NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS AND Prepared by: Rizalyn G.

Alegre
ORGANIZATIONS
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONS AND
INSTITUTIONS
Organization – refers to a formally constituted entity, composed of individuals performing a set of
functions for the achievement of a certain mandate, obligation, or task.
Ex. Bank, corporation, development agency.
Institution - refers to a structured domain of norms, rules, and practices that gives a sense of
order to a specific set of relationship.
- govern a given society or community.
Ex. Religion, kinship and family, friendship and association, popular culture, rituals, and knowledge
systems.
 DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS IN SOCIETY
Environmental worldviews – the systems of beliefs as well as perceptions of the people vis-à-vis
the forest resource (how they see it in relation to their lives).
Knowledge Systems – the system of knowledge that governs how the people engage the resource,
particularly in terms of the technology employed to extract products from it.
- it also includes the body of information, which is usually traditional in character , used in interacting
with the resource both as sources of products and services, as well as sources of symbols for their
rituals.
Tenurial And Property Systems – the manner by which the community defines the rules of who has
access to and control of resources.
Conflict Management Systems - the manner by which the community manages its conflicts vis-à-vis
various issues, including conflicts that arise from the use of forest resources.
Association Systems – the various system that define the manner individuals establish relationships
among them in the pursuance of a common interest, such as production and social security. This
entails a norm that guides interpersonal conduct, and would include reciprocal institutions such as the
forms of exchange labor like bayanihan ot turnohan, or patron-client relationships.
 STATE ORGANIZATIONS
Executive Branch – the Office of the President and the departments under
the Office of the President
Legislative Branch – the Senate and the House of Representatives
Judiciary
Armed Forces and the Police
Constitutional Commissions – Commission on Audit (COA), Civil Service
Commission (CSC) and Commission on Elections (COMELEC)
Local Governments
 NONSTATE ORGANIZATIONS

On the other hand, could be considered either as market or economic

organizations or civil society organizations. According to Perlman and
Cunningham (2011), nonstate actors are organized political actors not directly
connected to any established institutions or the state but pursuing aims that
affect vital state interests.
 MARKET AND ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS
Include the corporate environmental users, such as corporations use the
resource for profit, and not for subsistence. Also included in this category are
the financial institutions such as banks, both local and foreign or transnational,
which provides funds to finance the implementation of policy through
development projects and programs by the governments as well as the private
sector.
Cooperatives and trade unions are also considered.
Bank – is a financial institution that lends money both public as well as private
organizations. The government borrows money from banks to finance its
development activities, while private companies and individuals borrow money
to fund their investments or personal development.
 TYPES OF BANK
1. Saving Banks 11. Consumer’s Bank
2. Commercial Banks 12. Community Development Banks
3. Industrial Development Banks 13. Credit Unions
4. Land Development Banks 14. Postal Saving Banks 21. Universal Banks
5. Indigenous Banks 15. Private Banks 22. Islamic Banks
6. Mortgage Banks 16. Offshore Banks
7. Spare Banks 17. Ethical Banks
8. Federal Or National Banks 18. Internet Banks
9. Cooperative Banks 19. Investment Banks
10. Exchange Banks 20. Merchant Banks
Corporation – refers to a broad category of nonstate organizations representing a
company or group of people that engages in a lawful activity in relation to a public
function, such as the provision of a good or service to the larger society.
- can operate for profit, or it could be non-profit.
Stock Corporations – where ownership is through stockholders who own particular
shares.
Nonstock Corporation – is own by members that join the organization.
Cooperative or Coop – refers to an autonomous association whose membership is
voluntary toward the attainment of common economic, social and cultural needs or
aspirations.
- is owned by its members, and is democratically operated. They could be formed to
provide a broad range of functions, such as to provide a credit facility to each
member, which is what credit cooperatives or credit unions are by nature.
 TYPES OF COOPERATIVES
1. Housing Cooperatives – is where residents either own shares reflecting their equity
in the cooperative’s real estate, or have membership and occupancy rights in a not-for-
profit cooperative and they underwrite their housing through paying subscriptions or
rent. It may be either be a building cooperative, retailer’s cooperative, or utility
cooperative.
2. Worker Cooperative – or producer cooperative is owned and democratically
controlled by its “worker-owners.”
3. Consumers’ Cooperative – this is a business owned by its customers. Employees can
also generally become members.
4. Agricultural Cooperative – are widespread in rural areas.
Trade Or Labor Union – refers to an organization of workers whose main objective is
to protect the welfare of its members. It does this by negotiating collectively with
employers for better compensation packages and benefits, improved safety
standards, and better working conditions.
 CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS
Academic and Science-Based Organizations – these include universities, schools, and colleges;
private polling firms which use statistical methods in conducting opinion polls to guide advocacy
and decision-making; private think tanks and consultancy groups, which provide technical
services both for the formulation and the implementation of policies.
Mass Media – the mass media in all its form (print, radio, television) provide effective conduits
for environmental policy information, as well as environmental policy advocacy.
Religious Organizations – organized religion seen in church congregation and their
counterparts in Islam and other religions provide effective venues for commentary and issue
advocacy, and for moralizing the issues and agents involved in the environmental policy process.
Nongovernmental Organizations – NGOs are third-party mediating organizations that
facilitate action. Most of them are involved in advocacy, but some are also involved in
environmental policy information and analysis.
People’s Organizations – POs are grassroots-based organizations composed of people who
are really in the community and are directly involved. They become effective venues for
advocacy and vehicles for the implementation of programs and projects.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRANSNATIONAL OR
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS
1. Civil Society Organizations
Examples: Oxfam, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation – also known as nongovernmental org.
(NGOs), nonprofits, and not-for-profits. Civil society is an umbrella term for an extremely diverse
and numerous groups, including charities and religious and private foundations. Civil society are
organized and owned by private individuals or organizations. They are independent of
governments, but they may receive( in some cases substantial) funding from governments.
2. Private Sector
Examples: commercial companies that operate in several countries.
- this is term that describes any privately owned group or person involved in profitable activities.
This is a huge group, and it is distinct from the other categories as organizations within the private
sector are all for-profit.
3. Research Institutions
Examples: IRRI, SEARCA, think tanks – defines as any group involved in investigative
study for scientific or educational purposes. They may be privately owned or funded by
the state.
4. Bilateral Organizations
Examples: United States of Agency for International Development (USAID), department
for international development (DFID) – these are government bodies that focus on
development in foreign countries, often with an underlying goal of furthering their
domestic policies or gaining political credit. In some cases, the aid is not tied to any
conditions, but normally funding is used for some degree of political influence.
5. Multilateral Organizations
Examples: United Nation Development Program (UNDP), World Bank – super-national
bodies that have been created with representatives from the governments of member
states. These may be closed groups (e.g., NATO) or theoretically open organizations
(e.g,. The United Nations).
 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBAL
PROCESSES
The Philippines, just like any other country, is confronted with many serious problem,
most of which have diverse causes and even more diverse consequences. These
problems threaten the security of society and its people.
Poverty threatens the security of our economy.
Conflict among groups, especially between anti and pro-government forces, and
between ethnic groups, the rebellion in Mindanao, and the insurgency problem-are all
serious threats to our nation’s political security.
Agricultural problems caused both by human and natural factors pose serious threats
to our food security.
Continuing pressures on the environment resulting from the needs of development
have led to environmental degradation and have severely threatened our
environmental security.
The state, whose main function is to oversee the welfare of its citizens, is confronted
with these serious problems. What complicate the situation is the fact that these
problems emerge in the context of globalization, wherein a global system of
market forces and the demands of global partners could provide limits to the
options of an independent and sovereign state like the Philippines.
Traditionally, the state was considered to be the only institution with the sole
responsibility of administering the country’s vast resources to promote the welfare
of the people and pursue the common good. Recently however, civil society
institutions, non-government institutions, such as NGOs, as well as the private sector,
have increasingly participated, either as direct service providers or as partners of
the state, in development interventions designed to address various issues and
concerns- from poverty reduction, to environmental management, to political rights.
This has led to an institutionalization of the essence of “governance” where both the
state and civil society are now involved in “governing” society to maintain social
order and address the problems of development.
Ideally, society responds to public problems, such as those associated with the development
process, through the formulation and implementation of public policy. Traditionally, the policy
process is seen as the domain of the politician. However, this is not entirely correct. The policy-
making process involves the participation of three key actors:
1. The policy maker, usually an elected politician or public officer who is accountable directly to
the voters, or someone who is appointed by a public authority. The policy maker is assumed to be
serving the public interest when s/he make decisions as to what policy should be adopted vis-à-
vis a particular situation.
2. The policy advocate who is usually a group representing a sector of civil society. The main work
of the advocate is to mobilize support in favour or against an issue or policy, and to influence the
nature and content of public policy through various techniques of political advocacy and
mobilization.
3. The policy analyst, who is usually an individual who has technical background on a particular
issue. The analyst contributes to the policy process by making an objective assessment of the
nature and causes of a problem, or analysing the impacts of a policy proposal or an existing
public policy.
While there are scientists who become politicians and advocates, the
natural domain of a scientist is policy analysis. Scientists have the technical
capability to act as policy consultants, participate in technical policy
working groups, and act as advisers to policy makers.
Governments also address the challenges of globalization, such as the
impact of market liberalization on the lives of marginalized sectors. In this
context, policies emerge no longer through top-down mechanisms, but
through venues that enable these sectors to organize and affect
fundamental policy changes (achieved through the formation of nonstate
groups such as people’s organization, which are grassroots-based). Thus, a
space emerges where alternative political actors and processes can
challenge traditional politics in addressing social issues using democratic,
gender-equal, and participatory perspectives. NGOs emerge as third-
party mediators who help the people’s organization in their participation
in the development process.
 GLOBAL ORGANIZATIONS
There are also global organizations whose operations influence the
development of entire countries. Prominent among these organizations are
the following:
1. World Bank (WB)
2. International Monetary Bank (IMF)
3. Asian Development Bank (ADB)
-they provide financial, technical, and managerial support to countries that
avail of their assistance in issues about poverty, environment, water, women
and children, agriculture, forestry, education, livelihood, etc.
 DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES AND TRANSNATIONAL
ADVOCACY GROUPS
Development challenges are increasingly found in conflict-affected and fragile states, as stable
low-income countries have managed to achieve development progress. Issues such as climate
change, food, security, and financial instability are also becoming priorities across an ever
widening group of developing countries. Hence these agencies outline courses of actions faithful to
the paradigm of the future. It states that: as development agencies grapple with their future
direction, they must think about how they can:
 Demonstrate leadership in managing the international system, including the reform of
international agencies.
 Respond effectively to the development needs of fragile and conflict-affected states
 Increases capacity to provide a development perspective on global challenges such as climate
change, poverty, gender, conflict, and financial crises
 Engage much more effectively across different ministries and develop whole-of-government’
approches
 SOME OF THE WELL-KNOWN DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES IN THE
PHILIPPINES ARE THE FF:
1. united states agency for international development (USAID)
2. AUSTRALIAN AGENCY for international development (AusAID)
3. JAPAN international c