMO in

terms of dissemination of information;

3. determine the effectiveness of disaster risk reduction plan of Leganes, MDRRMO in

terms of implementation;
 Central Philippine University
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4. determine the effectiveness of disaster risk reduction plan of Leganes, MDRRMO in

terms of resource utilization and operation.

Statement of the Problem

The study will delve into the effectiveness of disaster risk reduction and management

plan of the MDRRMO in the Municipality of Leganes.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. Is disaster risk reduction plan of Leganes, MDRRMO in terms of dissemination of

information effective?

2. Is disaster risk reduction plan of Leganes, MDRRMO in terms of implementation

effective?

3. Is disaster risk reduction plan of Leganes, MDRRMO in terms of resource utilization

and operation effective?

Theoretical Framework

Assessing Effectiveness ensures knowledge related to responsibility and success while

assessing equity contributes in developing a fair treatment. In order to challenge the development

paradigm of disaster risk management, the study will adopt the Assessment Theory developed by

Donald Kirkpartrick.
 Central Philippine University
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Assessment Theory applies four levels of evaluation that works like a pyramid. It is

mostly used in the field of education although can also be applied for continuous development.

The information gathered from each successive evaluation provides the necessary base

information to advance into the next higher level of assessment. Thus, each successive levels

brings out a more accurate and refined measures in exchange of more rigorous and time-

consuming interpretation of data. The first level of Assessment theory is Reaction, where

subjects react to the training. The second level is Learning, where subjects are analyzed if they

understood the training. The third level is Behavior, where subject’s actions and behaviors are

being observed for signs of utilization. The fourth level, which is the last, determines if the

material has brought helpful or destructive impact to the overall business/organization.

This Assessment Theory is being conceptualized in a setting of Local Government and

their roles in Disaster Risk Management, and plays a role in the overall development paradigm.

The changes implemented to this study in regards of the Assessment Theory are the

accountability and equity of the local government while the subject is the local government

itself. These two variables and the subject are needed for the training or changes that objectively

targets the problems and needs of the accountability and equity of local government in disaster

risk management. These training/changes will provide the information for the Response level in

the Assessment Theory. In in the fourth level, how the local government reacted, understood, and

implemented necessary actions and adaptations respectively determines the helpfulness or

destructiveness of the training/changes, which directly affects people and their community.

(https://www.andrews.edu/sem/dmin/surveys-assessment/theory/)

(https://educationaltechnology.net/kirkpatrick-model-four-levels-learning-evaluation/)
 Central Philippine University
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 Central Philippine University
Graduate School Department
Lopez Jaena St., Jaro, Iloilo City

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Control

Development Paradigm
Effectiveness of Local
of Disaster Risk
Government in the Munipality of
Management
Leganes

Figure 1. Shows the connection of the accountability and Equity of Local Government

(independent variable), the Development Paradigm of Disaster Risk Management (dependent

variable) and the responses of its people (control).

Hypothesis of the Study

1. There is no significant effect in the Effectiveness of local government in disaster risk

management responses to its people.

 Central Philippine University
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Conceptual Definition of Terms

Effectiveness –Adequate to accomplish a purpose; producing a deep or vivid impression.

Local government - authority to determine and execute measures within a restricted area

inside and smaller than a whole state.

Disaster risk and management - comprehensive approach involving the identification of

threats due to hazards; processing and analyzing these threats; understanding people’s

vulnerability; assessing the resilience and coping capacity of the communities; developing

strategies for future risk reduction; and building up capacities and operational skills to implement

the proposed measures.

Operational Definition of Terms

Effectiveness was used in the study to determine the performance of local government

unit in the development paradigm toward its people and as a basis of their performance level and

its impact to the community and the people

Local government was used in the study to assess the accountability and equity upon the

responses of the people from Disaster Risk Management

Disaster risk management was used in the study to get the responses of the people from

the respective field of the government

 Central Philippine University
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Significance of the Study

The study entitled “Challenging the Development Paradigm: Assessing the Effectiveness

of Local Government in Disaster Risk Reduction Management Responses in the Munipality of

Leganes” would be a great help to the community, local government units and the people around

Iloilo City. This study aimed to assess the accountability and equity of the local government in

disaster risk management responses to its people.

The community. The success of this study will be a great help to the people especially

the residents of five barangays around Iloilo City to have additional information regarding the

accountability and equity assessed by local governments.

The local government units. The result of this study will have a wide range of

understanding among the local employees in Iloilo City.

The People. The accomplishment of this study will have a great impact to the people in

terms of daily assessment at work.

 Central Philippine University
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Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study was limited only on the Effectiveness of Local Government in Disaster Risk

Management Responses to its people.

The researchers aimed to determine the responses of the local people to its people in the

Municipality of Leganes.

in assessing the Effectiveness of the local government in disaster risk management.

 Central Philippine University
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Chapter II
Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter includes the following parts: (1) Review of Related Literature, (2) Review of

Related Studies.

Part I, Review of Related Literature is composed of the background information about the

problem and issues.

Part II, Review of Related Studies are composed of the summary and synthesis of

completed researches related to the problem.

 Central Philippine University
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Related Literature

Timeline of policies

Being a country consistently battered with disasters, the Philippine government issued

laws and orders to counteract the effects and mitigate the impacts. The first landmark was during

1941 when former President Manuel L. Quezon issued Executive Order (EO) No. 335 which

created the National Emergency Commission and eventually, the Provincial Emergency

Committee that supervises both Municipal and City Emergency Committees. RA 1190 was

enacted in 1954, establishing National Civil Defense Administration (NCDA) and national and

local civil defense councils. Under the term of Ferdinand Marcos in the 1970s, Office of Civil

Defense (OCD) and National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) were created under

Presidential Decree No. 1566. Embedded in RA 7160 or the Local Government Code (LGC) of

1991 was the giving of access to local government units (LGUs) with areas declared in a state of

calamity to five percent of estimated revenue from regular sources in the event of calamities. RA

8185 amended section 324d of the LGC and categorized the fund into relief, rehabilitation, and

reconstruction and other services in order to improve the fund utilization. It can be observed that

most laws and orders concerning disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) coincide with

agreements in climate change, strengthening the correlation and causality of climate change and

disasters. In 1992, Philippine committed with the United Nations Conference on Environment

and Development (UNCED) for Agenda 21.

It was comprised of set of strategies and action plans that would marshal in a sustainable

future with five goal elements: poverty reduction, social equity, empowerment and good

governance, peace and solidarity, and ecological integrity (EMB, nd). Another is RA 8749
 Central Philippine University
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passed in 1999. The Philippine Clean Air Act committed to monitor and follow the standards for

greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). This was followed in 2004 by EO 320, s.2004 wherein

implemented projects are encouraged to prevent or absorb emitted GHGs. In 2009 and 2010,

twin laws were passed in the country with common objectives; The Climate Change Act and the

Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (PDRRM) Act aimed to lessen the

vulnerabilities and the damage impacted by disasters. The momentous passing of RA 10121

increased the number of members under the council from 19 to 44 members, and now included

financial institutions, private sector, and civil society organizations (CSOs). The council is still

chaired by the Secretary of National Defense, but has designated the four vice-chairperson

positions a specific phase for DRRM: the Secretary of Department of Science and Technology

(DOST) in charge of disaster prevention and mitigation; Secretary of the Department of Interior

and Local Government (DILG) for preparedness; Secretary of Department of Social Welfare and

Development (DSWD) for response; and the Director General of National Economic and

Development Authority (NEDA) for disaster rehabilitation and recovery. The national council is

replicated down to the regional and barangay level.

In a nutshell, the Philippines underwent phases of DRRM, from disaster preparedness and

response in the 1970s, disaster management in the 1980s, risk management in the 1990s, and risk

reduction in the years 2005 and beyond (COA, nd).

 Central Philippine University
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Role of LGUs

When a disaster strikes, four phases of emergency management are applied:

preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery. Preparedness is the level of readiness based on

undergone planning, training, and exercises to respond to an emergency. Mitigation refers to a

consistent action to decrease and limit risk to people and infrastructure. The third phase,

response, consist of actions addressing human basic needs e.g. relief goods and evacuation

centers. The last phase focuses on the rehabilitation of economy and livelihood. These four

phases do not necessarily occur one before another; in face of disasters, they occur more often

than not in overlapping timeframes (Col 2007).

The local government plays an integral role before, during, and after disasters because

they do not only have a direct jurisdiction over their constituents, but they are also expected to

know the community’s needs as well. The LGU in the Philippines is at the forefront of disaster

risk reduction and management as mandated by the Local Government Code of 1991. The LGU

must have the autonomy to act decisively and issue proactive decisions suited for their

constituents’ situation supported with the higher levels of government. Literatures across

highlight the importance of decentralization of responsibilities i.e. doing away with top-down

approach, stakeholder participation in all phases of DRRM, and transparency of valuable

information exchanges (Col, 2007).

Solway (2004) outlined the basic roles of the local government in facilitating the

community during a disaster. The LGU must be able to (1) assess the vulnerabilities of the area

and its constituents, (2) instill basic knowledge of natural disasters and the possible impacts, (3)

conduct an information and education campaign (IEC) on disaster mitigation, (4) coordinate with
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officials in charge of planning, construction, health, and welfare, (5) conduct first-aid trainings,

(6) partner with educational institutions to broaden awareness and support existing knowledge,

and (7) build evacuation centers and determine safe locations for those affected.

Local institutions are integral in influencing community responses against disasters and

climate hazards. They help determine the effect of the impacts, develop capacity of households

to respond and adapt practices, and mediate different external interventions. In a review of 118

cases across 46 countries, climate adaptation was revealed to involve more informal institutions

wherein there exist five categories of local responses: mobility in response to risks and scarcities;

storage of surpluses including sturdy infrastructure for keeping seeds and harvested crops;

diversification of employment opportunities, assets, and consumption strategies; communal

pooling of resources across families; and market exchange. Most of these came from the rural

communities dominated by indigenous people which have been exposed to various disasters and

later on developed adaptive responses against environmental risks (Agrawal et al. 2008).

Analysis of various social groups is integral to recommending adaptation strategies. There could

be underlying reasons for their increased risk and vulnerability which could influence the

interventions given to them.

As identified in the National DRRM Council’s (NDRRMC) framework, every LGU

should be able to establish a Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (LDRRMP)

aligned with NDRRMP with themes on disaster preparedness, response, prevention and

mitigation, and rehabilitation and recovery. NDRRMCs and LDRRMCs should also be closely

coordinated, and RA 10121 delineated the jurisdiction of responsibilities. NDRRMC will be the

lead agency if two or more regions are affected, regional DRRMC if two provinces or more,
 Central Philippine University
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provincial DRRMC if two or more cities and/or municipalities, city/municipal if two or more

barangays, and barangay development council if only one barangay is affected. LDRRMCs are

also in charge of integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into

development programs to counter poverty and facilitate sustainable development, and they have

the authority to declare forced or preemptive evacuation of local residents if needed.

Representatives from the private sector and civil society groups are also part of LDRRMCs as

mandated through Memorandum Circular No. 03, s. 2012. The four CSOs that will be selected

will have a representative each from (1) an academe or research institution that is not part of a

state university, (2) a faith-based organization, (3) non-government or people’s organizations,

and (4) foundations or community-based organization; all four must be within the jurisdiction of

the local government unit (LGU) they are applying for. The private sector representative shall be

chosen from chambers of commerce if applicable. It is vital for the vying organizations to have a

competent track record of DRRM activities, sound institutional structures, and valid registration

with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for national, and Cooperative Development

Authority (CDA) or Department of Labor and Employment (DoLE) for local. The performance

of the member organizations shall be tracked and monitored based on their annual deliverables

and feedback from other organizations. They have a term of two years and will only be allowed

two consecutive terms. However, they can apply for another term period after a year. The

membership may be revoked when the organization fails to fulfill its responsibilities to the

council, spreads false information, and sponsor activities that are no longer in line with the goals

of NDRRMC.
 Central Philippine University
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However, the LGU was sidelined three years after RA 10121 was passed in the wake of

super typhoon Yolanda. In the event of a disaster, either the Defense Secretary or the President

would preside over NDRRMC meetings however, in the case of Typhoon Yolanda, it was the

Executive Secretary who presided. From there onwards, the command responsibility was blurry,

and no one knew who was calling the shots. Too many actors were in play that when

interviewed, the acting officials then gave different answers. This was particularly evident on the

ground, in Tacloban City, where former DILG Secretary Mar Roxas took over the reins and

allegedly “emasculated” Mayor Alfred Romualdez. Even the Defense Chief was relegated a

support position when supposedly he should be able to make decisions. Fund problems were also

not lost in the wide magnitude of the disaster. Municipal mayors shared the disappointment when

even after a year, they have not received a single centavo from the national government.

Moreover, the comprehensive rehabilitation and recovery plan (CRRP) was only approved the

year after. Relief assistance mostly came from non-governmental organizations and humanitarian

groups. Causes for delays were pinpointed to bureaucratic processes across intervening

government agencies. In terms of housing programs, the limited number of engineers or skilled

technical personnel slowed down the programs in at least 14 towns of Leyte which were

classified as fourth and fifth income classes (Rufo 2013).

The Yolanda case coincided with the usual constraints on LGU disaster response which

pertained to ineffective planning and implementation, overlapping responsibilities with various

institutions, ambiguous methods of communication and dissemination, weak inter-organizational

coordination, and ignorance of established disaster plans (Kusumasari et al. 2010).

 Central Philippine University
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In terms of funding, DRRM’s financial resources mainly come from the Department of

Budget and Management (DBM)’s formulated national budget. There is a partition reserved for

the Calamity Fund (CF) which is a specialized pool of fund intended for relief aid, rehabilitation,

repair, and reconstruction activities. The release of these funds are included in the special

provisions of the General Appropriations Act. It states that the fund remains untouched until all

donations and grants received by the agencies of the government are exhausted. If disbursed, the

fund will be released directly to the implementing agencies as per approval of the President of

the Philippines. After which, the NDRRMC will pass a report on the utilization of funds and

grants received by the agencies to the DBM, House Committee on Appropriations, and Senate

Committee on Finance. Across years, the Calamity Fund has increased by 275 percent which

gives evidence that the government is now prioritizing finances for man-made and natural

calamities. Looking closer at figure 1, the largest shares were mostly given to DILG in 2009, and

DSWD and DPWH for the following years. The fund for the front liner– the LGUs –

experienced a decrease from 2009 (14.98%) to 2011 (2.44%), an increased again at 9.94 percent

in 2012, and a drastic fall at 0.43% in 2013. A local disaster risk reduction and management fund

(LDRRMF) is established particularly for the LGUs. It is comprised of at least five percent of

estimated revenue from regular sources and 30 percent of it is classified as Quick Response

Fund. The fund can be transferred to other LDRRMCs under a state of calamity, but if unused, it

will be placed in a Special Trusts Fund for LDRRMC events for the next five years. If this

special fund remains unutilized, the money shall go back to the LGUs general fund (Bueza

2014).
 Central Philippine University
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However, it has been observed that third to sixth-class municipalities experienced

inequitable fund distribution hence the LGUs were forced to take care of themselves and

rehabilitate on their own. In a case study in Guiuan, the significant variables which affected the

community’s grounding of disaster preparedness were proximity to a hospital, access to health

insurance, availability of electricity and information sources particularly in the island

communities of the area, and weak emergency evacuation centers (Campanero and Egargo

2017).

DRRM in NDRRMP and climate change acts, prospects and moving forward

All eyes were on the Philippines during late 2016 and early 2017 as President Rodrigo

Duterte refused to ratify the Paris Agreement which was already signed by almost 200 nations.

The 20- years-in-the-making agreement asked the signatories to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions, limit warming to two degrees Celsius, keep temperatures at 1.5C above pre-industrial

levels, and invest in environment and ecosystems (Goldenberg et al. 2015). Duterte’s refusal

came from the fact that Philippines is forced to cut down on emissions when it is still on its way

to industrialization while other nations, especially the rich ones, have already reached their peak,

thereby implying that the deal favors the richer nations more and hinders the further development

of the poorer ones (King 2016). However, 10 months after, Duterte relented, committing Metro

Manila to lower its emissions by 70 percent by 2030 (dela Cruz 2017). On March 14, the Senate

unanimously voted yes to Senate Resolution No. 261 adopted as Senate Resolution 320, ratifying

the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. The ratification gives the country access to the Green

Climate Fund amounting to USD 100 million which is pooled together annually by the world’s
 Central Philippine University
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biggest carbon contributors (Quismundo 2017). The direction of DRRM and climate change

policies in the Philippines are gearing towards the goal of NDRRM Plan (NDRRMP) which is to

create “safer, adaptive and disaster resilient Filipino communities towards sustainable

development” (NDRRMP 2011).

While policies in the country are moving towards the right direction, challenges remain at

all governing levels. Smooth coordination and effective communication within and outside of

national and local councils are yet to be realized despite the vertical coordination between

regional, national, and local levels provided for by the RA 10121 (COA, nd).

Related Studies

Evidence-based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management: CBMS for Local Level

DRRM?

Due to the increasing hazards brought by climate change, Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management (DRRM) became a significant concern all over the globe. The legwork of the

DRRM mainly focused on the local level namely: communities, local government units (LGUs)

and other development groups situated locally. The Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Act (RA 10121) of the Philippines certainly affirmed the close involvement in the reduction and

moderation of disaster hazards of local governments like barangays, municipalities, cities and

provinces. But, the effectiveness and efficiency of the operation of the local governments are

being defied by practical challenges. Significant information about hazards and societal

weakness are needed by the LGUs in decision making which is a vital task in public service.
 Central Philippine University
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Notable data on the socioeconomic situations of their respective areas and members are also

important for LGUs apart from usual disaster-related information. In this study, Community-

based Monitoring System (CBMS) datasets were recognized as useful source of socioeconomic

information in generating significant data that can be used for disaster risk reduction and

management. This study revealed that CBMS data can give appropriate information that can be

integrated in disaster risk reduction planning, disaster response, information dissemination,

human resource management, networking, and legislative support. The study suggested: more

attempt to create a potent and applied group of protocol for local governments; further studies to

improve understanding how CMBS can be used in DRRM; eagerness to further enhance local

DRRM performance; and greater connection among LGUs to enable collective learning,

systematic cooperation and other coaction for alleviate disaster hazards and decreasing disaster

vulnerabilities in society (Fajardo, 2013).

A Case Analysis of Disaster Risk Reduction Preparedness of Iloilo Province: Basis for A

Comprehensive Intervention Program

This study determined the effectiveness of Disaster Risk Reduction Preparedness of Iloilo

Province, Philippines in the areas of Dissemination, Implementation, and Resource Utilization

and Operation as evaluated by the 390 citizens of the ten (10) selected municipalities from the

five (5) Congressional Districts in the Province of Iloilo, Philippines. This narrative method of

research engaged random interviews and research-made instruments. the researchers used the

mean and standard deviation as descriptive statistics, and as for the inferential statistic, T-test for

independent samples and one-way analysis for variance set at .05 level of significance were used.
 Central Philippine University
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Findings showed that, according to the evaluation of the 390 subjects of the ten (10) selected

municipalities from the five (5) Congressional Districts grouped as to personal variables,

Disaster Risk Reduction Preparedness of Iloilo Province, Philippines was "more effective" in

terms of dissemination, implementation, and resource utilization and operation. Lastly, the

results also showed that three (3) out of ten (10) municipalities were very effective and among

the five (5) districts, first district was very effective as to dissemination and resource utilization

and operation of their respective Disaster Risk Reduction Preparedness Program but as a whole,

Iloilo Province was more effective in its Disaster Risk Reduction Preparedness (Jurilla, 2016).

Resilience and Disaster Trends in the Philippines: Opportunities for National and Local

Capacity Building

Introduction: The Philippines is one of the top countries in the world at risk of climate-

related disasters. For populations subsisting at the poverty line in particular, but also the nation

as a whole, daily lives and well-being are routinely challenged. The Philippines government

takes disaster risk seriously and has devoted significant resources to build disaster capacity and

reduce population exposure and vulnerability, nationally and locally. This paper explores the

policy and institutional mechanisms for disaster risk reduction management and research which

have been conducted in the Philippines related to disaster preparedness, management and

resilience.
 Central Philippine University
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Methods: This study drew on direct observations of and conversations with disaster

management professionals, in addition to a review of the extant literature on resilience and

disaster preparedness, in the Philippines. This was a descriptive study based on a search of

mainly peer-reviewed studies but also articles, reports, and disaster risk reduction and response

projects in the Philippines. Search words used in various combinations included: Resilience,

Philippines, Disaster Preparedness, Community-based, Disaster Risk Reduction, Capacity-

building.

Results: Numerous activities in community based resilience and DRR have been

identified across the whole disaster continuum. Yet, important gaps in research and practice

remain.

Discussion: The Philippines, is a leading regional actor in disaster risk management.

However, a full picture of who is doing what, how, where and when on resilience and disaster

preparedness did not exist. Consequently, there was no single study that compares the impacts

and results that different preparedness measures are having in the Philippines. The researchers

recommended further research focused on mapping the network of actors, understanding

community perceptions of disaster risk preparedness and resilience, and investigation into the

socio-ecological systems of different communities (Alcayna et al., 2016).

 Central Philippine University
Graduate School Department
Lopez Jaena St., Jaro, Iloilo City

Chapter III
Methodology

This chapter includes the following parts: (1) Research Design, (2) Study Population and
Sampling Procedures, (3) Data Collection, (4) Data Processing Analysis.

Part I, Research Design is composed of the description of proposed design.

Part II, Study Population and Sampling Procedures are composed of detailed description
of the study population, what sampling technique will be used and how the study sample will be
selected.
 Central Philippine University
Graduate School Department
Lopez Jaena St., Jaro, Iloilo City

Part III, Data Collection is composed of the description of how the data will be collected.
Part IV, Data Processing and Analysis is composed of the description of how data will be
collected.

Research Design
The purpose of this study is to know the level of effectiveness of disaster risk
reduction management in Leganes, Iloilo. The researchers will use checklist type of survey
concerning the effectiveness of disaster risk reduction management. The researchers will make
25 questions that is answerable by, yes or no to the respondent to know the effectiveness and
readiness of the present equipment that was used in responding in a disaster. The aim was to
conduct the survey with the employee of Disaster risk reduction management. This design will
measure the level of effectiveness of Disaster risk reduction management of Leganes, Iloilo.

Study Population and Sampling Procedures

The participants of the study are the residents of five baranggays in Leganes Iloilo, City
 Central Philippine University
Graduate School Department
Lopez Jaena St., Jaro, Iloilo City

that are randomly selected using stratified random sampling. Names will be listed from five
baranggays in Leganes, and we will randomly choose ten people in each five of the baranggays
in Leganes Iloilo, City

Data Collection
The researcher will collect the data by giving out questionnaire. After that the
researche, one is for information like posters and one is for animation in order for them to know
which is effective to their survey. The researcher will give out their questionnaires again to
determine what the participants learned and their opinions about the research study.

Data Processing and Analysis

Answers collected from the questionnaires will be the basis of the raw data. It would be
thoroughly read and divided in accordance to the answer. After dividing, the data would be
turned into a percentage and would be ranked from the highest percentage to the lowest
percentage. Devices and software that would be used in order to code and encode the data are the
following:
Microsoft Word - a word processor published by Microsoft first released on 1983. It is a
software that allows you to create professional-quality documents, reports, letters, and résumés.
Will be used in order to make the questionnaires
Printer - a device that accepts text and graphic output from a computer and transfers the
information to paper, usually to standard size sheets of paper. This device will be used before
gathering the data in order to print out the needed questionnaires
Microsoft Excel - a spreadsheet program included in the Microsoft Office suite of
applications. It is a software that is programmed to be able to present tables of values arranged in
rows and columns that can be manipulated mathematically using both basic and complex
arithmetic operations and functions. Excel will be used after the data was gathered in order to
tabulate and calculate the results collected
 Central Philippine University
Graduate School Department
Lopez Jaena St., Jaro, Iloilo City

To analyze the the data gathered, the following statistical tools were employed:
Sampling Frame is used to list all the possible participants that will be picked.
Stratified Random Sampling is utilized in order to randomly choose the baranggays
where the participants would be picked.
Sampling Distribution will be used in order to determine the mean and the standard
deviation of the collected data.

The Political Economy of Disaster Risk Reduction

https://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/2011/en/bgdocs/Williams_2011.pdf

Gareth Williams
2011

Disaster risk reduction: a development concern A scoping study on links between disaster risk
reduction, poverty and development
https://www.preventionweb.net/files/1070_drrscopingstudy.pdf