Mj;k "hdk;

Amsaspaf kiepajs k_fj;amof Fxjyaaf

LkuaiK, S;bffgaiK Duj mskfkaf wnts lanagfGhf H;iuaf Atma Gnanam
by Tavayogi Thangarasan Adigal

wiyspqG ~ Fjkfkspaf ]aohqglf Kzashfhaulf, jufuaT 641305 elgfGhfhadyplf 98420 27383 98425 50987
Published by Sri Agathiar Gnana Peedam
Thooripalam, Kallar 641305 Methupalaiyam Coimbatore 98420 27383 98425 50987

e-mail agathia_adigal@yahoo.com website: http://indianheartbeat.wix.com/agathiyan e-books of Tavayogi available at http://www.scribd.com search for tavayogi or agathiyar

An Agathiyan Production Publication First Edition 2010 Revised Edition 2012

wha:ygjfjlf
Mj;k "hdk; ................................................................................................... 5 Md;kht[k; mjd; Mw;wYk; ............................................................................. 6 ,iwtd; vd;gtd; ahh;> .................................................................................. 7 Mj;kh ............................................................................................................. 8 "hdk; ............................................................................................................. 8 "hdnk flt[s; ............................................................................................. 10 Mj;k "hdk; ................................................................................................. 10 $Ptd; ............................................................................................................. 12 "hd thH;t[ ................................................................................................... 13 "hdk; bgWk; tHpKiwfs; .......................................................................... 14 ghpRj;j kdk; ................................................................................................. 16 btspkdk; ..................................................................................................... 16 cs;kdk; ....................................................................................................... 18 me;jf;fhuzk; ............................................................................................... 18 kdk; g[j;jp mf';fhuk rpj;jk; ........................................................................ 19 kdpj Md;kh ................................................................................................. 21 czh;r;rp czh;t[ kdk; ................................................................................ 23 kdk; vd;Dk; kha Nl;Rkf; fUtp ................................................................. 24

nahfk; ........................................................................................................... 27 bka;g;bghUs] ................................................................................................ 28 $Pthj;kh guhkhj;kh ...................................................................................... 31 Md;kPf thH;t[ .............................................................................................. 34 jj;Jt tpsf;fk; ............................................................................................ 35 gr";g{j';fs; ................................................................................................. 35 mq gukhq kw;Wk; caph;njhw;wk; ............................................................. 36 xspa[k; btg;gKk; ......................................................................................... 38 g";rg{jKk; mjd; jj;JtKk; ....................................................................... 39 g";rg{j';fs; ................................................................................................. 52 g";r g{j';fspd; bray;ghLfs; ..................................................................... 53 jd;khj;jpiufs] ............................................................................................ 55 gpug";r ghpzhkk;; .......................................................................................... 57 caph]fspd; njhw;wk; ..................................................................................... 59 kuzk; ........................................................................................................... 61 ,d;gpw;W thH cly; eyk; ngqjy;; ............................................................. 62 Jwt[ thH;f;if.............................................................................................. 66 tp";"hd nehf;fpy; gpug";rk;........................................................................ 67

Amsaspaf ia[fdj JtshfH .............................................................................. 71

Mj;k "hdk;
,e;j cyfpy; thGk; midj;J caph;fSk; xd;nw xd;iwj;jhd; ikakhf bfhz;L Mdhy; mJ v';nf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W

bjupahky; njoj; njo Xahky; miyfpd;wd. mJjhd; ,d;gk;; ,d;gk; ,d;gk;. Mk; ,d;gkhd thH;f;if. nkYk; nkYk;

kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; njo bghd; bghUs; nghd;wtw;iw nrh;g;gjd; nehf;fk; me;j ,d;gk; epiyahdjhf cz;ikahdjhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfj;jhd;. ,J cz;ikapy; v';nf ,Uf;fpwJ mij vg;go miltJ bgWtJ vd;gij tpsf;Ftnj ,e;j fl;Liuapd; nehf;fk;.

,jw;F Kjy; mog;gilahd njit bghd; bghUs; gzk; brhj;J kf;fs; my;y. mwpt[ xd;W jhd;. mwpt[ mjpYk; bjspe;j mwpt[ vd;w xd;nw xd;W nghJk; ,e;j cz;ikahd ,d;gj;ij

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cz;ikahd ,d;gj;ij mila.

ek;ikg;gw;wp bjhptJ vd;why; cz;ikapy; ehk; ahh;/ Md;kh vd;why; vd;d/ mwpt[ my;yJ "hdk; vd;why; vd;d/ Mj;k

"hdk; vd;why; vd;d/ kdk;/ bjspe;j kdk; / kdj;jpd; ,af;fk;/ ,iwtd; vd;gtd; ahh;/ mq gukhq/ g";rg{jKk; mjd;

jj;JtKk; ,af;fKk;/ cly;/ caph;/ cyfk; kw;Wk;

gpug";rk;

nghd;w ,itfs; vg;go njhd;wpd/ vg;go ,a';FfpwJ vd;w mwpt[/ cly; cWg;g[fs; Fwpj;j mwpt[ / cly; ,af;fk/; cly; eyk;

gw;wpa mwpt[/

cly;/ kdk;/ g";rg{j jj;Jt';fs; gw;wpa bjspt[/

,itfisg;gw;wpa xl;Lbkhj;j mwpnt "hdk; my;yJ Mj;k "hdk; vdg;gLk;. ,e;j Mj;k"hdj;jhy; fpilg;gnj

cz;ikahd ,d;g thH;f;if.

Md;kht[k; mjd; Mw;wYk;

vz;zpyh nfho \y mz;l';fs; fhuzkhf nguz;l';fs; tps';FtJ ,g;gpug";rk; mog;gilahf njhd;Wtjw;F

,Ug;gJ xU mqrf;jp. mijna rpj;jh;fs; "hdpfs; gukhq vd;W brhy;fpwhh;fs;. gukhq vd;;gJ gphpf;f Koahj mq

vd;gJ bghUs;. me;jg; gukhqnt gue;J tphpe;J fplf;fpd;w mz;l nguz;l';fis ,af;fpf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;w J. mijna gukhj;kh vd;wdh;. mnj \y mqtpd; Mw;wny xt;bthU $Ptuhrpfspd; ,af;f';fSf;Fk; fhuzkhf tps';Ftjhy;

$Pthj;kh vd;wdh;.

Mfnt Md;kh vd;gJ msg;gwpa Mw;wy; kpf;fJ. me;j Mw;wy; ek;kplk; cs;sJ/ mJ cUtkhw;wJ. mjd; rf;jpia Mw;wiy czh;e;jth;fs; kl;Lnk gy;ntW mw;g[j';fs; epfH;j;j Koa[k;. ek;kplk; cs;s kfj;Jtk; tha;e;j Mw;wy; kpf;f Md;khtpd; rf;jpia czh;e;J mij ekf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;tJjhd; Mj;k"hdkhFk;.

Mdhy;

ehk;ek;kplk; cs;s Md;khtpd; Mw;wiyg; g[hpe;J btspf;bfhzh;tJ

bfhs;shky; ek;kplk; cs;s Mw;wiy vg;go

vg;go ,af;FtJ vdj;bjhpe;J bfhs;shky; thH:f;ifapy; gytpj my;yy;fSf;F Mshfpnwhk;. ,g;gog;gl;l my;yy;fspypUe;J

tpLjiy

bgw

Kad;W

btw;wp

fz;lth;fs;jhd;

"hdpfSk;

rpj;jh;fSk;.

,iwtd; vd;gtd; ahh;>

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nguhw;wny

,iwtd;.

,ij

ts;sy;yhh;

brhy;Yk;nghJ/

Fyt[ nguz;lg;gFjpnahh; mde;j nfho nfhofSk; M';fh';nf epytpa gpz;lg; gFjpfs; KGJk; epfH;e;j gw;gy bghUs; jpuSk; tpyFwhJ mfj;Jk; g[wj;Jk; nkyplj;Jk; bka;awp thde;jk; tps';f myFwhJ xHpahJ mJtjpy; tps';Fk; mUl; bghU";nrhjp vd; munr vd;W brhyfpwhh;.

,e;j

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rf;jpahd

,iwtd;

kdk;

vd;Dk;

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vg;gor; bray;gLfpwJ vd mwpe;J mnj ,af;f rf;jpia ehk; czh;e;J me;j rf;jpia ek;Kila cliya[k capiua[k;

ngzg;gad;gLj;Jk; tHptiffis bjhpe;J bfhs;tnj Mj;k "hdk;. Mj;k "hdk; bgw;why; ek;Kila thH;f;ifapy;

Jd;g';fs; vy;yhtw;iwa[k; epth;j;jp bra;J bfhz;L btw;wp fz;L epk;kjpahf thHyhk;. Kjypy; Mj;kh vd;why; vd;d/ gpd; "hdk;/ "hdk; vd;why; vd;d vd;W ghh;g;nghk;. Kotpy;; Mj;k

Mj;kh
Mj;kh vd;why; ek;Kila cliy capiu ,af;Ffpd;w vspjpy; g[hpe;J bfhs;sKoahj Nl;rkf; fUtp vd;W brhy;yyhk;. caph; ,y;iynay; cly; ,Uf;fhJ/ cliy itj;Jj;jhd; caph; cz;lh ,y;iyah vd;gij mwpa Koa[k;. Mfnt caph; cly;

,uz;ila[k; vdg;gLtJ.

,izj;J

itf;fpd;w

xg;gw;w

fUtpna Mj;kh

"hdk;
mqf;fs; njhd;wp mqf;fspd; ,izg;g[ ,af;f';fshy; mz;l nguz;lkhfp gpug";rkhfp cyfhfp caph;fs; gyt[khfp/

vj;jidnahnfho rPtuhrpfspy; ehDk; xUtd; vd;fpw bjspt[ bgWtnj "hdkhFk;. Koitg; gpoj;Jf; bfhz;Lnghdhy; bjhlf;fj;ij mwpayhk;. bjhlf;fj;ijg; gpoj;jhy; Koita[k;

mwpayhk;. Mf gpwg;gpd; bjhlf;fj;ija[k; Koita[k; mwptnj "hdk;;. ,ijnajhd; mfj;jpah; TWk;nghJ/

kfj;jhd uf!;aklh "hdkhh;f;fk; ,z';fpanjhh; me;ju';f khd Nl;rk Vfhe;j Nl;rbkd;w fijiaf; nfS Fz';Ftpa Mjp me;jf; Fwpia ed;wha; - brst[[kpa rhfuk] 113.

nkw;fz;l ghly; \yk; Mjp me;jf;Fwp bjhptJjhd; "hdk; vd;gij mwpayhk;. "hdk; vd;whny mwpjy]/ mwptpd; bjspe;j epiy vd;W brhy;yyhk;. ,d;bdhU tif tpsf;fk/ "hyj;ij mwpjy; vd;Wk; brhy;yyhk;. clypd; cs;ns caph; rf;jpahdJ RHd;W ,a';Fk;nghJ me;je;j clypd; mqf;TWfSf;F Vw;g caphpd; rpwg;ghw;wyhf vGk; tpist[fns czh;r;rpfs;. ,e;j

czh;r;rpfisj; Ja;j;J capuhdJ bgUk; cz;ikj; bjspt[ jhd; mwpt[ my;yJ "hdk; vdg;gLk].

Md;kh

vd;gJ

gukhj;khtpd;

Mw;wy;.

mwpt[

vd;gJ

Md;khtpd; ,af;fr; rpwg;g[.

$Pt Md;khnth jd; epiy kwe;J

$k;g[yd;fspy; bray;fSf;F Ml;gl;L/ g[yd;fspd; fth;r;rpapy; rpf;fp ka';Ffpd;w kaf;f epiyna khia vdg;gLtJ/ jd;Dila jttypikahy; g[yd;fth;r;rpapy; ,Ue;J kPz;;L/ khiaia tpl;L tpyfp mwpit Md;khtpy; yapf;fr; bra;J mnjhL gpize;J yakhfpd;w epiyapy; xd;whfp me;j

,Uf;fpd;wnghJjhd; /

epiya[k; gpwHhky; ,Uf;Fk; nghJjhd; "hdk; vd;fpw tpHpg;g[ epiyapy; Md;kh vd;gJ ,af;f Mw;wyhft[k;/

cly;

Md;khtpw;F

fUtpahft[k;

,Uf;fpd;w

epiya[k;

czug;gLk;. Md;k mwptpd; bjspnt "hdk;. mJ mwk;/ jtk; vd;fpw Kaw;rpa[s;sth;fl;nf fpilf;Fk;. jtg;gapw;rp jj;Jt';fspd; tpsf;f';fis mwpe;jth;fSf;nf mJ rhj;jpak;. mth;fs; kl;Lk;jhd; kw;wth;f;F bjhl;Lf;fhl;oa[k;/ tpsf;fpa[k; Tw Koa[k;/ "hdj;ij mspf;f ,aYk;.

"hdnk flt[s;
mfu Kjy vGj;bjy;yhk; Mjpgftd; Kjw;nw cyF vd;w
ts;Sth; Fwpg;gpd;go cyfj;J caph;fs; Kjy; ,e;j cyfk; njhd;Wtjw;F \yfh;j;jhthd gfthd; tiu m vd;w xypahy; njhd;wpd. Mfnt mJnt Kjy; xypahd gpuhzpfs; Kjy; kdpjd; xyp ,ae;jpuk; m tiu m vd;gjhFk;. thiaj;jpwf;fpd;w Mfntjhd; m fuj;ij

bjhl';Ffpd;w

vd;gjhFk;. Fwspd; \yk;

ts;Stg;bgUkhd;

nkw;fz;l

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,e;j

rpwg;gwptpd;

\yk;

bjspe;j

epiybgw;w

bjspe;njhnu

"hdpfs;

vd miHf;fg;gLth;. Jhprw;w J}a mwpt[ tothd ey;y rf;jpfis epidj;J czh;e;J bjspt[

,aw;ifapd;

milahtpl;lhy; xUtd; vj;jid fw;wpUe;Jk; gad; ,y;iy. cyfpnyna kpfg;bghpa fy;tp xd;w cz;L vd;why; mJnt "hdf; fy;tp. "hdnk flt[s]. Mj;k "hdk; mile;njhnu

flt[s; Mthh;. ,aw;ifapy; ciufpd;w nguhw;wiyna ,iwtd; vd miHf;fpwhh;fs;. Mfnt ,aw;ifna ,iwtd;. mtd; mJnt

ghj';fis

tz';Ftnj

rpwg;gwpt[

MFk;.

"hdkhh;f;fj;jpd; jpwt[nfhy; vd;gij kwthjPh;fs;.

Mj;k "hdk;
Mj;k "hdk; vd;whny kdpjid mjw;Fj;jFjpahf;Fk; rpwg;gwpt[ vd;gJ bghUs;. rpwg;gwpt[ vd;d vd;fpw tpsf;fj;ijg; bgWtnj "hdk; MFk;. "hdpahf ntzL;k;/ "hdk;

10

bgwntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf thH;f;ifia/ thH;f;ifj; Jizia mh;g;gzk; bra;aj;njitapy;iy. ,d;iwa kdpjd; thH;f;ifna ,ae;jpukak;/ kpFe;J ,d;iwa cyfk; tp";"hd cyfk;/ njitfs;

,ae;jpurhjd';fs;

El;gkhd

fUtpfs;/

thH;f;iff;F

njitahd bghUl;fspd; mjpfhpg;g[/ ,it kpFe;J bfhz;nl nghfpd;wd. ,g;gog;gl;l ,f;fhyj;jpy; vy;nyhUk; "hdk; bgw

Koa[kh vd;gJ vy;nyhh; kdjpYk; vGfpd;w kiyg;ghd nfs;tp/ kiyg;g[j; j';fs;/ njit j';fspd; ,y;iy. vy;nyhUk; "hdk; bgwKoa[k;. bra;J/

flikfis

flika[zh;nthL elj;jp

kfpH;nthL bgw;W mjd;

,y;ywj;ija[k;

brk;ikahf

ed;kf;fisg; gapw;Wtpj;J mstpy;

xGf;fj;jpYk;/ \yk;

mwj;jpYk;/ Ch;/

rpwe;jth;fshf cyfk;

FLk;gk;/

ehL/

vd;w

mikjpahft[[k;/ ,d;gkhft[k; thHyhk;.

bjspe;j ePhpny ePhpd; MHj;jpny ,Uf;fpd;w fw;fis fhz;gJ nghy btspr;rj;jpny bghUs;fisf; jd;Dila vspJ. fhz;gJ bghUis nghy xU

tpahghhpahdtDf;F tpiyeph;zak; bjhpe;jtd; bra;tJ

tpw;gid tpiy

fhuzk; vspjhf

bfhs;Kjy; eph;zak;

tpw]gid

tpiyia

bra;thd;.

mijg;nghynt Mirapdhy; FLk;gKk; vz;z';fshy] clYk] mwbewpahy; rKjhaKk; jj;Jt "hd tpsf;fj;jhy; "hdKk; rkhjhd thH;t[k; ek;ik Mf;ft[k; fhf;ft[k; cjt[fpd;wd.

Mfnt

ek;Kila me;j

thH;f;ifapy; msnt

ve;j

mst[ rpwg;ghd

"hdk; thH;t[ /

,lk;bgWfpwnjh

ekf;Fr;

,d;g[w;W thH;fpd;w epiy/ MH;e;j mikjp fpilf;Fk;. Mj;k "hdk; vd;gJ Rlh;tpl;L gpufhrpf;Fk; tpsf;F/ ,Uz;l

thH;f;iff;F tHpfhl;o. Mfnt xt;bthUtUk; Mj;k "hdk;

11

bgw Kayntz;Lk;. ,ayhjth;fs; "hdpfs; tHpiag; gpd;gw;wp elf;f ntz;Lk;. J}a kdj;jhy; jhd; ehk; Mj;k "hdk;

milaKoa[k; vd;W typa[Wj;jpdh;.

"hdk; bgw;whh;

tHpiag; gpd;gw;wp mtu; mwpit jd;kakhf itj;Jf; bfhz;L ehk; Kiwaht[k;/ rpwg;ghft[k; thHyhk;. vdnt Mj;k "hdk; kl;Lnk thH;tpw;F cah;t[k;/ ,d;gKk; mspf;Fk;.

Mj;k "hdj;ij Mz; bgz; ,UghyUk; milayhk]. mjpy; ve;jj; jila[k; ,y;iy. ekf;F ntz;oaJ vy;yhk;/

1. 2. 3.

jplkhd kdk; MH;e;j ek;gpf;if mfj;jPrd; kPJ ghpg{uz ek;gpf;if itj;J mtdplk; ruziljy;

4.

ey;y vz;z';fs;/ vy;nyhUk; ed;whf thHntz;Lk;

vd;w vz;zk;;.

ehk; vg;nghJk; ekJ vz;zj;ij ghpRj;jkhf itj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. ghpRj;j kdk; ntz;Lkhdhy; ek; kdjpd;

bray;ghLfis xG';F gLj;j ntz;Lk;.

$Ptd;
clypd; cs;ns caph]; rf;jpahdJ Mw;wy;fis cs;ns gpuhztha[tpd; \yk; btl;l btspapny cs;s \r;Rf; fhw;why; clypd;

,Gj;J

nfhof;fzf;fhd

ekJ

cly;

mqf;fSf;F

Mw;wiyf; bfhLj;J cliy mqj;jpus;fshshd

,af;f itf;fpwJ. ,g;gog;gl;l ,Ue;J kdpj $Ptd;

,g;gpug";rj;jpy;

12

cw;gj;jp MfpwJ. Mjpapny ,g;gpug";rg; gilg;g[f;F \ykhdJ ,uz;L rf;jpjhd;. gukhqthFk;. mijj;jhd; rptrf;jp vd;fpnwhk;. ,Jnt

mnj nghy kdpj $Ptd; cUthtjw;F ,uz;L

\y mqf;fs; fhuzkhf tps';Ffpd;wd. rptk; vd;fpd;w Mz; Rf;fpyg;g[Gt[k;/ rf;jp vd;fpw bgz; Rnuhzpjg;g[Gt[k; ,uz;od; fyg;gpdhy; $Ptd; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. ,g;go ,af;Ffpd;w me;j rf;jpiaj;jhd; RUf;fkhf caph]; rf;jp my;yJ $Ptd;; vd;fpnwhk;.

,e;j ,uz;Lk; mjhtJ clYk] capUk; nrh;e:J bray;gLfpd;w xU bghUisj;jhd; $PPtd]; vd;fpnwhk;.

cyfpy; cs;s xt;bthUtUk; jdJ $Ptdpd; rhpj;jpuj;ijf; fz;L bfhz;lhy;; ey;yJk; cyfpy; vy;yhk; ez;gd; ,d;gk;jhd;. giftd; ,t;t[yfpy; vJt[k]

,y;iy/

fpilahJ/

xt;bthU

Md;kht[k; jd; Ra J}a mwpit mwpe;J tpl;lhy; vy;yhk; rkk;/ vy;yhk; ,d;gkak; MFk;. ,d;wpikahjJ. eilbgWk; $Ptdpd; mJnt Mj;k "hdk;; bgWtJ/ gpwg;gpw;Fk; ,wg;gpw;Fk; ,ilna

bjhlh;gaznk "hdpfis

thH;f;ifahFk;. ek;gp mth;fisg;

thHj;bjhpe;J gpd;gw;wpa[k; mJnt

thH:gth;fshd

thH;tnj "hd thH;t[ my;yJ "hd thH;f;ifahFk;. ,d;g thH;f;ifahFk;/

"hd thH;t[
thH;f;if vd;gJ \d;W mikg;gpny bray;gLfpwJ. 1. 2. 3. ,aw;if/ rKjhak;/ ,d;g Jd;g';fs;.

13

,k;\d;Wk;

kdpjd;

thH;f;ifia

eph;zapf;fpd;wd.

Mfnt

,k;\d;W gFjpfisa[k; bjspthf Muha;e;J mwptpny KGik bgw;W thH;tnj "hd thH;t[/ ,J jhd; ,d;g thH;t[. kdk; jd;trkhf ,Ue;J Ml;og; gilj;jjhy; kdpjd; vd;W bgah; te;jJ. kdJ + jd; vd;gJ jhd; kdpjd;. mnjnghy;

ehd; vd;w Mztk; nknyh';fp ,Ue;jtid eu + mfk;/ eumfk; bfhz;ljhy; eud; vd;Wk; bgah; cz;lhapw;W.

,d;bdhd;W eufk; vd;W Vd; bgah; cz;lhapw;W vd;why;/ ehd;/ vdJ vd; kf;fs;/ vd;bghUs;/ vd; M!;jp/ vd;W FWfpa tl;lj;jpw;Fs; rpf;Fz;L mtDila mwpthdJ bray;gLk;nghJ fhkk;/ Fnuhjk;/ nfhgk;/ nkhfk;/ kjk;/ khr;rh;ak;/ lk;gk;/ <h;ir nghd;w jPa Fz';fspd;; tpistha; gy;ntW Jd;g';fSf;F

Mshf nehpLk;. ,ijna eufk; vd;gJ. eu + mfk;/ jPik + mfk;/ jPikahd Twpdhh;. mfj;jhy; Mfnt vGk; bjhy;iyfisna J}a;ikahd eufk; vd;W

Kjypy;

kdj;ij/

mfj;ijg]

bgWtnj "hdk; bgWk; tHpKiwahFk;.

"hdk; bgWk; tHpKiwfs;

thH;f;ifapy; jpdrhp ehk; ekJ kdj;ij xU Kf;fpakhd fUtpahff; bfhz;L ey;yJ bfl;lJ ,uz;Lf;Fnk cgnahfg; gLj;jp tUfpnwhk;. kdk; ,a';fhky; vija[k; bray;gLj;j KoahJ. gytpjkhd rf;jpfs; gpug";rj;jpy; gutpf;fplf;fpd;wd. mjpy; Mf;fg{h;tkhd rf;jpfSk;/ mHpt[ rf;jpfSk; Mfhaj;jpy; Rw;wpf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; rpy rf;jpfs; kpfgykhf

,a';Fk;/ rpy rf;jpfs; gytPdkhf ,a';Fk;. ey;y rf;jp miyfs; gykhf ,a';Fk; nghJ ehk; vLj;j fhhpak; btw;wp bgWk;. ekJ

14

thH;tpy;

btw;wp

njhy;tpfs;

,e;j

ey;y

bfl;l

rf;jpfspd;

Mf;fpukpg;gpdhy;jhd; eilbgWfpwJ vd;fpw cz;ikia czu ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; rpy ekJ vz;z';fspYk;/ rpy btspapy; Vw;gLk; rf;jpfspd; Mjpf;fj;jhYk; eilbgWk;. ekf;F mg;ghw;gl;l

rf;jpapy; rpf;fpf;bfhs;Sk; nghJ ehk; mjpypUe;J kPsKoahJ. ,e;j jPa rf;jpapypUe;J KGikahf tpLgl Md;k mwpt[

bgwntz;Lk;.

1.

ehk;

vg;nghJk;

vy;nyhiua[k;

md;g[ld;

nerpj;J

re;njhrj;Jld; kdk; tpl;Lg;ngrp gHfp tuntz;Lk;. 2. 3. kdjhy; Tl xUtUf;Fk; jP';F bra;af; TlhJ. ekJ guk vjphpf;Fk; Tl bfLjy; Vw;gLj;jf; TlhJ. ey;yijna bra; vdt[k; mtUf;Fk; ey;y vz;zj;ijf; bfhL vdt[k; ,iwtid ehk; ntz;of;bfhs;s

ntz;Lk;. 4. ve;jf;fhyj;jpYk;/ fhzte;jhYk;; ve;j rkaj;jpYk; ahh; ek;ik tuntw;W

ehk;

mtiu

md;g[ld;

cgrhpf;f ntz;Lk;. md;ghf ngrp mDg;g ntz;Lk;/ 5. ve;jf; fhuzj;ijf; bfhz;Lk; ahh; kPJk;

nfhgg;gLtnjh jfhj thh;j;ijfshy; ittnjh TlhJ. 6. ntiyf;fhuh;fs;/ cz;lhf;Fk;go bghpath;fs;/ ngRgth;fs; ekf;F ahuhf nfhgk; ,Ue;jhYk;

md;g[ld; ngrntz;Lk;. vz;zj;ijf; ntz;Lk;.

kdjpy; mth;fSf;F ey;y ,iwtid gpuhh;j;jpf;f

bfhLf;Fk;go

ghpRj;jkhd ,jaj;ijg; my;yJ kdj;ijg; kdpjd; bgw;wpUg;gnj "hdk; bgWtjw;F Kjy; jFjp MFk;. ,e;j ghpRj;j kdk; mwk;/

15

jtk;/ $gk;/ jpahdk; Kjypa gapw;rpapidj; bjhlh;e;J bra;J te;jhy; jhd; bgw Koa[k;. Kjypy; rpwe;j FUtplk; brd;W jd;id mog;gilapy; jpUj;jp mthplk; ey;yhrp bgw;W

nkw;fz;l gapw;rpapidj; bjhlh;e;J bra;J tuntz;Lk;. ,jw;F Kjypy; kdk; vd;why; vd;d vd;W bjhpe;J bfhs;sntz;Lk;.

ghpRj;j kdk;
kdk; ,uz;L tifg;gLtJ. xd;W btspkdk;. ,d;bdhd;W cs;kdk;.

btspkdk;
btspkdkhdJ gytpj Mrhghr';fSf;F cl;gl;lJ. mjDila Jizth;fshd bka;/ tha;/ fz;/ fhJ/ \f;F/ Mfpa Ie;J g[yd;fs; jhd; ek;Kila btspkdij Ml;og;gilf;Fk;. gytpjkhd Rf';fis mDgtpf;fj; J}z;Lk;. ,jd; \yk; gy

,d;dy;fs; neUk;. !;ghpr Rfk;/ jPz;ly; ,d;gk; nghd;wtw;iwj; njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. nghfr;bra;a[k;. njfk; kdpjidj; jtwhd ghijapy;

,jpypUe;J tpLgl Kaw;rpf;f ntz;Lk;. tha;

ngRtjw;Fk; rhg;gpLtjw;Fk; cjt[tJ. mnj rkak; bfl;ltw;iw ngRtjw;Fk; kpfg;bghy;yhjJ. ghh;g;gJ vy;yhk; rhg;gpLtjw;Fk] J}z;LtJ. fz;/ ,J

kdpjDf;F kpfkpf Kf;fpakhdJ. mDgtpf;f ntz;Lk] vd;w

,e;j fz; Miriaj;

J}z;LtJk;/ mwpit tsh;f;f gof;f cjt[tJk; ,f;fz;fns. MH;kdija[k; ghh;itapy; ghh;j;J kdjpy; gjpaitf;Fk;

kpfKf;fpakhd mitafkhFk;. fhJ kw;Wk; ngRtJ/ gy ey;yJ bfl;lJ nfl;f cjt[tJ. \f;F

,d;dpiriaf; nfl;gJ nghd;w tptfhu';fis mDgtpg;gJld;

thridfis

16

kdfpsh;r;rpfisa[k; Vw;glj;j ,e;j cWg;g[ bray;gLk;. ,g;go Ik;g[yd;fs; tHpahf btspkdkhdJ murhl;rp bra;J kdpjid ey;yJ bfl;lJ ,d;gk;/ Jd;gk; vd;W Ml;og; gilf;Fk;. Mfnt ,e;j btspkdk; ml';fpdhy;jhd; cs;kdk; jpwf;Fk;.

Ik;g[yd;fshy; Ml;og;gilf;Fk; btspkdij mlf;Ftjw;Fjhd \r;Rgapw;rp/ jpahdk;/ ke;jpu';fs;/ ghuhaz';fs; Kjypad gLj;j ekJ

bra;antz;Lk;. ntz;Lk;.

Kjypy; ,jpy;

btspkdij bgw;why;

xUepiyg; cs;kdjpy;

btw;wp

ntz;Lnfhis brhy;tJ kpfr;Rygk;.

kdjpw;Fk; Rthrj]jpw;Fk; ,ilbtsp ,y;yhj bjhlh;g[z;L. kdk; ve;j mst[ bray;gLfpwnjh me;j mst[ \r;Rf; fhw;wpd; mst[k; bray;gLk;. btspkdij mlf;fr; rhd;nwhh;fs; ,uz;L

cghaj;ijf; ifahz;lhh;fs;. xd;W jj;Jt hPjpahf ,e;j vz;zk;; jPikahdJ vdnt ,ijj; js;sptpl ntz;Lk; vd;W jd;Dila mwpt[g;g{h;tkhd rpe;jidapy; xt;bthU jPa vz;zjija[k;

xJf;fp/ kdij jd;Dila mwptpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L tUtJ.

,d;bdhd;W

\r;Rf;fhw;W

hPjpahf

ml';fhj

fhisia

mlf;Ftjw;F bra;fpd;w cgak; nghy ml';fhj kdij mlf;f \r;R gapw;rp bra;J \r;Rf;fhw;iw mlf;fpj; jd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L tUtJ. ,Jnt kdkl';fpdhy; \r;R ml';Fk]/

\r;rl';fpdhy; kdk; ml';Fk; vd;gjhFk;. kdpjd; rKjhak; vd;fpd;w gpizg;gpy; mfg;gl;Lf; bfhz;Ls;shd;. mtd;

md;whlk; gy;ntW tpra';fis re;jpf;f ntz;oa NH;epiyf; ifjpahfp thGfpwhd;. Mfnt mtDf;F rpe;jpj;J kdij

17

mwpt[g;g{h;tkhfr; fhhpakpy;iy. Mfnt

brYj;jp

kdkl';fr;

bra;tJ

vspjhd

fhuzk; nahrpg;gjw;F fhyk; nghJtJ ,y;iy. NH;epiyapy; \r;Rg; gapw;rpapd; \yk;jhd;

jw;fhy

kdij mlf;f ntz;oa fl;lha epiyapy; cs;shd;.

cs;kdk;
cs;kdkhdJ vija[k; bra;af;ToaJ. mjw;F ey;yit bfl;lit bjhpahJ. btspkdk; vd;d brhy;fpwnjh mij

mg;gona bra;a[k; my;yJ epiwntw;wptpLk; rf;jp ,jw;F cz;L. cs;kdjpd; Mw;wy; mghukhdJ. mstpl;Lf;Tw KoahJ. ,jd; rf;jpfis vGj;jhy;

gytpjkhd

Mghr/

jPa

vz;z';fis

mfw;wp

ekf;F

vJ

njitnah mij czh;t[g;g{h;tkhf cs; kdJf;Fj; bjhpag;gLj;jp tpl;lhy; cs;kdk; mij mg;gona epiwntw;wp tpLk;

Mw;wy;gilj;jJ. kdjpd; bray; totk; Kd;ng ghu;j;njhk;. kdk; jj;Jtf; Tw;wpy; bray;gLtij ,g;nghJ ghu;g;nghk;.

me;jf;fhuzk;
1. 2. 3. 4. kdk;/ g[j;jp/ rpj;jk;/ mf';fhuk; vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

xU bghUis mwpa g[yd;fshd bka;/ tha;/ fz;/ \f;F/ brtp/ vd;git g[wj;nj gjpt[ ,Ue;J bra;J bray;gLfpd;wd. mfk;; cs;ns mit ,Ue;J jUk; bray;

tpra';fisg; gLfpd;wd.

mfj;nj epd;W bray;gLk; fUtp mff;fUtpfs;

18

my;yJ me;jf;fuzk; MFk;. kdk; VnjDk; xU bghwpthapyhf tUk; bghwpfspd; bra;jpfis me;jg;bghUspd; kPJ epWj;jp ,J ,d;djhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd epidj;J re;njf epiyapy; ,Ug;gnj kdk; vdg;gLk;. g[j;jp - mJ ,Jjhd; vd epr;rapf;Fk.; ,e;j bray;ghLifs Kot[f;Ff; bfhz;L tUjy; rpj;jk; vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j epr;ra czh;t[ bray;totk; bgw fUtp fuzhjpfs;

Cf;Ftpf;f vGk;g[k; epfH;r;rpna mf';fhuk;.

kdk; g[j;jp mf';fhuk rpj;jk;

Md;khthdJ kdk; Kjypa fUtpfisf; bfhz;L czUk;nghJ mt;t[zh;t[/ 1. 2. 3. 4. gw;Wjy;/ epr;rapj;jy;/ xUg;gl;L vGjy;/ rpe;;jpj;jy;/ vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

,dp xU bghUis ,d;dJ vd epr;rapf;Fk; g[j;jp/ mjid Kd;ida gHf;fk; gw;wp mjd; tpidf;F <lhf mijj; jdf;F cwthfnth/ gifahfnth/ bghJthfnth czUk;. ,g;go

czh;jyhy;; ,d;gk;/ Jd;gk;/ kaf;fk; vd \d;W tpj Fz';fSs; xd;whf ghpzkpf;Fk;. ,t;thW ghpzkpj;J epw;Fk; g[j;jpia/ Md;kh ,J Jd;gk;/ ,J ,d;gk;/ ,J ,uz;Lkpy;yhjJ vd mwpe;J gpd; mf;Fzk; Jd;g[w;wnd;/ fhl;rpfs; njhd;Wfpd;w ka';fpndd;/ MFk;. fhuzj;jhy; vd ehd;

,d;g[w;nwd;/ ,t;t[zh;t[fs;;

czUk]. fz;qf;

g[wj;nja[s;s;

fpdpabjhU bghUisf; fz;L ,d;g[Wk; nghJ njhd;whfhl;rpa[k; ,d;dbjd czUk;

Kd;dh; ,J ,J

khdrf;fhl;rpa[k;/

19

,d;d ,d;gk; vd;Dk; jd;; czh;t[ fhl;rpa[k; xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf fhuz fhhpa Kiwapy; fly; miynghy; Md;khtpd; czh;tpy; te;J njhd;Wk;. ,g;goahf Md;kjj;Jtk; 24k; Md;kht[f;Fj;

J}atotpy; neu; bjhlh;g[ld; bray; gLfpd;wd.

rpj;jh;fs;

kdij

ghpgf;Ftk;

bra;tjd;

\yk;

"hdj;ijg;

bgwKoa[k; vd;W czh;e;J bjhpe;J mjw;F m#;lh';f nahfk; vd;W vl;L tifahd gapw;rpfis tFj;Jf; bfhLj;Js;shh;fs;. xUtd; j';f Mguzk; bra;a ntz;Lbkd;why; ciyapy; ,l;L fha;r;rp j';fj;ij/ jfLfshf;fp/ fk;gpfshf;fp/ kdija[k;/ gf;Ftkhf;fp cliya[k;/

Mguzk;

bra;fpd;whnd/

mJnghy

nahfj;jpd; \yk; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp "hdk; bgw cfe;j tHpfisf; ifahz;lhh;fs;. kf;fSf;Fk; gy;ntWtpjkhd nahf E}y;fs;

\yk; vGjpitj;Js;shh;fs;.

Mfnt jFe;j gapw;rpapd; \yk; g[yd;fis btsp tptfhu';fspy; nghftpl;L Mjpf;fk; brYj;jtplhky; g[yd;fis bty;tjw;Fg; gapw;rp jhdhff; Kiwfis fz;Lgpoj;jhh;fs;;. Rthrk; fl;Lg;ghl;oy; mjd; \yk; nghJ Rthrk; kdRk; rpwe;j

fl;Lg;gLk;. kdk;

fl;Lg;gLk;

fl;Lg;gLk;. nahfpfs;.

,Uf;fpd;wth;fns

mij mfj;jpah; TWk;nghJ/ kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; ke;jpuk; brgpf;fntz;lhk; kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thrpia epWj;j ntz;lhk; kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thrpia cah;j;j ntz;lhk; kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; ke;jpuk; brk;ikahnk

20

nkw;fz;l ghly; \yk; kdj;jpwk; bfhz;lth;fSf;F vJt[k; ve;j gapw;rpa[k; njitapy;iy vd;W TWtjpypUe;J kdij vJt[k;

brk;ikahf itj;J thH gHfpf;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. gHf;fkhfp gpd;g[ tHf;fkhf khWfpwJ. ey;yth;fshf thH KaYnthk;.

Mfnt ey;y tHf;fkhf

kdpj Md;kh
,iwtd; $Ptuhrpfs; cyfpy; vd;W gy $Ptuhrpfisg; rhd;nwhh;. gilj;jhh;. Mdhy; ehk; 84 yl;rk;; TWth; mwpe;jJ

vd;dnth xU E}W ,UE}W vd;whny mjpfk;. ,jpny kdpjdpd; gilg;g[ kpft[k; mhpa xd;W. mwpt[ KGikaile;j xd;W vd;W brhy;fpd;wdh; "hdpfs;. 7 tifgpwg;g[ 4 tifj;njhw;wk; 84 yl;rk; $Ptuhrpfs; midj;Jnk Md;khf;fs; Tl;lk;jhd;. Mdhy;

,tw;wpy; kdpjDf;F kl;Lnk rpwg;gwpt[ cz;L. MwhtJ mwpt[ vd;W Md;nwhh;fs; TWfpd;wdh;.

mijj;jhd;

kdpjdhy;

kl;Lnk

jhd;

ahh;

vd;W

mwpa[k;

rpwg;ghw;wy;

,Ug;gjhy; kdpjd; kdpjdhfp g[dpjdhfp gpd; flt[s; Mfpd;w nguhw;wiyg; bgwKofpwJ. mjdhy; kdpjd; kpfr;rpwe;jtdhfg; nghw;wg; gLfpwhd;. fhuzfhhpa';fisf; fz;lwpa[k; Mw;wy; mjdhny jhd; cly; ,af;fk;

kdpj mwpt[f;F kl;Lnk cz;L.

vd;w fhhpaj;jpw;F g[yd; ,af;fk; fhuzk;/ g[yd; ,af;fk; vd;w fhhpaj;jpw;F fhuzk; vz;zk;. ,g;go xt;bthd;iwa[k; mjdhy;jhd; xt;bthU

fz;lwpa[k; Mw;wy; kdpj Md;kht[f;F cz;L. g[yd;fs; Ie;ija[k; fle;J mjw;F nky;

brd;W

epfH;r;rpf;Fk;/ njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; fhuzk; vd;d fz;L gpof;Fk; Mw;wy; Md;khtpw;F cz;L/

fhhpak; vJ vd;W

21

g[yd;fs; fl;Lg;ghL eP';fpa Md;kh J}a Md;khthf khWfpwJ. me;j J}a Md;khthy;jhd; gpw caph;fs; bgWfpd;w Jd;g';ifs/ ,d;g';fis/ mtw;wpd; czh;r;rpfspd; mst[fis fzpj;J ,w';fp cjt[k; fUiza[s;sk; bgwKofpwJ. kdpjdpd; cly;

fUtpfSf;Fj; njitahf Jizahf gytpjkhd Ma[j';fs;/ ,ae;jpu';fisf; fz;L gpoj;J gad;gLj;j jFjp bgw;wJk; kdpj Md;khjhd;. jd; ,dk; njhd;wp tHptHpahf gl;l

mDgt';fspd; gpujpgypg;ghf kdpj thH;f;ifia tskhf;Fk; Mw;wYk; ,nj kdpj Md;khtpw;F cz;L.

gynfho caphpd';fs; thGfpd;w ,e;j g{kpna cyfk;. cyfj;ijg; nghd;W vj;jidnah mz;l nguz;l';fs; bfhz;l

,e;j

cyfk; vj;jidnah nfhs:fs; gpug";rkhf cs;sJ. ,e;jg;

gpug";rj;jpy; kdpjd; vd;gtd; rpW mq nghd;wtd; jhd;. nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpy; kdpj Md;kh mqnghd;wJ. ,Ue;jhYk; kdpj Md;khjhd; ,e;j gpug";rj;ij mspf;fpwJ. kz;lyj;jpd; kz;lyj;jpd; xg;gw;w rf;jpfis fz;Lgpof;fpwJ. fzf;fpl;Lf; Tw nghpaf;f nghpaf;f KofpwJ.

mirt[fisf;Tl

nfhs;fspd; njhw;w';fisa[k;/ mjd; r";rhuj;ija[k; el;rj;jpuf; Tl;l';fisa[k; bray;ghLfisa[k; fzf;fpl KofpwJ. nghpaf;f kz;ly ,af;fj;jpd; Mw;wy;fis bgw;Ws;sJ vy;yhk; vd;why; kdpj ,e;j Md;kh kdpj

fzf;fpLk;

Mw;wiyg;

Md;khtpw;F nghpaf;f kz;lyj;ijg; nghd;w khbgUk; Mw;wy; cs;sJ vd;gij mwpa KofpwJ. me;j Mw;wy; ,y;iybad;why; nghpaf;f kz;ly epfH;r;rpfis mwpa KoahJ. kdpj Md;kh kfj;jhd rf;jp bgw;wJ. rpwg;g[g; bgw;wJ. mjdhy; mjpy; jhd;

nfhs;fspy;

eilbgWk;

,af;f';fisa[k;/

fhqk;

njhw;wf';isa[k;/ Fz';fisa[k;/ fz;lwpe;J rpwg;ghf Md;kh

22

thH;fpwJ. mjd; rpwg;ig kdpj Md;kh kl;Lnk czh;fpwJ. mjdhy; jhd; kdpj Md;kh ,aw;ifg; gpug";rj;ij czh;e;J nghw;wp tHpgl;L mjpy; fyf;f Kaw;rpf;fpwJ.

kdpjd;

xUtnd

,e;j

,aw;ifapd;

nguhw;wy;

cz;ikia

czh;e;jtd;. mwptpd; tsh;r;rp ghpzhkj;jpny kdpj mwpnt Kothd nghpaf;f cr;rkhd kz;ly Koitj;jUfpwJ. epfH;r;rpfis kdpj mwptpnyjhd; nghpaf;f

mwpaKofpwJ.

kz;lyj;jpd;

Kot[fs; Tl kdpj mwptpny r';fkkhfpwJ. mtd; jd;

mj;jifa mwpt[ clw;TW bgw;wtnd kdpjd;. Md;khit czh;fpd;w J}a nguwpnt "hdk;.

Md;kh jdJ jPa gjpt[fis ePf;fpg; guk;b ghUis czh;e;J kPz;Lk; gpwthj tHp czh;e;J fiunawnt cliy fl;of;

bfhz;lJ.

mijf;fhj;Jk; tUfpwJ. g[yd;fshy; rpf;fpj; jtpj;J

fl;Lz;L khia vd;fpw tpy';fpd; thapy; mfg;gl;L mwpt[ bjspt[ mw;w epiyapy; brayhw;Wk; bjspe;j mnj rkak; bgw;W mJnt bjspe;j

jd;Dila

gl;lwpthy;

mwpt[

epiyapYk; brayhw;Wfpd;wJ.

czh;r;rp czh;t[ kdk;

kdpj cliy czh;r;rp vd;w bray;ghL bghpJk; gPoj;Jf; bfhz;Ls;sJ. kdpj clypy; ,uj;jk;/ btg;gk;/ fhw;W mjdjd;

ghijfspy; rPuhf bray;gl;L tUfpwJ. clypYs;s mqf;fs; Tl;lj;jpw;F mJnt Mnuhf;fpaj;ijf; bfhLf;fpwJ. ,it

rPuhf/ Kiwahf/ bray;glhky; ,uj;jnkh/ fhw;nwh/ btg;gnkh/ khWgl;L bray;gLkhdhy; ve;j ,lj;jpy; khWghlhfr;

23

bray;gLfpwnjh me;j ,lj;jpy; cs;s mqf;Tl;lk; eypt[Wk.; mg;nghJ $Ptrf;jpahd capUf;Fj; Jd;gk; vd;fpw

czh;itj;jUk;.

,j;jifa Jd;gj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpLgl VjhtJ

xU tHpiaj;njLfpwJ. mJ xU brayhfnth bghUshfnth NH;epiyahfnth Kaw;rpahfpwJ/ bjhlh;gaznk Kaw;rpahft[k;/ ,Uf;fyhk;. ,e;j njlny ehl;lkhfpwJ/ ,e;j njlypd;

gpd;g[ Jd;g

brayhf;fk;

bgWfpwJ.

czh;thft[k;/ ,d;gJd;g

njita[zh;thft[k;/ tpist[fshft[k;/ ,t;thwhf

brayhft[k;/

bjspthft[k; Kothft[k; tphpe;J bray;gLfpd;wJ.

clnyhL bfhz;l bjhlh;ghy; capUf;F Vw;gLk; mDgt';fspd; bjhFg;ghf kdk vd;w Nl;Rkf;fUtp bray;gL:fpwJ.

kdk; vd;Dk; kha Nl;Rkf; fUtp

kdjpy; cjak; MFk; vz;zk; xU bray;ghl;il kdjpd; vz;zk; rf;jp vd;W MFk;. TWfpnwhk;. vd;gJ xU

btl;lbtsp btspa[yfpy; g[wg;bghUsplk; Mfh;#zk; vd;w fth;e;jpGf;Fk; <h;g;g[r; rf;jp ,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k; me;j <h;g;g[r; rf;jpia vjphpilahf tpyf;fpj;js;Sk; tpfh;#z rf;jp

,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k; vz;zk; vd;gJ kdjpy; ,Uf;Fk; xUtif rf;jpahFk;. ,aw;ifapy; vy;iyaw;w Mw;wy; ml';fpa[s;sd. ,e;j ,aw;iff; fs";rpaj;jpypUe;J kdJ vd;w fUtpahdJ rpwpjst[ Mw;wiy fpufpj;J vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ. mt;tpjk; fpufpj;j me;j rf;jpia kdk; jdf;Fhpajhf Mf;fpf;bfhs;fpwJ. gpwF me;jr;

rf;jpia mJ vz;z';fshf btspna brYj;JfpwJ. ,e;j rf;jp ekJ cztpd; \yKk;/ Rthrpf;fpd;w fhw;wpd; \yKk; tUfpwJ. cztpd; \yk; cly; ,af;fk; eilbgWtJnghy/ mnj cztpd; \yk; Nl;rkkhd ntW rf;jpfSk; cz;L gz;zg;gLfpd;wd.

24

,e;j Nl;Rk rf;jpfis mJ ehk; vz;z';fs; vd;W brhy;Yk; totj;jpy; btspna js;SfpwJ. Mfnt kdk; vd;W brhy;yg;gLtJ mwpt[s;s jy;y vd;gij mwpfpnwhk;. Mdhy; mJ mwpt[s;sJ nghy; njhd;WfpwJ.

mt;tpjk; mJnjhd;Wtjw;F vd;d fhuzk; vd;why; mwpt[s;s Mj;kh mjd; gpd;dhy; ,Uf;fpwJ.

cz;ikapy; Mj;kh xd;nw xd;W kl;Lk;jhd; mwpt[g; bghUshf ,Uf;fpwJ. gad;gLk; kdk; vd;gJ btspa[yfj;ij Mj;kh gw;Wtjw;Fg; fUtpahf kl;Lnk ,Uf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf

,e;jg;g[j;jfj;ij vLj;Jf;bfhs;nthk;. totj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;

g[wj;jpy; g[j;jfk; vd;w

,e;jg;bghUis cz;ikapy; ehk; mwpe;J

bfhs;tjpy;iy. mwpe;J bfhs;s Koahj ,e;jg;bghUs; ekJ kdijr;brd;W jhf;fp xU J}z;Ljiy/ mjhtJ miyfis

cz;L gz;qfpd;wd.

,e;j J}z;LjYf;F gjpy; jUk; tifapy;

kdk; g[j;jfk; vd;w totj;ijg; bghUs;gLj;J fpwJ.

,t;tpjkhf

jz;zPhpy;

miyfs;

cz;lhtijg;nghy

kdjpy;

vz;z miyfs; njhd;Wfpd;wd. btspna ,Uf;fpd;w cyfk; kdjpy; miyfs; njhd;Wtjw;F fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

g[j;jfj;jpd; cUtnkh ahidapd; cUtnkh kdpjdpd; cUtnkh btsp cyfj;jpy; tUk; ,y;iy. mjhtJ gjpyhf mtw;iwg;gw;wp ekJ kdjpy; btspapypUe;J J}z;LjYf;Fg;

Vw;gl;l tpUj;jpfisg; gw;wp kl;Lk;jhd; ehk; mwpe;jpUf;fpnwhk;. g[wj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ kdjpy; ,r;rj;jpia cz;L ,e;j gz;qtjw;F cz;ikia vLj;Jf;

fhuzkhf

kl;Lnk xU

mike;jpUf;fpwJ. Kj;Jr; rpg;gpia

tpsf;Ftjw;F bfhs;nthk;.

cjhuzkhf

25

Kj;J

vg;go

cz;lhfpwJ

vd;gJ

vy;nyhUf;Fk;

bjhpe;jnj.

g[wj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; xl;Lz;zpahf xU fpUkp Kj;J r;rpg;gpapd; Xl;Lf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; g[Fe;J g{r;rpia mij mJ cWj;JfpwJ. epdt[f;F mjhtJ rpg;gpf;Fs; ,e;j

cl;gLj;JfpwJ.

bjhe;jutpypUe;J tpLtpg;gjw;fhf rpg;gp kpDkpDg;ghf xUtpj jputj;ij mjhtJ vdhky; giria ff;fp btspg;gLj;JfpwJ. gpwF rpg;gp jdf;F cgj;jputk; tpistpj;j fpUkpia Rw;wpYk; me;j vdhky; giriag; g{rp fpUkpia \o kiwj;J tpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; Kj;J cz;lhfpwJ.

ekJ

mDgtj;jpy;

Kj;J

cz;lhtjw;F btsp cyfk;

xl;Lz;zp ekJ

fpUkp

fhuzkhf

,Ug;gJnghy fhuzkhf

mDgtj;jpw;F fpUkp

mog;gilf;

mike;jpUf;fpwJ.

rpg;gpf;Fs;

g[FtJ nghy; Ik;g[yd;fs; tHpahf g[Fe;J gpug";rk; ekf;Fg; g[yg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j gpug";r rpg;gp vdhky; giria btspg;gLj;JtJ nghy braiy ehk; mwpfpnwhk;. ,t;tpjk; kdjpy;

eilbgWk; braiy rhjhuz kdpjdhy; bfhs;s KoahJ.

xUnghJk; mwpe;J

Vbddpy; mt;tpjk; mtd; bjhpe;J bfhs;s

Kaw;rp bra;a[k; mnjrkaj;jpy; jd; vdhky; giria btspna mDg;g[fpwhd;. gpwF jd;Dila me;j vdhky; g{r;irna

ghh;f;fpwhd;. Mfnt kdk; cz;Lgz;zpa mDgtj;ijj; jtpu ntW vija[k; kdpjdhy; g[hpe;J bfhs;s ,aYtjpy;iy.

cz;ikahd ifapy;

Md;kh

kdjpw;F

gpd;dhy;

,Uf;fpwJ.

mjd;

cs;s

fUtpahf eP

kdk;

,Uf;fpwJ.

cz;ikahd kdk;

kdpjdhfpa

(Mj;kh)

epw;Fk;nghJjhd;

mwpt[ilajhfpwJ. mg;nghJjhd; kdJf;F mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; jpwika[z;lhfpwJ. Mj;kh kdijf; iftpl;LtpLk;nghJ mJ

26

J}s;Jshfr; rpjwpg;ngha; xd;Wnk ,y;yhky; btWik mile;J tpLfpwJ. ,g;nghJ kdk; vd;d vd;gijg; g[hpe;J bfhz;Oh;fs;. rpj;jk;/ kdk;/ vy;yhk; xU ,Ug;gplkhFk;. miyfSf;Fk;/ tpUj;jpapd; RHpfSf;Fnk/ ek;khy; tpUj;jp mjpy; vGfpd;w bgah;. cyfk; ,e;j ekf;F

vd;w

\ynk

mwpag;gLk;

gpug";rkhf tps';FfpwJ. Md;kh/ kdk; vd;w epiyapy; tpUj;jp vd;w miyfshYk;/ RHpfshYk;/ ,d;g';fisa[k; Jd;g';fisa[k; mDgtpj;J mjpnyna MH;e;J yapj;J jdJ gpwtp nehf;fj;ij kwe;J kha cyfpy; thGk;nghJ mof;fo czh;r;rptrg;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa czh;r;rptrg;gLk; Md;khjhd; nguhir/ rpdk;/ gw;W/ ghy;fth;r;rp/ cah;t[ jhH;t[/ t";rk;nghd;w mWtif Fz';fshf khw;wk; bgWfpwJ.

Md;kh fhuzkhf

,g;gog;gl;l kPz;Lk;/

Fz';fspd;

vGfpd;w

vGr;rpapd; jdf;Fk;

kPz;Lk;

gHpr;bray;fs;

bra;J

gpwh;f;Fk; Jd;gj;ij cz;lhf;FfpwJ. Mfnt gpug";r khiaapy; Md;kh cHd;W jtpg;gij jtph;j;J khia kaf;fj;jpypUe;J

tpLgl rpj;jh;fs; cz;lhf;fpa gapw;rpna nahfh my;yJ nahfk; vd;gjhFk;.

nahfk;
nahfj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhf gad;gLk; fUtpna kdkhFk;. kdkhdJ J}a;ikahf ,Uf;fntz;Lk;/ kdk; khR/ ,Uf;Fk;. kdj;jhy; ,e;j kUtw;w

J}a;ikapy; ,Uf;Fk; nghJ bjspthf mokl;lj;ijf; fhz;gJnghy/ bjspe;j

ePhpy; ePhpd; cz;ikg;

bghUisf; fhz Koa[k;. me;j khR goe;j Jha;ikaw;w kdijg; gz;gLj;Jk; bewpna nahfk;. kdkhdJ mwpthfp/ Md;k

27

czh;itg;

bgw;W

tpHpg;gpy;

jd;

\yk;

eho

xL';Fk;nghJ

jd;id bka;bghUshfnt czh;e;j bfhs;fpd;w ,e;j KGik ngw;wpid miltjw;Fj; njit nahfk;; vd;w clw;gapw;rpna MFk;.

bka;g;bghUs]
btl;lbtspjhd; cz;ikahd bka;g;bghUs;. mg;bghUspny ehDk; ,Uf;fpnwd; vd;W czh;e;J btl;l btspapny njhd;wpa caphpd';fs; mj;jida[k; vd; cld; gpwe;njhh;fns vd;w mf czh;t[ gpwe;J ve;j caphpd';fSf;Fk; Jd;gk; mspf;ff;TlhJ/ Jd;gg;gLfpd;w caph;fs; kPJ fUiz fhl;o ,d;gj;Jld; thGk; thH;f;ifjhd; tPLngW MFk;. Md;khthFk;. ,ij mila[k; $Ptd;jhd;

btl;lbtsp bgUbtspahfpa bka;g;bghUisna thdk; vd;Wk; thd; vd;Wk; TWth;. tPL ngW bgw;wth;fis thd; + mth;/ jhd; + mth/;

thdth; vd;W TWth;. njth; vd;Wk; TWth;.

jd;id mtuhff; fz;l fhuzj;jhy; jhdth;/ jiytd; vd;Wk; TWth;. jdJ gue;j mwpthy; vg;bghGJk; btl;l btsp

bka;bghUSld;

,izj;J

rjhfhyk;

epyt[k;

braYkhf

,Uf;fpd;wth;fSf;F mth;fspd; cs;sj;jpd; epiy Rth;f;fk/ Rth; + mfk;. Rth; vd;why; nghpd;gk;. fLe;jtj;jpd; \yk;

Md;khthdJ jd;dpiy tpsf;fk; bgWfpwJ/ mg;go tpsf;fk; bgWfpd;w J}a epiyiaj;jhd; "hdk; vd;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j

KGik ngw;iwna rhd;nwhh;fs; tPLngW vd;Wk; TWfpd;wdh;. tPL vd;why; ,lk; my;yJ Mjhuk; vd;W bgah;. fhuzk;

,y;yhky; fhhpak; gpwg;;gjpy;iy.

Mjhuk; ,y;yhky; Mnjak;

28

gpwg;gjpy;iy.

ve;j

njhw;wj;jpw;Fk;

xU

Mjhuk;

,Ue;njahfntz;Lk;. ,Ue;jhfntz;Lk;.

mJnghy; Md;khtpw;Fk; Xh; Mjhuk;

mjw;F Mjhuk; vJ ,lk; Mf cs;sJ vd

Muha;e;jhy; Kothf ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tpil ve;j MjhuKk; ,y;yhj xU bghUns vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Mjhukhft[k; ,lkhft[k; ,Ug;gJ ,Uf;fpwJ. czug;bgWk;. cjhuzkhf nfhapy;nky; fyrk;

fyrj;jpw;F nfhapy; nfhg[uk; Mjhukhf cs;sJ/ g{kpf;F btl;lbtsp

nfhg[uj;jpw;F g{kp Mjhukhf cs;sJ.

,lkhf cs;sJ. btl;lbtspf;F Mjhuk; ,Uf;fpwjh/ ,y;iy. mjd; moKoiaf; fhzKoahJ vd;gij tpsf;fnt

mfj;jpaUk;/

ghug;gh moKoa[e; njog;nghd gjpthd khyaD'; fhzh bud;W neug;gh ntj Kiuj;jpl;l bra;jp ePs; g[tpapy; ahth;f;Fk; ciuj;jpl;l bra;jp - brst[[kpa rhfuk] 118

btl;lbtspia msf;f ,ayhJ vd;gij tpsf;fnt jpUkhy; gd;wp mtjhuk; vLj;J rptd; ghjj;ijf;fhzr; brd;whh; vd;t[k;/ gpuk;kh md;dg;gl;rp totk; bfhz;L rptd;Ko fhz nkny brd;whh; vdt[k fij \yk; brhd;dhh;fs;. mjw;bfd;W Mjhuk; ,y;iy. Mfnt btl;lbtsp vd;why; mJ KjyhfpwJ.

mjpypUe;Jjhd; njhw;wg;bghUs; njhd;wpapUf;fntz;Lk;. vdnt btl;l btspna MjpahdJ. mjw;F ntW Mjhuk; ,y;yhjjhy; mJnt mehjpahdJ. btl;lbtsp vd;fpw tPl;od; ,af;f

rf;jpahy; mfk;njhd;wp mfj;jhy; ,d;gk; njhd;wp gpd;du; nghpd;g cs;sj;ijg; bgw;wth;fns Rth;fnyhf thrpfs; vd;gjhFk;.

29

btl;lbtspjhd; bka;g;bghUs; vd;gjw;F/ bka;g;bghUs; fz;L tps';Fk; bka; "hdpf;F fw;g';fs; VJf;fo> fhzhkw; fz;L fUj;njhL ,Ug;nghh;f;F tPzhir VJf;fo> epj;jpiu bfl;L epidnthL ,Ug;nghh;f;F Kj;jpiu VJf;fo> je;jpukhd jye;jd;dpy; epw; nghhf;F ke;jpuk; VJf;fo> Kj;jkpH; fw;W Ka';Fk; bka "hdpf;F rj;j';fs; VJf;fo> cr;rpf;F nky; brd;W cah;btsp fhz;nghh;f;F ,r;rpg;gp';F VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; Fjk;gha; Fjk;gha; Fjk;gha; Fjk;gha; Fjk;gha;

ntfhky; bte;J btspapidf; fhz;nghh;f;F nkhfhe;jk; VJf;fo> rhfhky; jhz;o jdptHp nghnthh;f;F Vfhe;jk; VJf;fo> Mde;jk; bgh';fp mwpnthL ,Ug;nghh;f;F J}de;jhd; VJf;fo> rpj;jpuf; Tlj;ij jpdk; jpdk; fz;nlhh;f;F gj;jpuk; VJf;fo> gpd;dhir VJf;fo> brj;jhiug; nghyj; jphpa[k; bka; "hdpf;F ifj;jhsk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha; Fjk;gha; Fjk;gha; Fjk;gha; Fjk;gha; Fjk;gha;

jd;id mwpe;J jiytidr; nrh;e;njhh;f;Fg;

- Fjk;igr;rpj;jh;

30

gpwg;gpd; Mjpiaa[k; Koita[k; mwpe;j "hdpfSf;F vJt[nk njitapy;iy vd;gij tpsf;fnt Fjk;igr;rpj;jh; nkw;fz;l ghly; \yk; tpsf;fp TWtijf; Md;kh fhzyhk;. cz;ikahd ek;Kila

bghUspd;

tpsf;fj;ij

mwpa[k;nghJjhd;

kaf;fkhd khia ek;ik tpl;L tpyFfpwJ.

mg;nghJjhd;

bghUshf ,Uf;Fk; xd;iw bghUshff; fUJk; bka;a[zh;t[k; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;nghJ bka;g;bghUs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjw;F tpsf;fk; fpilj;Js;sJ.

$Pthj;kh guhkhj;kh
v';nfnah btl;lbtspapy; $Pthj;kh/ njhd;wpa guhkhj;khtpy; Mjhuk; ,y;iy. njhd;wpaJjhd;; gukhj;khtpw;F

mijna ts;syhh; jha; tapw;wpy; gpwthJ jhnd Kisj;j tu;f;F

bjz;ldpl;nld;
gukhj;khtpw;F $Pthj;khtpYk; gukhj;jhtpy;

vd;W
vd;d cz;L.

brhy;yo
Mw;wy; gukhj;kh

vd;w

ghly;

\yk;

bjhl;Lfhl;loaij mwpayhk;. $Pthj;khtpw;F gukhj;kh Mjhuk;. cz;nlh Xh; mnj Mw;wy;

,aw;if.

mnjnghy TW.

njhd;wpa

$Pthj;kht[k;

,aw;ifapd;

gukhj;khtpy; msg;gwpa Mw;wy;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. $Pthj;khtpYk; cz;L.

mnjnghy

,e;j $Pthj;khtpd; mg{h;t rf;jpia ,ij mwpahky; ,f

gad;gLj;Jtnj Mj;k "hdk; MFk;.

thH;f;ifapy; rpf;fp khiaf;F Ml;gl;L ekJ Md;khit gy Jd;gj;jpw;F Mshf;Ffpnwhk;. mjdhy; jhd Md;khit

Jd;g[Wj;jy; TlhJ. Md;khittijf;ff;TlhJ. Mdhy; Md;kh gyJd;g';fSf;F mshfpd;wJ. mJ vg;go vd;why;>

31

1.

flt[isj;njo

mila

Kad;Wk;

mtdhy;

flt[isf;fhz Koahj epiy/ 2. 3. thH;tpy; tWikbaDk; gw;whf;Fiw/ bra;fpd;wbray;fspd; tpist[fisg; gw;wp mwpahik. mwpe;Jk; myl;rpak; bra;fpd;w epiy/ mtkjpj;J

mjdhy; Jd;gk; mDgtpf;Fk; epiy. 4. Md;khtpd; kfj;Jtk; g[hpahky;/ gpwh; kPJ mr;rKk; gif/ Jd;g[Wj;jy;/ nghd;wtw;why; my;yYWk; epiy.

nkw;fz;l gytpj

Fiwfs;

xd;nwhblhd;W Mshfp

,ize;J

thH;f;ifapy; jPh;f;f

rpf;fy;fSf;F jtpj;J

mtw;iw

yFthfj;

Koahky; thH;fpwhd;.

jhd;

Jd;g[w;W/ rpf;fyhd bjhpe;njh/

gpwiuj;

Jd;g[Wj;jpa[k; NH;epiy ,e;j

,g;gog;gl;l kdpjd; tpLjiy

,f;fl;lhd bjhpahknyh vd

tUfpwnghJ ,f;fl;oypUe;J

bgwntz;Lk;

Kay;fpwhd;.

xt;bthU $Pthj;khtplKk; Fiw eP';fp KGik bgwntz;Lk; vd;w Mh;tk; jJk;gpf;bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. mjd; tpist[ rpe;jid Xl;lk; gpwf;fpwJ. rpe;jpf;fpwhd;. Kaw;rp bra;fpwhd;. Kaw;rpapd;

tpist[ bray;fspy; ,w';fp Xuhst[ czut[k; bra;fpwhd;.

mtd; braYf;nfw;w tpist[fisf; fhz;fpwhd;. Mj;k "hdk; ,g;nghJ mtDf;F g[yg;gl Muk;gpf;fpwJ. kdpjdpd; beLe;J}ug; gazj;jpy; gyrpe;jid thjpfs;/ rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs;/ ty;Ydh;fs;/ vGjpa[k;/ rpj;jh; bgUkf;fs; Twpa[k; nghd;nwhh;fs; kdpjd; gyE}y;fs;

nghjidfs;

FiwghLfis

KGikahf ePf;f Koatpy;iy. fhuzk; kdpjd; rKjhak; vd;fpw r';fypg; gpizg;gpy; thH;e;J bfhz]L ,Ug;gjhy; jhd].

FiwghLfs; vy;yhhplKk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. fhuzk; mtdpd; njit/

32

gHf;fk;/ mwptpd; tsh;r;rp/ re;jh;g;g NH;epiyfs; ,tid Fiw cs;stdhf Mf;FfpwJ. ,tw;wpy; mwptpy; rpwe;j rpyh;kl;Lk; rpe;jpf;fpwhh;fs; fhuz/ fhhpa';fis gFj;J czUfpwhh;fs;.

mjdhy; jd; mstpy; gapw;rp bgw;W jd;Dila Fiwia ePf;fpf; bfhs;fpwhh;fs;. ,iwtidf; fhzntz;Lk; vd;w Mh;tj;jpy; jd; mwptpd; tpsf;fj;jhy; Fiwiag;nghf;fpf; bfhz;lth;fs; rpyh;. ,tw;iw czh;e;njhuhy; czh;j;jg;bgWfpwhh;fs; gyh;. ,g;go gyh; czh;e;Jk; cgnjrk; bgw;whYk; mth;fspy; gyngh; jh';fs; bgw;w tpsf;f';fSf;F Vw;g gHf;fj;ij khw;wpf;bfhs;Sk; mst[ Jzpt[ bgWtjpy;iy.

xt;bthU kdpjDk; xd;iw kwe;JtpLfpwhd;. xt;bthU braYk; Md;khtpy; gjpg;gpf;fgg;LfpwJ. Mfnt ehk; gHpr;brhy;/

,Hpthd bray;/ nghd;w gjpt[fis Rj;jg;gLj;jp J}a;ikahf;fp guk;bghUnshL ,z;lwf; fyf;fnt ek cly; xU fUtpahfr; bray;gLfpwJ vd;gij kwe;J cz;ikfis czuhky; ,fthH;t[ khiaapy; cHd;W bfhz;L ,Uf;fnwhk;. Md;kh mwpt[ Kjph;e;J rpe;jidapy;; bjspt[ bgWk;nghJ jhd; bjspe;jth; Rl;of;fhl]o czh;j;Jk; nghJ jhd; mwpt[ tpHpg;g[ epiy milfpwJ. mijna ts;syhh] grpj;jpU/ jdpj;jpU/ tpHpj;jpU vd;W TWfpwhh;.

1.

grpj;jpU vd;why; vg;bghGJk; "hdg;grpnahL ,U vd;gjhFk;.

2.

jdpj;jpU vd;gJ

khiaapy; g[yd;fis

brYj;jhky;

jdpj;jpUvd;gjhFk;. 3. tpHpj;jpU vd;gJ Md;kh khRglhky; tpHpg;nghL

,Ug;gJ vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j mwptpd; tpHpg;g[ epiy jhd; Md;kPf thH;thFk;.

33

Md;kPf thH;t[
kdpjdpd; thH;f;if fPH;fz;l epiyfspy; ,a';FfpwJ 1. 2. 3. 4. ,d;gk; Jd;gk; vd;fpw thH;t[ epiy. ,aw;if tpjpj;j CH;tpid ,iwepiy. rKjha mikg;g[ ePjp mwbewp. murh';fk;.

nkw;fz;l epiyfspy; kdpj Md;khthdJ gl;L bjsptila[k; bjspt[jhd; thH;it ca;tpf;fty;yJ. Jd;g';fis fise;J

,d;gj;ijf; ju ty;yJ. nkw;fz;l epiyfspy] btw;wp fhznt rhd;nwhh;fs; ey;y E}y;fis vGjp rpwg;ghf thH tHp tiffisr; Twpr; brd;whh;fs;. gftj;fPij mtw;wpy; fij thapyhff; TWfpd;w E}y;fs; fw;gidahff;TWk; fijfs; rpy

nghd;wJ.

,uhkhazk; nghd;w fhtpa';fs;. ,j;jifa E}y;fis gog;gjpd; \yKk; thH;f;if gpwHhJ rj;jpak;/ mDgt';fspd; jh;kk;/ ePjp/ \yKk; gapd;W mwbewp xG';F Kiwapy;

vd;fpd;w

cWjpahd gHf;fj;ij filgpoj;J thH;e;jhy; kdpjDila thH;t[ rpwg;ghft[k;/ ,d;gkhft[k;/ mikjpahft[k; mika[k;.

,Jnt Md;kPf gazj;jpw;F jpwt[nfhyhf mika[k;. ,e;j cah; bewpna Md;kPf thH;t[ vd;W Twyhk;. Md;khtpd; epiyawpe;J mjd; ,ay;iga[k; czh;e;J vz;zk;/ brhy;/ bray; ,tw;why; mwbewp gpwHhJ thH;e;J tUtJ Md;kPf thH;thFk;. mwbewp Twyhk;. nghw;wp xGfp thH;tjhy; Md;kh J}a;ik ,g;go bgw;W

KGik milfpwJ. ,J xU rpwg;ghd Md;kPfg; gazk; vd;W jd;Dila mwptpd; bjspthy; ,g;go thH;f;if vd;W

nkw;bfhs;tjhy;

,tw;iw

xUtif

Md;k

"hdk;

34

bfhs;syhk;. Md;kPf thH;t[ jhd; Md;k "hdj;ij jUk;. ,jw;F jdpkdpj xGf;fk; kpf kpf Kf;fpak;. jdpkdpj xGf;fk Md;k "hdj;jhy; kl;Lnk bgw Koa[nk jtpu kw;w bray;ghLfshy; bgw KoahJ. jdpkdpj xGf;fnk xg;gw;w xGf;fkhd

rKjhakhf khw cjt[k; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

mwtHp gpwHhJ

thGk; bka;"hd tpsf;fj;jpd; \ynk jdpkdpj xGf;fk; tsUk.] cyf kf;fs; eyk;ngz Koa[k;. Md;k mwptpd; bjspnt "hdk;. Kaw;rpa[s;sth;fl;nf tpsf;f';fis fpilf;Fk;. bka;"hd tpsf;fk; vd;fpw mJ mwk;/ jtk; vd;fpw jtg;gapw;rp/ mJ jj;Jt';fspd; mth;fs;

mwpe;jth;fSf;nf

rhj;jpak;.

kl;Lk;jhd; kw;wth;f;F bjhl;Lf;fhl;oa[k;/ tpsf;fpa[k; Tw Koa[k;. "hdj;ij mspf;f ,aYk;.

jj;Jt tpsf;fk;
mz;l btspapy; cz;lhd Mw;wYf;F Vw;g ekJ clyhdJ 24 jj;Jt';fnshL To bray;gLfpwJ.

gr";g{j';fs;
epyk;/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/ fhw;W/ Mfhak;/ Mfpa Ie;J g{j';fspd; Tl;Lf;fyitahy; cz;lhdnj kdpj cly;. nkw;fz;l Ik;g{jk; xt;bthd;wpw;Fk; totk;/ Fzk;/ epwk;/ vGj;J cz;L vd;W "hdpfs; Twpa[s;sdh;. mJ gpd;tUkhW cs;sJ.

35

g{jk; kz;

tot[ ehw nfhzk; gpiw Kf; nfhzk; mWnfhzk; tl;lk;

epwk; bghd;ik

vGj;J y

Fzk; fodk;

bjhHpy; jh';fy; ghjk; bra;j y; xd;W tpjpj;jy; rhpj;jy; ,lk; bfhLj;j y;

Fwp tr;rpfuk;

bja;tk; mad;

fiy epth;j;jp

ePh;

btz;ik

jd;ik

jhkiu

jpUkhy;

gpujp#;il

jP fhw;W Mfhak;

brk;ik fUg;g[ g[ifik

u a Q

btk;ik gue;J btspahjy;

Rthjpfk; mWg[s;sp mKj gpe;J knfrd; rjhrptk;

tpj;ij rhe;jp rhe;jpa fPij

mq gukhq kw;Wk; caph;njhw;wk;

Ie;J g{j';fs; xt;bthd;Wf;Fk; vl;L tpjkhd Fz';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; Nl;rk Fz';fs; vd;fpw jd;khj;jpiu cz;L. mJnt rg;jk;/ !;ghprk;/ +gk;/ urk;/ fe;jk; vdg;gLk.; ,ijna Xir/ CW/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk; vd;Wk; TWthu;fs;. ,e;j

Ik;g{j';fs; vg;go clypy; bjhHpy;g[hpfpd;wd vd;W Muha[k; nghJ gukhq vd;fpw Mjpapy; njhd;wpa rptrf;jpapd; jd;dpaf;f RHw;rpapdhy; mz;l nguz;l';fs; cUthapd vd;gJ

bjupatUk;. ,e;jg;gukhq vd;gJ Vnjh ,d;W tp";"hdpfs; fz;Lgpoj;jjy;y. Muhag;gl;lit. KGf;f TWfpwJ. tpl;ld. mq vd;gJ jj;Jt TWtJ. "hdj;jpy; ,e;j Kot[f;F Kothd xU ,J vd;nwh "hdpfshy; myrp

mqf;fs; gw;wp itnrrpf rpj;jhe;jk; KGf;f me;j VLfs; ,d;W ,y;iy. fhyj;jhy; mHpe;J

cz;ikiaf;

gpug";rk;

my;yJ

cyfj;jpd;

bjhlf;fj;jpid mwpa Kaw;rpj;jhy; Kjypy; Koit ehk; bjhpe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. Muk;gkhFk;. Kot[ v';nfnah m';nfjhd; bjhlf;fKk; btl;l btspapypUe;J xU E}y;

v';nfh

bjh';Fkhdhy; mjd; Koitg;gpoj;Jf; bfhz;L Vwpdhy; mjd;

36

bjhlf;fj;ij mwpayhk;. mJnghy gpug";rj;jpw;F mHptpida[k;/ Muk;gj;ija[k; mwpa \d;W epiyahd mst[ nfhiyf;

fz;lhh;fs;. xU t!;Jt[f;F mHpt[ vd;gJ gFjpfshfg; gphpj;jy;. ,jw;F nky; gphpf;f Koahj epiytiu brd;W mHpj;Jf; Koa[k;.

bfhz;nlnghdhy;

Kotpy;

mqf;fspy;

,t;tqf;fs;jhd; cyfpd; xLf;fk;. cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.

,tw;wpypUe;Jjhd; cyfk;

g[yd;fis btd;W jd;Dila Th;ikahd Mw;wyhy; gphpf;f Koahj gukqtpy; ,Ue;J mz;l nguz;l';fs; njhd;wpaij mjd; mqj;jpwid Ma;e;jth;fs; mwpe;jth;fs;. fjputd;

xypapy; kpd;Dfpd;wd vd;why; mjw;F vd;d fhuzk;/ thdtpy; Fsph;e;J mHfhf fhl;rp jUfpwJ vd;why; vd;d fhuzk;/ Muha;e;jdh;. vd;W

mjd; tpist[ rpd;d";rpW Jfs;fs; ,Ue;jhf xU bghUis Jz;oj;Jf; bfhz;nl

ntz;Lk; vd;W fz;ldh;.

brd;why; filrpapy; mjd; epiy gw;wp rpj;jh;fs; Ma;e;jdh;. mqtpy; mqtpid Mjpgpuhid mqtpy; mqtpid Mapuk; Twpl;L mqtpy; mqtpid mqf ty;yhh;f;F mqtpy; mqtpid mqfYkhnk - jpU\yh; mqitj; Jisj;J VH;fliy g[fl;o -xsitahh;

nkw;fz;l

ghly;

\yk;

rpj;jh;fs;

mqitg;

gw;wp

vd;nwh

Twpa[s;sij mwpayhk;. mqbfhs;iffis ntj fhyj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;j mE g{jpkhd;fs;/ rhd;nwhh;fs; fp.K.500

Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng Twpa[s;sdh;.

,tw;iwbay;yhk; ekJ

37

Mfk

E}y;fspy;

fhzyhk;. gpug";rj;jpd;

jkpHwp"h;fs; \iy

rpj;jh;fspd;

Ma;t[j;jpwdhdJ myrp

KLf;Ffisbay;yhk; jdJ ff;fj;jpy;

Ma;t[f;fskhf;fp

mjida[k;

RUl;o

itj;Js;sdu;. rpj;jh;fs; mth;fisg; ghuhl;l ekf;F ehtpy;iy.

xspa[k; btg;gKk;
fz;qf;F ,y;yhjd. vl;lhj Jfs;fs; cU gz;g[ Kjypa ,ay;g[fs; ,j;Jfs;fs; Mw;wiy nkw;bfhz;L jd; khj;jpiufs; gy jd;khj;jpiufs; xd;WTo ,e;j btg;gKk; jd;khj;jpiufs; njhd;Wfpd;wd.

vd;Dk; Jfs;fshf khWfpd;wd. xU gukhqthfj; jpus;fpd;wd. xspa[k;/

tpiutha;j;

Jog;gjhy;

bghUs;fspy; tpisa[k; ,uhrhad tpist[fisa[k; rpj;jh;fs; jd; bfhs;ifapy; tpsf;fpa[s;sdh;. ,Uf;fpy; ,Uf;fk; vz;zpyh nfho ,Uf;fpd;w \yj;Js; m';nf ,Uf;Fk; mUf;fDk; nrhkDk; Muoy; tPr cUf;fpa nuhkk; xsp tpLe;jhnd - jpUke;jpuk; 21 nkw;fz;l ghl;od; bghUs; nfhof;fzf;fhd mqf;fspy; mjd; \yj;Js;ns ,Uf;fpd;w xspa[k;/ btg;gKk;/ mHy;f is mz;lk;

tPRfpd;wd vd;W TWtijf; fhzyhk;.

xspa[k;/ btg;gKk;

mqj;jd;ik bfhz;lit vd;W rpj;jh;fs; Twpdhh;. vd;whny Kl;il totk; vd;gJ bghUs;.

vg;go g{kpahdJ

jd;dpiy RHw;rpahy; tl;l totk; bgw;Ws;snjh/ mnjnghy g{kpapy; gpwf;Fk; tpij midj;Jk; tl;l totKld; tl;l totk;/ njhw;wk; gwit

cz;lhfpwJ/

Kisf;Fk;nghJ

Kl;il tl;l totk;/ g{kpapy; tpGk; kiHj;Jsp tl;l totk;/

38

nahdpapy; fU tl;l totk;/ ,g;goahf njhw;wk; cz;lhtijf; fhzyhk;. ,g;goahf mz;lj;jpy; cs;s nfhlhd nfho nfhs;fs; mj;jida[k; tl;l totkhfnt tps';Ffpd;wd. ,tw;wpd;

,ay;g[fs; mjdjd; kpd;fhe;j <h;g;g[ miyfSf;nfw;g cz;lhd vGr;rpapd; ntWghLfshy; fzf;fpl Koahj nfhof; fzf;fhd ntWghLfis gpwpJkhf bghUshft[k; fyitfs; bfhz;Ls;sJ. fye;J/ ,itfs; jk;nkhL jhKk;/

mqf;fshft[k;/ ,g;gog;gl;l $Ptuhrpfs;/

mqj;jpushft[k;/ mqj;jpus;fspd; gpug";rk;

Mfpd;wd.

bfhz;lJjhd;

mz;lk;/

midj:Jk; MFk;.

rpj;jh;fs;

j';fspd; nahf ty;yikahy; cyfpd; gilg;g[f;Fk;/ mHptpw;Fk; cz;lhd fhuz fhhpa';fis fz;L

fhj;jYf;Fk]/

bjspe;J fhuz fhhpa';fs; vy;yhk; mqthf cs;sJ vd;W Twpdhh;fs;. cyf';fspSk;/ mqf;fs; vy;yh vy;yh caph;fspSk;/ bghUs;fspYk; vy;yh epiwe;j

cyfpaw;

,Uf;fpwgoahy; v';Fk; mqf;fs; jhd; epiwe;J cs;sd vd;W fz;ldu;.

g";rg{jKk; mjd; jj;JtKk;

gukhqtpdhy; $Ptuhrpfs; g";rg{jk; cz;lhdJ. $Ptuhrpfns mjd; g";rg{j fyg;ghy; fyg;gpd; cz;lhapw;W.

Mw;wiyf; bfhz;ljhFk;. me;jg; g";rg{j Mw;wy; vg;go kdpj rhPuj;jpy; $Ptdplk; bray;gLfpwJ mDgtKk; vd;gijg; rpe;jida[k; ghh;g;nghk;. To mwpt[g; kdpjdhd bgUf;fk;

Vw;gl;L jd; fhuz epiyeho Muha[k; nghJ guepiy eho Muha[k;nghJ me;epiy czh;e;j kdpjdhy; jj;Jt tpsf;fk;

39

Vw;gl;lJ. ,t;t[yfnk Ik;bgUk; g{j mqf;fshy; MdJ. ,e;j Ik;g{j mqf;fspy; cs;s xt;bthU mqtpY[k; 96 jj;Jt';fs; mike;Js;sd. bray;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Kjy; 96 jj;Jt';fns 30/ kdpj rhPuj;jpy; 30/

jj;Jtk;

,uz;lhk;

jj;Jtk;

\d;whk; jj;Jtk; 36. Mf 96.

1.

Kjy; jj;Jtk;

g{jk; 5/ bghwp 5/ g[yd] 5/ fd;nke;jphpak] 5/ fd;ktprak; 5/ fuzk] 4/ mwpt[ 1/ Mf 30.

g{jk;

gpUjptp - kz;/ mg;g[ - ePh;/ nja[ -mf;dp/ tha[ - fhw;W/ Mfhak; - btsp.

bghwp

brtp/ njhy;/ fz;/ ehf;F/ \f;F

g[yd;

rj;jk; nfl;fg;gLtJ (brtpf;F caph;f;TW)

40

!;ghprk; bjhL czh;t[ mwptJ (clk;g[f;F capu;f;TW)

cUtk; fhz;gJ (fz;qf;F caph;TW)

,urk; mWRit mwptJ (ehf;Ff;F caph;f;TW)

fe;jk; thrid mwpt[ (\f;Ff;F caphf;;TW)

fd;nke;jphpak; tha;/ if/ fhy;/ mghdk;/ Fwp

fd;k tprak; ngRjy; - thf;Ff;F caph;f;TW elj;jy; - fhYf;F caph;f;TW

bfhLj;jy; th';fy] iff;F caph;f;TW

tpLjy; - vUtha; caph;f;TW

41

kfpH;jy; - Fwpf;F caph;f;TW

fuzk; kdk; - xd;iw ,izg;gJ

g[j;jp - mjid tprhhpg;gJ

mf';fhuk] - mjidf; bfhz;L nky; vGk;g[tJ

rpj;jk; - mjidr; bra;J Kog;gJ

mwpt[ jd;idf; fz;L kfpH;e;jpUj;jy;

2.

,uz;lhk; jj;Jtk; - eho 10/ Mf 30.

tha[ 10/ ra';fs; 5/ nfhrk; 5/

tha[ 10 - gpuhzd;/ mghdd;/ tpahdd;/ cjhdd;/ rkhdd;/ ehfd;/ Th;kd;/ fphpfud;/ njtjj;jd;/ jd";brad;.

1. gpuhzd; - g[Ut kj;jpapy; njhd;wp rpj;j pu ehoapy; g[Fe;J \yhjhuj;ij mile;J/ bjhg;g[s;/ gpd; \f;Fj; jhdj;jpy; Kl;o ,lfiy/ gpd;fiyfspy; Xo fghyj;ijr; Rw;wp/

\f;F Jthuj;jpy; btsptUk;. Rthrk; 12 m';Fyk; ePz;L btspte;J 4 m';Fyk; fHpe;j 8 m';Fyk; cs;ns brd;W kPz;Lk; g[wg;gl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J Rthrk; Jt';FfpwJ.

,g;gor; bray;gLk; Rthrk; ehHpif (24 epkprk;) xd;Wf;F

42

360 Rthrk; ,ut[ gfy; 60 ehHpiff;F 21/600 Rthrk; kdpj clypy; bray;gLfpwJ.
(24 epkprk; bfhz;lJ - 1 ehHpif)

,e;j Rthrk; 21/600-f;F tpguk; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. \yhjhuj;jpy; Rthrk; - 600 Rthjpl;lhdj;jpy; Rthrk; - 6000 kzpg{ufj;jpy; Rthrk; - 6000 mdhjfj;jpy; Rthrk; - 6000 tpRj;jpapy; Rthrk; - 1000 Mf;fpidapy; Rthrk; - 1000 rf!;;uhfhuj;jpy;; Rthrk; - 1000

ehs; xd;Wf;F 21/600 Rthrk; ,a';fp ,jpy; 7/200 Rthrk; fHd;W 14/400 Rthrk; cs;ns brd;W kdpj cliy

brayhf;fg; gLj;JfpwJ.

2. mghdd; Fjj;ija[k;/ fHpg;gJ. Fa;aj;ija[k; gw;wp epd;W kyryhjpfis

3. tpahdd; njhypny epd;W ghpr';fis mwptpg;gJ.

4. cjhdd; grpia cz;lhf;fp cz;l czit cztpd; rf;jpia

mjhtJ rhuj;ij 72/000 eho euk;g[fspy; brYj;jp rhPuj;ij tsh;g;gJ.

43

5. rkhdd; vy;yh tha[ita[k; VWjy;/ ,w';Fjy; ,y;yhky; bfhz;L ,a';FtJ. rkdhff;

6. ehfd; tpf;fYk;/ ff;fYk; cz;lhf;FtJ.

7. Th;kd; fz;zpny epd;W ,ikg;gJ.

8. fphpfud; g[Utkj;jpiag; gw;wp epd;W Jk;ky;/ mGtpj;jy; bra;tJ.

9. njtjj;jd; tpHpj;jpUf;Fk; nghJ XLtpj;jYk; cyht[jYk;/ a[j;jk;

gz;qtpj;jy; bra;tJ.

10. jd";brad; gpuhzd; clk;ig tpl:Lg;nghdYk; jhd; gphpahky; epd;W clk;ig ,a';fr; bra;J tphptpj;jYk; bra;J \d;W

ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF fghyj;ijg; gpse;J Xog;nghtJ. ra';fs;; mkh;thrak;/ Rf;fpy thrak;. gfph;thrak;/ rythrak;/ kythrak;/

1. 2.

mkh;thrak; - cz;l czt[ rhuk; mkUkplk; gfph;thrak; - md;d rhuk; gfph;e;J bfhLf;Fkplk;

44

3. 4. 5.

rythrak; - ePh; ,w';Fk; ,lk; kythrak; - kyf;FHp ,w';Fk; ,lk; Rf;fpy thrak; - Rf;fpyk;; gphpa[k; ,lk;

nfhrk; md;dka nfhrk;/ gpuhzka nfhrk;/ kndhka nfhrk;/ tp";"hdka nfhrk;/ Mde;jka nfhrk;.

1.

md;dka nfhrk; Jynjfkhfpa clk;g[

2.

gpuhzka nfhrk; gpuhzDk; fd;nke;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ

3.

kndhka nfhrk; kdKk; "hnde;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ

4.

tp";"hdka nfhrk; g[j;jpa[k; "hnde;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ

5.

Mde;jka nfhrk; gpuhztha[k; RGj;jpa[k; To epw;gJ

3.

\d;whk; jj;Jtk; Mjhuk; 6/ kz;lyk; 3/ kyk; 3/ njhrk; 3/ Vlid 3/ Fzk; 3/ ,uf;fk; 8/ tpid 2/ mt!;ij 5. Mf 36.

45

Mjhuk; \yhjhuk;/ Rthjpl;lhdk; kzpg{ufk;/ mdhfjk;/ tpRj;jp/ Mf;i".

1.

\yhjhuk; ,Uf;Fkplk; vUtha.; ehw;rJuj;Jf;Fs;ns ehspjH; Kf;nfhz totkhf ,Uf;Fk;. vGj;J X';fhuk]. epwk; khzpf;f epwk;. njtij fzgjp.

2.

Rthjpl;lhdk; ,Uf;Fkplk; tpuw;fil vUtha;f;Fk; mst[k; nkny ,uz;L fPnHa[k].

bjhg;g[Sf;Ff;

ehw;nfhzk;. MW ,jH; vGj;J. e fhuk;. brk;bghd; epwk;. njtij gpuk;kh.

3.

kzpg{ufk; ,Uf;Fkplk; bjhg;g[H; gpiwnfhzkhdJ. ,jd;

eLnt epw;Fk; vGj;J kh fhuk;. gj;J ,jH;. kufj epwk;. njtij tp#;q.

4.

mdhfjk; ,Uf;Fkplk; ,Ujak;. Kf;nfhzkhdJ. ,jd; eLnt ,Uf;Fk; vGj;J rp fhuk;. gd;dpuz;L ,jH;. !;gof epwk;. njtij cUj;jpud;.

46

5.

tpRj;jp ,Uf;Fkplk;; fz;lk; (fGj;J). mWnfhzk;. 16

,jH;. nfhnkjf epwk;. vGj;J t fhuk;. njtij knfRtud;.

6.

Mf;i" ,Uf;Fkplk; g[Ut kj;jp. tl;lkhapUg;gJ. 3 ,jH;. !;gof epwk;. vGj;J a fhuk;.

nkw;fz;l tpguj;jpd; \yk; Mjhuk; Mwpnya[k; MW vGj;J Xk; ekr;rptha/ MW Mjhuk; MWtPlhft[k;/ ,jH;fisf; Tl;odhy; 51 ml;ruk; vd;gJk;

fz;Lbfhs;s ntz;Lk;.

kz;lyk; - mf;dp kz;lyk;/ Mjpj;j kz;lyk;/ re;jpu kz;lyk]. ; 1. mf;dp kz;lyk; ,J \yhjhuk; MFk;

2.

Mjpj;j kz;lyk; ,Uja !;jhdk; MFk;

3.re;jpu kz;lyk; rf!;uhfhu jskhFk;.

kyk; Mztk;/ fhkpak;/ khia

47

1.

Mztk; clk;ig ehd; vd;W ,Ug;gJ.

2.

fhkpak; fz;ltw;wpy; kdk; Mirg;gLtJ.

3.

khia jdf;F tUtij mwpahky; ,Ug;gJ.

njhrk; thjk;/ gpj;jk;/ rpnyhj;jkk;

1.

thjk; tha[tpd; bray; tpist[

2.

gpj;jk; mf;fpdpapd; tpist[

3.

rpnyhj;jkk; fgj;jpd; tpist[

Vlid mh;j;j Vlid/ 1. g[j;jpu Vlid/ cyf Vlid

mh;j;j Vlid jputpaj;ij njo Mirg;gly;

2.

g[j;jpu Vlid g[j;jpu njo Mirg;gly;

48

3.

cyf Vlid cyf tpra';fs; njo Mirg;gly;

Fzk; ,uhl;rrk;/ jhkrk;/ rhj;tPfk;

1.

,uhl;rrk; mf';fhukha; btl;lt[k;/ Fj;jt[k;/

mof;ft[khapUg;gJ

2.

jhkrk; ke;j g[j;jp/ cd;kj;jkha;/ kj;jpakha; ,Ug;gJ.

3.

rhj;tPfk; mlf;fk;/ md;g[/ tpntfk;/ Ik;bghwp Mf;fy; mUs;/ tha;ik "hdk;/ jtk;/ bghiw/ nkd;ik/

Kjypa tw;iwa[ilajha; ehl;l';

bfhz;oUg;gJ.

,uhfk; fhkk;/ 1. Fnuhjk;/ cnyhgk;/ nkhfk;/ kjk;/

khr;rhpak;/ ,Lk;ig/ mf';fhuk; fhkk; Mir

2.

Fnuhjk; gpzf;F

49

3.

cnyhgk; gpoghL

4.

nkhfk; gphpak;

5.

kjk; fh;tk;

6.

khr;rhpak; cjl;oy; itg;gJ cwt[k;/ cs;sj;jpy; gifa[k;

7.

,Lk;ig cjhrPdk;

8.

mf';fhuk; nfhgpj;jy;

tpid ey;tpid/ jPtpid 1. ey;tpid g[z;zpak; bra;jy;

2.

jPtpid ghtk; bra;jy;

50

mtj;ij rhf;fpuk;/ JhpahjPjk; brhg;gdk;/ RGj;jp/ Jhpak;/

1.

rhf;fpuk; yyhlj;jhdk; (g[Utkj;jp)

2.

brhg;gdk; fz;l!;jhdk;

3.

RGj;jp ,Uja !;jhdk;

4.

Jhpak; ehgp (bjhg;g[H;)

5.

JhpahjPjk; Fwpaplk;

Kg;gJ Kg;gJ Kg;gj;jWtU"; brg;g[ kjpYilf; nfhapYs; thH;gth; brg;g[ kjpYilf; nfhapy; rpije;j gpd; byhg;gpytd; tUnkhl;blLj;jhnu.

96 jj;Jt';fSk; ek;Kila rhPuj;jpd; vg;go bray;gLfpd;wd vd;W ghh;j;njhk;. ,jpy; Md;kj;Jtk; vd;gJ 24. Mitahtd

51

g{j';fs; - 5/ jd;khj;jpiufs; - 5/ "hnde;jphpa';fs; - 5/ fd;nke;jphpak] - 5/ me;jf;fhuzk; - 4/

Mfpa ,e;j 24k; Md;kht[f;F J}a tothf ,Ue;J nenu bjhlh;g[ bfhz;L tps';Ftjhy; Md;k jj;Jtk; vdg;gl;lJ.

nkw;fz;l

Md;kjj;Jtj;jpd;

tpsf;fj;ij

vth;

mwpthnuh

mtnu ,t;t[yfj;jpy; thHj;bjhpe;jtu;; Mthu;. Rit/ xsp/ CW/ Xir/ ehw;wk; vDk; ,t;ite;jpd;; tif bjhpthd; fl;nl cyF

vd;w ts;Sth; tha;ik bghHpapd; \yk; fhzyhk;.

g";rg{j';fs;
gukhqf;fspd; kz;lyk; Kjy; gy;ntWgl;l ,af;f epfH;r;rpfns nghpaf;f mtw;wpd; nkhjpf; mjd; Kjy; jdpepiy tpz; vdg;gLk;. epfH;r;rpna fhw;W vdg;gLk; mit

bfhj;J

bfhs;tjhy; ePuftha[/ ,t;ite;J Mdgoahy;

Vw;gLk;

btg;g vDk;

epfH;r;rpna

beUg;g[ fhw;W Ie;J

vdg;gLk;. Fwpg;gpl;l gphpt[fs; vd;fpnwhk;.

gpuhztha[/

,Utifahd bgsjPfk;/ g";rg{j';fs;

mstpy; nrUk;nghJ ePh; MfpwJ. epiyfSk; Ie;J

ePhpd; ,Ufpa epiyna kz;/

mtw;iw

Ie;JbghUl;fSk; Mf;Fk; fl;lj;jpy; jP g{kpia czlhf;FfpwJ (vhpkiyf;FHk;g[). vhpkiyf;FHk;g[ rhk;gy; g{rp cnyhfj;ij

cz;lhf;FfpwJ (jhJg;bghUl;fs;). cnyhfk; ePiu cz;lhf;FfpwJ (Fsph;e;j ePh; cs;s lk;shpd; btspapy; ePh; Kj;Jf;fs);/ ePh; fhw;iw

52

czlhf;fp ku';fisg; bgUf;Ffpd;wJ. gukhqtpd; gyfl;lf; bfhj;J epfH;r;rpfis CW/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk; vd;w xt;bthU vGr;rpa[k; tpisaj;jf;f gphpt[fshfg; gphpj;J vGr;rp/ fth;r;rpahf cs;s mGj;j ,af;ff;fl;lj;ij tpz; vd;Wk;/ xyp vGr;rpbgwk; ,af;fj;ij fhw;W vd;Wk;/ xsp vGr;rpbgWk; ,af;fj;ij beUg;g[ vd;Wk; Rit vGr;rp bgWk; ,af;fj;ij ePh;; vd;Wk; kzk; vGr;rp bgWk; ,af;fj;ij kz; vd;Wk; TWfpnwhk;. tp";"hdpfs; TWk; 103 tifahd elements fSk; ,t;ite;J ghpt[fspy; ml';fpa[s;sd. kz;zpd; ,Wf;fj;jhy; gyntW cnyhf';fs; tpisfpd;wd

vd;whYk; mitbay;yhk; g";rg{j';fs; vd;fpnwhk;.

g";r g{j';fspd; bray;ghLfs;

g";r g{j';fSk; xU epfH;r;rp kz;lyj;jpy; mJ rpwpjhdhYk; bghpjhdhYk; ve;j tpfpjj;jpy; fye;Js;sdnth/ mjw;nfw;g

,af;f ntfj;jpYk;/ tpist[fspYk; ntWghL cz;lhFk;. fhw;wpy; tpz;qk;/ btg;gj;jpy; fhw;Wk;/ tpz;qk; ePhpy; btg;gk;/ fhw;W/ tpz;/ ,ita[k;/ kz;zpy; ePh; btg;gk; fhw;W tpz; Mfpa ehd;Fk; mlf;fk;. jd;dstpy; ,g;go fye;J ,a';Ffpd;wd. jdpj;jdpna ,a';Fk;nghJ xt;bthU g{jKk; xU jd;iknahLk;

kw;bwhd;wpy; ,a';Fk;nghJ me;j ,af;f kz;lyj;jpy; mike;j g";rg{jf;Tl;L/ mjd; fhyk;/ J}uk; gUkd;/ ntfk;/ ,itfl;F Vw;g btt;ntwhd rpwg;g[j;jd;iknahLk; ,a';Fk;. ,jdhy;

xt;bthU epfH;r;rpa[k; ntW ntwhd jd;iknahL gynfhlhd nfhoj; njhw;w';fshf cUthfpd;wJ. tpz;zpd; jd;epiy ,af;fk; bfhs;sy; rf;jp MfpwJ. rf;jpahfpd;wJ. mJ fhw;wpy; ,a';Fk;nghJ xypf;Fk; ePhpy;

mJ btg;gj;jpy; xsptpLk; rf;jpahfpwJ.

mJnt Ritahfp kz;zpy; thridahfpwJ. mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/

53

Rit/ kzk; vd;w ,af;fj;jd;ikfs; xd;nwhL xd;wpize;J xU kz;ly epfH;r;rpapy; Kiwahf ,a';Fk;nghJ me;j kz;lyj;jpy; fhe;jk;/ kpd;rhuk;/ btg;gk;/ fhw;W Mfpa ehy;tifahd RHy;fs; Kiwahf mjdjd; ntfj;jpy; mjdjd; ghijapy; RHd;W nkny brhy;yg;gl;l mGj;jk; Kjyhd Itif ,af;f';fspYk;

g';FbgWfpd;wd.

,e;j Itif ,af;f mjph;t[ miyfs; Kiwahfj; bjhlh;e;J eilbgWkhdhy; ,ize;J me;j mjd; tpisthf tpj;Jf;TWfs; vd;w mwpt[ tpise;J ,af;fk; vd;w

kz;lyj;jpy; me;j

czh;r;rp kz;lyk;

cUthfpd;wd.

mg;nghJ

rpwg;gpaf;fj;jpw;F mog;gilahd tpj;J Mfpd;wJ. ,e;j tpj;Jf; nfhs';fs;jhd; vy;yhtifahd caphpd';fSf;Fk;

mog;gilahd rpw;wiufs; MFk;. ,j;jifa tpj]Jf; nfhs';fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; bgUfpf;To bfhj;jhf mike;J ,a';fp

bfhs;sy;/ js;sy;/ czh;jy;/ tpj;jpLjy;/ vd;w rpwg;gpaf;f';fisg; bgWk;nghj mj;bjhFg;g[ ,af;fnk $Ptd; vdg;gLk;.

,e;j tpsf;fj;jhy; gukhq vd;w xnu rf;jp xUg[wk; fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk;/ ,itahfp J}yf; fhl;rpfhst[k;/ ,tw;wpDnl mnj gukhqtpd; vGr;rp fth;r;rp vd;w ,af;fr; rpwg;ng klf;F epfHr;rpfshfp xyp/ xsp/ Rit kzk;/ mwpt[/ vd;Wk; Nl;rk ,af;f';fshft[k; $Ptfhe;jkhft[k; kpsh;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa

Nf;Fk epfH;r;rpfspy; mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk;/ Mfpa caph; vdg;gLk; czh;jy; vd;w epfH;r;rpna mwpt[ vdg;gLk;. caph;; ,af;fj;jpd; tpisthd xU rpwg;g[ epiyna mwpt[ MFk;. caph; vd;gJ gukhq. ,jd; ,af;f ntWghLfs; vz;zpwe;jd

vd;gjhYk; RUf;fkhf \d;W gphpt[fspy; bjhpe;J bfhs;syhk;.

54

nghpaf;f kz;lyk; KGtJk; tpz; vd;w caph;j;Jfs; epiwe;j bgU';fskhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,e;epiyapy; ,J gpug";r caph;;.

,Jnt kfhfhrk; (kfh +Mfhrk;) tpz;. jpul;rp epiyfshd fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk; Mfpa ehd;F g{j';fspYk; cs; epiw

Mw;wyhf mike;J xyp/ xsp/ Rit kzk; vd]w tpist[fshf kyh;e;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; ,af;f (g{jk;+ Mfhrk;) vdg;gLk]. epfH;r;rpfspy; ,Jnt g{jhfhrk;

tpj:J vd;w mog;gil mikg;igf; bfhz;L mq mLf;Fshy; mike;j clypy; ,nj ,e;j MFk;. tpz; czh;r;rp vd;w rpwg;ghw;wyhf rpjhfhrk; vd;w kpsph;fpd;wJ. (rpj;jk;+Mfhrk;) epiynahL/ epiyapy; ,Jjhd; mnj $Ptd;. tpz;

rpjhfhrk; neh;

g{jhfhrKk;/ xt;bthU

kfhfhrKk;/ $PtDk;

bjhlh;g[ KGika[k;

bfhz;oUj;jyhy;

gpu";rk;

jd;ndhL ,izj;Jf;; bfhz;nl ,a';Ffpd;wJ.

jd;khj;jpiufs]
nkw;fz;l g{j';fspd; Ie;jpd; Nl;Rk vd;gJ Fz';fns cUgz;g[ jd;khj;jpiufshFk;. jd;khj;jpiufs;

,y;yhjit. mqf;fs; xd;W To jd;khj;jpiu Mfpd;wd. jd; khj;jpiufspypUe;nj g{j';fs; njhd;Wfpd;wd vd;W Vw;fdnt goj;njhk;. ,nj g";rg{j';fs; gpwg;g[f;Ff; fhuzk; jd;khj;jpiufs;. g";rg{j';fspd; bjhHpw;gLtjw;Fj; bjhlh;ghy; Jiz jd;khj;jpiufs;jhd; Efh;r;rpapy;

,e;jphpa';fis

bra;tdtha[k; cs;sd.

jd;khj;jpiu vd;whYk; Nf;Fk g{jk;

vd;whYk; bghUs; xd;nw. ,itfs; g";r,e;jphpa ,af;f';fSf;F Mw;wiyf; bfhLj;J bray;glitf;Fk jpwd; bfhz;lit.

55

"hnde;jphpa';fshd bka;/ tha;/ fz;/ \f;F/ brtp ,t;tidj;Jk; g";rg{j';fspd; bjhlhghy; mjdjd; czh;r;rpfis

czuitg;gJk; fz;nke;jphpa';fshd; tha;/ if/ fhy;/ ,Ltha;/ Fwp/ ,itfs; mjdjd; ntiyfisr; bra;aitg;gJ[k; ,e;j

jd;khj;jpiufs; jhd;. ,e;j mog;gilapy; bjhlh;e;J rpe;jpj;jhy; mqf;fs; ,ize;J tpz;/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh; epyk; vd;w Ie;J gphpt[fSk; mtw;wpypUe;J mGj;jk;/ xyp xsp Rit kzk;/ mwpt[ vd;w MWtifahd epfH;r;rpfSk; eilbgWfpd;wd vd;gJ

bjhpa[k;.

bka;epiyahfpa gubtspa[k; capu;; epiyahfpa gukhqf;fSk; xU vy;iyf;Fs; mika[k; mstpd; tpfpjhrhuj;jpw;F Vw;g m';F eilbgWk; ,af;fk; gy;ntW epiyfis milfpd;wJ. mj;jifa ntWghLfs; jhd; Fwpg;ghf mwptpdhy; czug;bgWk; Kf;fpa gphpt[fshfpa tpz;/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ jz;zPh; epyk;/ vd;gdthFk;. ,t;ite;J gphpt[fspy; xU epiynahL kw;w epiyia ve;j

mstpy; To ,ize;J ,a';Ffpd;wnjh mjw;F Vw;g mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk;/ mwpt[/ vd;w MWtifahd epfHr;rpfSk; mtw;wpd; xt;bthU gphptpYk; gytpj Vw;w jhH;t[ epiyfSk; cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. ,g;go xt;bthU ,af;fj;jpYk; jd;dpaf;fk;/ bjhlhpaf;fk;/ gpujpgypg;g[ ,af;fk;/ juk;/ khw;wk; Vw;gl;L xd;W gythf ,a';Fk; epfHr;rpfshfpd;wd. ,e;j Kiwapny ,a';Fk; bjhlh; epfHr;rpfs; mqthfp/ mqf;fs; To fhw;whfp/ btg;gkhfp/ ePuhfp mz;lbtspapny ,Uf;fpd;wd. jd;idj;jhnd mjd; RHd;W Rw;wp kpje;J Fiwe;j

bfhz;L

kj;jpapy;;

tpiut[

mqf;fs; beUf;f Kw;W fdw;FHk;ghfp nky;nehf;fp ePh;tuk;gpw;F nky; te;J bfl;oahd ghpzhknk epykhFk;. nkYk; g{kpapd; eLikaj;jpy; Vw;gLk; mqf;fs; mGj;jj;jhy; btg;gk;

56

mjpfkhfp

mjd;

tpisthf

cnyhf';fs;/

,uj;jpd';fs;

,urhad';fshft[k; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd. nkYk; nkYk; tpise;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. Kiwahfj; jhdhf cz;lhFk; mq

mLf;Fg;bgw;w xU ,af;f kz;lyj;jpy; fhe;jk;/ kpd;rhuk; fhw;W/ ePh;/ Mfpa ehy;tifr; RHy;fSk; Vw;gl;L bfhs;sy;/ js;sy; vd;w ,af;f epfH;r;rpfs; Kiwahf eilbgWk;nghJ mJ tpj;jhfpd;wJ. nkYk; mt;tpj;jhdJ Mw;wyhy; vGr;rp bgw;W ,a';fp jhtu ,dkhfpa Xuwpt[ $PtdhfpaJ. mjpypUe;j <uwpt[ ,dkhd g[G njhd;wp/ mijj; bjhlh;e;J \twpt[/ ehywpt[/ Iawpt[g; gpuhzpfs;/ Mwwpt[s;s kdpj ,dKk; njhd;wpa[s;sd. ,t;thW gunk

mqbtd;w capuhfp mJnt jd;dGj;j ,af;fj;jhy; clyhfp clYs; ,a';Fk; caph;rrf;jpahfp mr;rf;;jpna xypahfp/ xspahfp/ Ritahfp kzkhfp/ czUk; jpwDkhfp/ caph;fs; vd;w ghpzhk rpwg;ig bgw;wJ. ,j;jifa ghpzhkj; bjhlUk; ,af;f';fSk; g";rg{jk;

,ize;j xU nghpaf;f kz;lyk;jhd; gpug";rk; vd;wiHf;fg; gLfpd;wJ.

gpug";r ghpzhkk;;
gpug";r ghpzhkk; xU tisaj;ijg; nghd;wJ. ,J guj;jpny bjhl';fp mq/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk; Xh; mwpt[ $Ptd; Kjy; Iawpt[ $Ptd; tiua[s;s czh;r;rp epiy cUtkhd kdpjdhfpwJ. kdpjnd jd; ,ay;iga[k;/ epiyia[k; czh;e;jnghJ jhd; njtd; vd;W filrpapny kPz;Lk; guj;jpny Kot[ bgWfpwJ. g";rg{j braw;ifahd vd;Dk; tpz;/ njhw;wkhff; gy fhqk; epfHr;rpfspy; CLUtp xo gupzhkk; ,a';Fk;

fl;l';fspYk;

jd;ikf;Fk;/ Kiwf;Fk; tpiutpw;Fk; Vw;g mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk; czh;r;rpfs; vd;w MWtifahd bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs;

57

cz;lhfpd;wd. vdnt gupzhknk caph;; vd kjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. flypny njhd;Wk; miyfs; flypny ml';FtJ nghyt[k;/ ePhpd; mirit miybad kjpf;fg;bgWtJ nghyt[k; gpug";rk; jdJ ,af;ff; fl;l';fSf;nfwgg gy;ntW mstpYk; tYtpYk; Vw;w jhH;t[fis ,Uf;fpdwd. bfhz;l ,af;f'fshft[k; fhl;rpfshft[k; vdnt ehk;

,it mwpthy; czug; gLfpd;wd.

fhqk; ve;jj; njhw;wKk; bghUs; epiyapy; guknkahk.; guj;ij jtph;j;J ntW bghUs;jhd; VJ. fhqk; njhw;wKk; fhz;gtDk; ,af;f epiyfspy; xg;gpl;L czUk; fUj;Jf;F ntW ntwhf tpsf;fk;;bgw;w nghJk/ MH;e;J Muha;e;j tpsf;fj;jpy; bghUs; epiyahfpa guKk]/ mjd; epiyahfpa fhl;rpa[k;/ epfH;r;rpapd; epHr;rpahfpg; guj;jpny Koe;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; mwpt[k; \d;Wk; xd;whfnt ,Uf;Fk; ngUz;ik mf;fhl;rpahFk;. gunk

mqthfp me;j mq ,af;fj; bjhlh; tpisthf mJnt gy fl;lf; fhl;rpfshfp/ vd gyg;gy Kd;dnk ntWghLfisg; mwpe;njhk;. mJnt bgw;W J}y

tps';Ffpd;wd

mikg;gpy; capuhft[k;/ czh;r;rp epiyapy; fhyk;/ J}uk;/ gUkd;/ ntfk; vd;w vy;iyfspy; fzpjj;jpw;F fle;j fl;Lg;gl;l czh;tpy/ ,e;j ,d;g ehd;F

Jd;gkhft[k;/ msitfisf; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

cl;gl;l

gythft[k;

nghJ

vy;yhk;

xd;Wgl;l

gukhft[k;

gunk ehdhft[k; cs;sJ. ehd; vd;gJ jdpna ,y;iy. guj;ijj; jtph;j;J ,Ug;gJ ntW xd;Wnk ,y;iy. ,af;f epfH;r;rpfs; gukhft[k;/

midj;jpw;Fk; bghUshft[k;/ mtw;wpw;F Kjy; \y rf;jpahft[k; guk;bghUs; xd;nw. Mjpepiyapy;

mqepiyapy; capuhft[k;/ mqf;fs; ,ize;j bfhj;J ,af;f epfH;r;rpapy; cUt';fshft[k;/ fhl;rpfshft[k;/ ,af;f';fshft[k;/

58

,Uf;fpd;w

me;j

xU

bghUs

jhd;

ehd;

vd;w

brhy;ypd; mGj;jkhf J}a cly;.

cz;ikf;fUj;J mqf;fs; mjD}nl Nf;Fkhfr; J}yj;jpD}nl

vd;gJ

bjspthf xU

tps';Fk;. epfH;r;rpna tpiut[

,ize;J mGj;jk; RHd;W

,a';Fk; Fiwe;J ,a';Fk; RHd;W

Mdhy; mqj;

mjpfkhfp caph;. nkhjy;

bjhlhpaf;fnk Vw;gLk;

caph;rf;jp

tUk;nghJ

epfHr;rpapypUe;J xyp/ xsp/ Rit kdk;/ czh;jy;/ vd;Wk; bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs; tpisfpd;wd. clYk; mqf;fshy;MdJ capUk;

mqf;fshy; MdJ. Mdhy; mqf;fspd; \ynkh guk; Mfnt clyhf capuhf czh;thf mtw;wpd; Kotpy; gukhf ,Ug;gtd; vtndh mtnd ehd].

ehd; vdg;gLgtnd mtd;. vdg;gLtd; bja;tk; vdg;gLfpwhd;/ Mjpbadg;gLfpwhd;/ gpuk;kk; vdg;gLfpwhd;/ mtidj; jtpu;j;J jdpna xU epfH;r;rpa[k; ,y;iy mtnd ehd; ehnd mtd; vd;W bjspthf czh;e;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. jd;idg; g[yd;

czh;r;rpfshy; vy;iyfl;o czUk; jd; Kidg;ghd kaf;fk; ,';Fjhd; bjspt[ bgw;W eP';fp xHpfpd;wJ.

caph]fspd; njhw;wk;
czh;jy; vd;w rpwg;ghw;wyhd mwpt[ Kjypy; mGj;jk; btg;g jl;g Vw;w jhH;t[ ,tw;iw czh;thfg; bgWjypy; bjhl';Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j czh;t[ !;ghpr czh;t[ (m) CW czh;t[ MFk;. ,e;j Xuwpt[ ,af;fKila $Ptnd jhtuk; MFk;. jhtuj;jpypUe;njh (my;yJ) mjd; tpj;Jf;fspy; To ,Ue;njh mjw;Fhpa caphpaf;f tpiut[ tha; mjpfkhfp/ mikag;

Rita[zh;t[

fUtpahd

bgWk;nghJ mJ <uwpt[ MfpwJ.

,e;j <uwpt[ caphpd';fsplk;

59

caphpaf;f rf;jp tpiut[ bgw;W thrida[zh;thd fUtpahd \f;F ghpzhkkile;jhy; mJnt \twpthFk; $PtdhFk.; vWk;g[/ bry;/ nghd;wit \d;wwpt[ ehywpt[ fUtpahd $Ptd;fs;/ capuhd fhJ nkYk; ghk;g[ xspa[zht[ Kjypad njhd;w

fUtpahd njhd;wpd. Ie;jwpt[

fz;njhd;w xypa[zh;t[

vd;W fUtp Kjypad

capuhd

kpUf';fs;

gwitfs;

njhd;wpd.

,j;jifa ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapd; bjhlh; epfH;r;rpapy; thy; cs;s Fu';F njhd;wp gpd;g[ thy; ,y;yh Fu';F njhd;wp/ gpd; kdpjd; njhd;wpapUf;fyhk; vd mDkhdpf;f KofpwJ.

bts;sj;jhy; g{kp mjph;;r;rp/ gpst[fs;/ mtw;why; ,e;j kdpj FLk;gk; me;je;j rpjwof;fg;gl;L ehl;L g{kpapy; gy;ntW ,l';fspy; gutp

jl;btl;g

mikg;g[f;fSf;nfw;g

fUg;gh;fs;/

bts;isah;fs;/ Fl;ilah;fs;/ bel;ilah;fs;/ gdpapy; thGk; v!;fpnkhf;fs; nghd;W gyntWghLfSld; kdpj ,dk; njhd;wp gHf;f tHf;fk; gz;ghL/ fyhr;rhuk;/ nghd;w Kiwfshy; kj';fs; gythfg; gphpe;J/ cyf KGtJk; thH;e;J tUfpd;wdh; vd;gij mwpa ntz;Lk;.

Ie;JbghUl;fSk; Mf;Fk; fl;lj;jpy; jP g{kpia czlhf;FfpwJ (vhpkiyf;FHk;g[). vhpkiyf;FHk;g[ rhk;gy; g{rp cnyhfj;ij

cz;lhf;FfpwJ (jhJg;bghUl;fs;). cnyhfk; ePiu cz;lhf;FfpwJ (Fsph;e;j ePh; cs;s lk;shpd; btspapy; ePh; Kj;Jf;fs);/ ePh; fhw;iw czlhf;fp ku';fisg; bgUf;Ffpd;wJ.

60

kuzk;
mqf;fspy; bfhj;J ,af;f epfH;r;rpna J}y cly;/ mjD}nl gukhq epiyapy; CLUtp Xor;RHd;W bfhz;nl ,Ug;gJ

caph;r;rf;jp. caph;r;rf;jpapd; Xl;lj;jpy; jila[z; lhdhy; mJnt czh;r;rpahfpwJ. nehahf tUfpwJ. kpd;rhuk;/ fhw;W/ me;j czh;r;rp xU $Ptd; jh';fpg; gHFk; ,e;j jil ePoj;J mjd; tpisthf clypy; ,uj;jk; Mfpa \d;W RHy;fSk;

mstpw;F nkyhf X';Fk;nghJ mJ ty;Yzh;r;rpahfp Jd;gkhfp

jilgLnkahdhy; clYf;F \ykhd tpj;J jh';Fk; mstpw;F nky; fdy; bfhz;L mjd; ehs';fisj; jfh;j;J btspnawptpLk;. czh;r;rp vd;w mwpnthLToa caph;rf;jp bjhlh;e;J me;j clypy; RHd;W ,a';fKoahky; bghUl;fs; xt;bthU cliy aht[k; tpl;L kdpj btspnawptpLk;. ,dk; cl;gl mit ,J

cyfj;jpYs;s xt;bthd;Wk;

\yg;bghUshy;

Mdit.

mHpa[k; nghJ VjhtJ xU jdpg;bghUspy; nrh;e;JtpLk;. ,aw;ifapd; tpjp/ ,jw;F ahUk; vita[k;/ tpyf;fy;y.

,e;j;jdpg;bghUl;fs; jhd; epyk;/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/ fhw;W/ Mfhak; Mfpait MFk;. ,e;j jdpg;bghUl;fs; jdpj;J ,a';fpdhYk; ,it xd;iw xd;W fl;Lg;gLj;jpathW cs;sd. fhw;W kz;iz ms;sp tPRk;/ kz; ePiuf;fl;Lk; cwp";Rk;/ beUg;g[f;F vjphp ePh;/ beUg;g[ btw;wplj;ij Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/ btw;wplnkh fhw;iw Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/ ,Jnt ,aw;ifapy; mike;j rkepiyj;

jj;JtkhFk;. ,it xd;iw xd;W kp";Rk;nghJ cyfpy; nguHpt[ Vw;gLk;. ,ij ehk; fz;Tlhff; fhz;fpnwhk;. kdpj clypYk; g";rg{jkhfpa Ie;J kz;nzhL ,e;j Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fs; (g{jk;) cs;sd. jdpg;bghUl;fshy; Md ,t;t[lk;g[

Kotpy;

61

neuoahfnth

kw;w

ehd;F

jdpg;bghUl;fshy;

ce;jg;gl;nlh

gpd;dh; kz;nzhL kz;zha; nrh;tJ jpz;zk;. njhy;-kz;/ tha;ePh;/ fz;-beUg;g[ tapW-btsp xd;iw xd;W \f;F-fhw;W ,e;j Ie;J

jdpg;bghUl;fSk;

fl:Lg;gLj;jp

rkkkhf ,e;j Ie;J

itj;jpUf;Fk;tiu mikjp epyt[tijf; fhzyhk;.

jdpg;bghUl;fSk; xU fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jhy; thGk; thH;f;if brhh;f;fkhFk;.

,d;gpw;W thH cly; eyk; ngqjy;;

caph;r;rf;jp clypy; xG';fhf Xof;bfhz;oUg;gnj ,d;g czh;thFk;. cly; eykhFk;. mijg; ghJfhf;f czt[/ ciHg;g[/ cwf;fk;/ Mz;-bgz; cwt[ vz;zk; ,e;j Ie;J mk;r';fspy; bjhlh;e;J ftdk; nrYj;j ntz;Lk;. Kiw jtwp ,it mstpw;F

mjpfkhdhYk;

Fiwe;jhYk;

bfhs;sg;bgw;whYk;

caph; rf;jp Xl;lk; ghjpf;fg;gLk;/ neha;fs; cz;lhFk;. thuj;jpw;F xUKiwahtJ ,utpy; czt[ cl;bfhs;shky; ,nyrhf gHtif cz;nlh my;yJ rpwpJ ghy; mUe;jpnah cw';FtJ neha;fis xU mstpy; jLf;f cjt[k;. cly; $Puzpf;fj;jf;f mst[ czt[

cz;lhy; mJ ed;ikahFk;. mst[f;F kPwpdhy; ,e;j czt[ cliy $Puzpf;Fk;/ fUtikg;g[ vz;zk;/ bra;if/ nfhs;fspd; r";rhuj;jpy; fhuz';fshy; mika[k; clypy; epiy/ ,urhad re;jh;g;g nkhjy;/ Mfpa ntWghLfs; cz;lhfpd;wd.

,j;jifa ntWghLfshy; clypy; cs;s mq \yf';fs; mjw;F Vw;g tpiutpy; ntWgLk;. tpfpjhr;rhu';fs; mjd; gadhf clypy; mtw;wpd; Fiwanth ,lKz;L.

Tlnth/

,f;fhuz';fshy; clypy; RHd;nwhof; bfhz;oUf;Fk; fhe;jk;/ kpd;rhuk;/ fhw;W ,uj;jk; Mfpa ehd;Fk; mtw;wpd; tpiutpy; Vw;w

62

jhH;t[fisg;

bgWk;.

tpiuthf

xt;bthU

mta';f~nla[k;

CLUtpr;bry;Yk; mtw;wpd; Xl;lj;jpy; jila[k; cz;lhFk;. ,e;j jil nehahf czug;gLfpwJ. ve;j mtatj;jpy; ve;j mstpd;

rf;jp Xl;lj;jpy; jilgLfpwnjh/ mjw;F Vw;g nehapd; tYt[k;/ bgaUk;/ mjw;F fhyKk; eph;zapf;fg; bgWfpd;wd. neha;fis ePf;fpf;bfhs;Sk; rf;jp ,aw;ifahf clypy; mike;Js;sJ. xj;j gj;jpak; fhj;J Xa;t[ vLj;Jf; bfhz;lhy; neha;fs; kpft[k;

tpiuthfj; jPh;e;JtpLk;. tiffis jpwd;gl

neha; fodkhf ,Ue;jhy; jf;f kUe;J nehaw;w ,aw;if clypy;jhd; mwpt[k;

cgnahfpf;fyhk;.

ntiybra;a[k;.

,d;g';f is

mDgtpf;f

Koa[k;/ vdnt xt;bthUtUk; nehaw;W thH tHpfz;L epd;W xGfpthH ntz;Lk;. ciHg;g[ ,tw;Wld; kdj;J}a;ik/ xG';fhd czt[/ msthd Toa thH;f;if neha;fs; ,y;yh cly;

eyj;njhL ,Uf;f cjt[k;. bghwhik/ rpdk;/ t";rfk;/ ftiy/ fhk vz;z';fs;/ ,it cly; fhe;j rf;jpapid mst[f;F kPwp

mHpj;JtpLk;. jtj;jhYk; Muha;r;rpahYk; ,e;j czh;r;r pfis khw;wp tplyhk;. czh;e;njhnu md;g[ Kaw;rp bra;a[';fs; btw;wp

epr;rak;. czt[ cz;lt[ld; mjpf Xl;lk;/ rthhp/ fod ciHg;g[ Mz;-bgz; clYwt[ ,it TlhJ. mLj;jLj;J ,r;bray;f spy; <LgLnthUf;F tapw;Wg; g[z; cz;lhfptpLk;. mJ Fd;kk; vd;w nehahfptpLk;. clypypUe;J fHpthfp btspnaWk; ve;jg;bghUSk; clypd; kPJ j';fhky; ghh;j;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. mit clnd fpUkpfshf khWk; tha;g;g[ ,Uf;fpdwJ. xU ehisf;F xU KiwahtJ

bte;ePhpnyh jz;zPhpnyh Fspf;f ntz;oaJ mtrpak;. kyge;jk; m$Puzk; ,it Vw;glhky; ghJfhg;gJ cly; eyj;ijg; ngqk; tHpfspy; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. cly; caph;rf;jp/ tpe;J ehjk;

63

$Ptfhe;jk;/ kdk; ,it Ie;Jk; xUnru ,a';Fk; mikg;g[jhd; kdpj totkhFk;. nfhof;fzf;fhd rpw;wiufs; nrh;e;J

mLf;fLf;fhf ,a';FtJ ,e;j cly;/ xt;bthU rpw;wiuf;Fk; ,Ug[wk; fhe;jf; fth;r;rp mjpy; cz;L. cly; epiyj;jpUf;f rpw;wiufspd;

ntz;Lkhdhy;

mike;Js;s

vz;zpf;iff;Fk;/ gSt[f;Fk; Vw;w $Ptfhe;j mGj;jk; njit. $Ptfhe;jk; vd;gJ caph;r;rf;jp ,a';Ftjhy; vGk; miyahFk;. xt;bthU caph;j;JfSk; jd;idj; jhnd kpftpiuthfr; Rw;wpf; bfhz;L ,Ug;gjhy; mjpypUe;J tphpe;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk;

miy/ bjhlh;e;J njhd;wpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; Xh; clypy; cs;s caph;Jfspd; epiybgWk;. vz;zpf;iff;F nghjpa Vw;g $Ptfhe;j ,Uf;Fk; mGj;jk;

$Ptfhe;jk;

tiuapy;jhd;

clypYs;s rpw;wiufspd; mLf;F Fiyahky; epiyj;J ,Uf;Fk;. ,uj;j Xl;lk;/ fhw;nwhl;lk;/ bts;s Xl;lk;/ ,k;\d;Wk; rpjwhJ xG';fhf Xo capUf;Fk;/ clYf;Fk; ,ilna cs;s Mw;wiy vdnt cliyj; jh';f $Ptfhe;jk; nghjpa

epiyf;fr; bra;a[k;. mst[ njit/

$Pthfhe;jj;ijg; bgUf;f ntz;Lkhdhy; mjw;F

ntz;oa vz;zpf;ifa[s;s caph;j;Jfs;fs; njit.

caph;j;Jfs;fs; tpe;J bghWj;jJ. ,Ue;jhy; cw;gj;jp

ehj jputj;jpd; msita[k;/ jd;ika[k;

nghjpast[ tpe;J (Mz;tpe;J) ehjk; (bgz;tpe;J) jhd; cliy elj;jg;nghJkhd clypy; $Ptfhe;j rf;jpj; rf;jpia Jfs;fs; mst[f;F caph;

bra;a[k;

epiyj;jpUf;Fk;.

$Ptfhe;j mst[ rhpahf ,Ue;j hy; jhd; gU

clyhdJ rpw;wiufspd; xG';fhd ,af;fj;jhy; rPuhf ,a';fpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. kdKk; ey;y Kiwapy; ,a';Fk;. $Ptfhe;jj;jpd; xU gFjp cly; rpw;wiufspd; \yk; clypaf;fkhft[k; kw;bwhU gFjp \isapd; rpw;wiufs; \ykhf kdmiyfshft[k; ,a';fpf;

64

bfhz;oUf;Fk;. ,af;fk; ntz;Lk;. vd;w

cly;/ tpe;J/ caph;rf;jp/ $Ptfhe;jk;/ cly; kd bjhlhpid ed;whf kdjpy; gjpj;Jf; bfhs;s

,e;j Ie;jpy; xd;W Fiw ,Ue;jhYk; ,af;f xG';F

Fiye;jhYk;/ mJ kw;wtw;iw xt;bthd;whfg; ghjpf;Fk;. mg;go xd;Wf;bfhd;W Vw;gLk; ,af;fk; Kuz;ghl;ow;F Vw;g typ/

tpahjp/ kuzk;/ ,it rk;gtpf;Fk;. jdJ bray;fs; \ykhfnth/ btspg;g[w \ykhfnth ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. ,e;j Ie;J nkhJjynyh/ xUtUila nfhs;fspd; $Ptfhe;jk; fhe;j cly; miytPr;R ,af;fk;

czt[/ cwf;fk;/ ciHg;g[/ clYwt[/ vz;zk; myl;rpak; kpjkp";rpa cgnahfk;/

tifapy;

Kuz;gl;l cgnahfk;/ ,tw;why; cly; ,af;fk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. ,J jd;Dila bray; \ykhf tUk; tpist[. jl;g btg;g Vw;w jhH:t[ kw;Wk; jw;bray; tpgj;Jf;fshy; Vw;gLk; FHg;g';fs;

nfhs;fs; r";rhuj;jpy; xd;nwhL xd;W neh;gLjy; / uhrpkhw;wk; Mfpa fhuz';fs; xt;bthUthpd; gpwe;jehs; nfhs; epiyf;F vw;g $Ptfhe;jk; Vw;w jhH:tiljy; ,g;go mndf mk;r';fshy; FHg;gk; tUk;.

ve;j tpjj;jpy; cly; eyk; FHg;gk; mile;jhYk;/ jhnd mjidr; rhpgLj;jp cliy eykhf;fpf; bfhs;fpd;w ,aw;if tpjp

clypnyna xt;bthUtUf;Fk; Xust[ mikejpUf;fpwJ. ,jnt FHg;gj;ij jh';fpf; bfhs;Sk; ,aw;if epajp MFk;. ,aw;if epajp mikj;j mstpw;Fk; nkyhf FHg;gk; kPwpdhy;jhd; mJ cly; ,af;fj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk;. ghjpg;g[ Vw;gLk; bghGJkdpjd; jd;Dila Kaw;rpapdhy;/ clw;gapw;rp/ kdg;gapw;rp/ czt[ Kiw \yk; cly; eyj;ijf; fhj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;.

65

Jwt[ thH;f;if
,g;gog;gl;l J}a;ikahd thH;f;ifahy; mwpt[ tpsf;fk; bgw;W mwptpny KGik bgw;wgpd; mjd; \yk; Md;kh cyFf;F eyk;g[hpa Mh;tk; bfhz;L jd;id kdpj Fyed;ikf;nf njLjy;/

mh;gzpj;Jf;bfhz;L

,y;ywj;ij

tpl;L/

bghUs;

fhg;ghw;Wjy; vd;fpw mwpit cjhpj;js;sp mwpit/ jdJ cliy mwtHpapy; bjhz;Lf;nf gad;gLj;jp jd;Dila grpf;F gpwh;

bfhLj;J thH;fpd;w thH;f;ifna Jwt[ thH;f;ifahFk;. rpwe;j Kiwapy; tha;g;g[k;/ jd;Dila njita[k; Mw;wiy gad;gLj;jp nrit bra;a

,Uf;Fkhdhy;

me;jj;

Jwtwnk

kpfr;rpwe;jjhFk;. clYf;F Md;kh moikahfhky; Md;kht[f;F cliy fUtpahff;bfhs;Sk; bjspe;j mwpt[ epiyna

cz;ikahd Jwt[ MFk. Md;khthdJ bjspe;j mwptpny KGik bgw;w gpd; ,y;ywj;jpypUe;nj Jwt[ epiyapy; thHyhk;. ,d;W gyngh; ,y;ywf; flikfs; kwe;J/ mwk; gpwH;e;J/ nrhk; gy; nguhir ,tw;nwhL gpwh; bghUisf;bfhz;L vd fUJfpd;wdh;. jtwhff; Twp ;thH;tJ Jwtwk;

,j;jifa ,Hp;e;j thH:itj; Jwtwk; vd;W jhk; VkhWtnjhL gpwiua[k; Vkhw;wp;

ek;gp

cyt[fpd;w fhl;rpiaa[k; fhqfpnwhk;.

,d;W Jwtpfs; vd;W btspnawpath;fspy; bgUk;ghyhdth;fs; mwptpd; epiwt[ bgw;W Jwtwk; vd;why; vd;d vg;go ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; tutpy;iy. vd;fpw ,yf;fzk; bjhpe;jJ; Jwt[ thH;f;iff;F neha;/

mwpahik/

VH;ik/

ntiyapd;ik/

nrhk;ngwpj;jdk;/ nguhir/ btWg;g[ FLk;gr; rz;il/ ,tw;why; ,y;ywj;ij tpl;L flik kwe;J btspnawpath;fns mjpfkhf cs;sdh;. NH;epiyf; ifjpfshfp btspnawp Jwt[ Vw;wth;fSk;

66

cz;L.

,th;fspy;

Vnjh

xU

rpynu

ey;y

FUehjd;

fpilf;fg;bgw;W thH;t[ ghHhfp

"hd ngW bgw;wth;fs;/ kw;w bgUk;ghnyhu; Jd;g[w;W koe;jhh;fs; koe;J bfhz;Lk;

,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.

tp";"hd nehf;fpy; gpug";rk;

gd;bdL';fhykhf khDlk; mz;lbtspapy; kdpjidg; nghd;w gpw caphpd';fs; cz;lh m';F ntw;Wyf thrpfs; cz;lh vd rpe;jpj;jthW cs;sJ. Nhpaidg; nghd;W gynfho Nhpad;fSk;/

gyfpuf';fSk;/ m';F thGk; kdpjh;fisg; nghy nkk;gl;l $Ptd;fisf; Fwpj;J ngRfpnwhk;. g";r g{jj;jpy; gpug";rj;jpy;

g{kp kl;Lnk; caph;fs; njhd;w njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l fpufk; vd fUJk; kj ek;gpf;iffSk; cs;sd. mwptpay; g[idfijfs; gpugykhfj; bjhl';fpaJk; gyh; ntw;Wfpuf thrpfspd; gwf;Fk; jl;Lf;fisg; ghh;j;jjhft[k;/ mjpypUe;J ntw;W fpuf thrpfshy; jhk; gy nrhjidf;F Mshf;fg;gl;ljhft[k;/ Twpdh;. gwf;Fk;

jl;L bgUk; kh;kg; g[jpuhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. ,k;kh;kj;ij mwpa mikf;fg;gl;l cz;ikapy; nfhs;fs;/ fhd;ild; FG ,e;jg; gwf;Fk; jl;Lf;fs; braw;if jtWjyhfg;

g{r;rpfs;/

el;rj;jpu gY}d;fs;

gpujpgypg;g[f;fs;/ Mfpatw;iwna

thdpiyg;

gwf;Fk; jl;L vd kf;fs; fUjpahf mwptpj;jJ.

mwptpaypd; fpuf';fspy;

tsh;r;rp

,e;ek;gpf;iffSf;F $Ptd;fs;

mg;ghy; vdj;

ntw;W njl

mwpt[ila

cs;sdth

Muk;gpj;Js;sJ fhh;y;rhfd;/ g[nuf; nghd;w thdtpayhsh;fs] vd;Dk; bray; jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fpdh;. g{kpapy; gy g[s;spfs; mikf;fg;gl;l nuonah miy/ bjhiy nehf;fpfs; ntw;W fpuf

67

thrpfs; mDg;g[k; kpd;fhe;j miy bra;jpfSf;fhf njLfpd;wd. braw;ifahf cUthf;fg; gl;l kpd;fhe;j miy gz;g[fSf;fhf mit Muhag; nrfhpf;Fk; jfty;fs; cybf';FKs;s fzpdpfshy; ehk;

gLfpd;wd.

ntw;Wy

thH;f;iff;fhf

tpjpf;fgl;lth;fsh vd;Dk; kh;kk; tpiutpy; bjspthfptpLk;.

1930y; btw;wplj;jpy; tpirfs; cUthfpwJ vdt[k; ,t;tpirfs; kpf Ez;zpait vdt[k; btw;wplk; fz;Lgpoj;jhh; vd ehk; f!;kph;; vd;Dk; ve;jg;

,aw;gpayhsh;.

gpug";rj;jpd;

g[s;spiaa[k; fUjKoahJ. btw;wplk; vdg;gLtjpy; Fthz;l ryd';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. nuh$h; bgd;nuhy; vd;Dk; mwp"h;

jd;Dzh;it Fthz;lk; ,aw;gpay; \yk; tpsf;f Kw;gLfpwhh;. rpy caphpapyhsh;fs; ,jid vjph;j;Js;sdh;. ,e;epiy gpuf;i"

Fthz;lk; jdpik bfhz;lbjdpy; mjpy; f!;kph; tpirf;F xU Kf;fpa g';F ,Uf;fyhk;. jw;nghJ fUtpfs; Ez;zpa f!;kph; tpiria mstpl epiyapy; ,t;btw;wplj;jpd;

cUthfptpl;l

tpiria mstpLjy; \yk; kh;k';fis gpug";rk; ehk; tphpjy;/

gpug";rtpaypd; rpy kpft[k; MH;e;j f!;kph;tpir gad;glf;TLk;. mwptpay;

mwpat[k/

gpug";rj;njhw;wk;/

Mfpatw;iw

,d;dKk; KGikahf mwpe;J tpltpy;iy.

Fthz;lk; btw;wplr; rydf; fpsh;r;rpfs; gpug";r epfH;r;rpfSf;F fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd rpy mwptpayh sh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh; vd;fpwhh;. f!;kph; tpiria msg;gjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f btw;wpia bgw;wpUf;Fk; bfhyk;gpah gy;fiyf; fHf ,aw;gpayhsh; ckh; bkhifjPd;/ btw;wplj;jpd; gpug";rk; tpirfs; gpuf;i" Mfpatw;iw bkhHpapy; ,izf;fpwJ. bgsj;jKk;/

,aw;gpaypd;

cgepljKk;/ Twpa Ndpakh ,J>

68

gpugykhfpa[s;s btsptplhj

mz;lbtsp fLk;

fUe;Jfs;fs; <h;g;g[

xspiaa[k; gyKila

mst[

tYf;bfhz;l

gpunjr';fs; mjpfkhd epiwa[k; mjpf mlh;j;jpa[k; bfhz;l tpz;kPd;fs; j';fs; vhpbghUs; jPUk; epiyapy; fUe;Jfs;fshf khWtjhf thdtpayhsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;. bghJr;rhh;gpaypd; fUe;;Jfs; fUj;jpid 1916y; Iad;!;od; Kd; itj;jth;

b$h;khdpa thdtpayhsuhd fhh;y; !thh;l;!; iry;l; Mthh;. fUe;Jfs; re;jpunrfu bjhlh;ghd Kf;fpa fz;L gpog;g[f;fis cz;ik bra;jth; vija[k; Mdhy;

Rg;ukzpak;.

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