Arabic Tamil Book

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Arabic Tamil and Arabic Tamil Articles
Book · January 2019
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Seyed Mohamed Mohamed Mazahir

South Eastern University of Sri Lanka
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mwGj; jkpOk;
mwGj; jkpo; Mf;fq;fSk;
fyhepjp v];.vk;.vk;. k]h`pu;
ntspaPL:
r%ftpay; Ma;TfSf;fhd khztu; Ma;T kd;wk;

,];yhkpa fw;iffs; kw;Wk; mwG nkhopg;gPlk;
,yq;if njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk; - xYtpy;
 E}y; : mwGj; jkpOk;
mwGj; jkpo; Mf;fq;fSk;
 Mrpupau; : fyhepjp v];.vk;.vk;. k]h`pu;
 gf;fq;fs; : (X) + 174
 Kjw;gjpg;G : brk;gh; 2018
 ntspaPL : r%ftpay; Ma;TfSf;fhd

khztu; Ma;T kd;wk;
 mr;Rg;gjpg;G : n[]h fpwgpf;];> kUjKid
 ISBN : 978-955-627-062-4
 tpiy : &gh. 400.00
[ ii ]
mzpe;Jiu
jkpo; NgRk; K];ypk;fspd; fyhrhu gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;
ghpaj;jpd; xU Kf;fpa mk;rkhfj; Njhd;wp tsh;rr ; paile;j
mwGj; jkpo; gw;wpa kpf tphpthd tpsf;fkhf ,e;E}y;
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. mwGj; jkpo; gw;wpa fw;if Ma;tpYk;
,e;E}yhrphpah; fyhepjp; v];.vk;.vk;. k]h`ph; ePzl ; fhykhf
Mh;tKk; <LghLk; fhl;btUtij ehd; mwpNtd;. mwGj;
jkpopy; vOjg;gl;l mwGj; jkpo; jg;]hP f ; s; gw;wpa Ma;it
mth; jdJ KJkhzpg; gl;lg; gbg;gpw;fhf Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
jkpofj;jpYk;> ,yq;ifapYk; vOjg;gl;l mwGj; jkpo;
jg;]Ph;fs; gw;wpa kpf tphpthd gFg;gha;T ,e;j Ma;tpy;
fhzg;gl;lJ.
njd; fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; ,];yhkpa fw;iffs;

kw;Wk; mwG nkhopg; gPlj;jpd; gPlhjpgjpahfg; gzpGhpAk;
fyhepjp v];.vk;.vk;. k]h`phpd; ,e;E}y; mwGj; jkpo;
ghuk;gupaj;jpd; gy Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis Muha;fpd;wJ.
mwGj; jkpo; gw;wpa gy;NtW Ma;thsh;fs; ntspapl;Ls;s
fUj; J f; f is jh; f ; f uP j pahf Muha; e ; J mtw; w pd;
gpd; d zpapy; E}yhrphpah; mjid tiutpyf; f zg;
gLj; j pAs; s NjhL> mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw; w j; j pw; f hd
tuyhw;Wf; fhuzq;fs; kpf tphpthf tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mwGj; jkpiof; Fwpg;gjw;F K];ypk;fs; gad;gLj;jpa
~yp]hDy; mh;tp| vDk; ngaUf;fhd fhuzq;fs; kpf
Mokhf tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fpof;fhgpupff ; h tpy; Njhd;wpa
];th`pyp nkhopf;Fk; mwGj; jkpOf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
rpy xUikg;ghLfs; njhl;Lf; fhl;lg; gl;Ls;sd. jg;]Ph;>
[ iii ]
`jP]>; gpf;`; Nghd;w ,];yhkpa fiyfs; gw;wpa mwGj;
jkpo; E}y;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fSk; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
K];ypk;fspd; fyhrhu> gz;ghl;L tho;tpy; kpff; fhj;jpu

khd gq;fspg;igr; nra;j mwGj; jkpo; fhyNthl;lj;jpy;
ryptile;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fisAk; mjid vOr;rpngwr;
nra;tjw;fhf guyhYk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fSk;
E}yhrphpauhy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
nghJthf Nehf;Fkplj;J mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw;wk;> tsh;rr

; p>
tuyhw;Wg; gq;fspg;G> mjd; fyhrhug; gz;ghl;L Kjprk;
gw;wpa fl;Liufs; gyuhYk; mt;tg;NghJ vOjg;gl;l
NghJk; mwGj; jkpiog; gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzk;> mjd;
Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rpia kpf tpupthf tpsf;Fk; xU E}yhf
,jid ehk; nfhs;sKbAk;.
gy;NtW rpukq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L> jfty;fisj; jpul;b>

Mtzg;gLj;jp> mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw;wk; tsh;r;rp gw;wpa
,e; E }iy vOjpa fyhepjp k]h`phpd; ,g; g zp
ghuhl;lj;jf;fjhFk;. ,j;Jiwapy; mth; njhlh;e;Jk;
gaDs; s gy Mf; f q; f isg; gilf; f Tk; ,iwtd;
mtUf;F mUs; Ghpthdhf!
fyhepjp vk;.V.vk;. Rf;hp

gzpg;ghsh;>
[hkpM esPkpa;ah>
NgUtis.
[ iv ]
Kd;Diu
msNtaw;w mUisAk; epfNuaw;w md;igAk; jd;dfj;Nj
nfhz; l my; y h`; jMyhtpd; ngauhy; Muk; g k;
nra;fpd;Nwd;. mtdJ ]yhj;Jk; ]yhKk; ,Wjpj; J}jH
K`k;kj; (]y;) mtHfs; kPJk; mtiug; gpd;gw;wpa>
gpd;gw;wg; Nghfpd;w midtH kPJk; cz;lhtjhf.
“mwGj; jkpOk; mwGj; jkpo; Mf;fq;fSk;” vd;w ,e;E}y;

vdJ KJkhzpg; gl;lj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;tpd;
xU gFjpahFk;. mjid rpwpJ xOq;FgLj;jp> NkYk;
rpy tplaq;fisr; NrHj;J ,e;E}y; cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
mwGj; jkpo; vd; w XH mUikahd nkhop ,d; W
ngUk;ghYk; ghtidapy; ,y;iy. mjid thrpj;jwpaf;
$ba kdpjHfSk; kpf mhpjhfNt ,d; W s; s dH.
mk;nkhopapy; ,d;W Mf;fq;fs; vJTk; ntsptUtjhfTk;
njhpatpy;iy. fpl;lj;jl;l xU kuzpj;j nkhopapd;
epiyapNyNa mwGj; jkpo; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjid
caph; g ; g pf; f mwpQH V.vk; . V. m]P ] ; Nghd; w tHfs;
Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfSk; gadspf;ftpy;iy. MdhYk;
mwGj; jkpopd; njhd;ikAk; rpwg;Gk; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl
Kbahjit. mk;nkhop gw;wpa Ma;TfSk; mk;nkhopapy;
ntspte;j Mf;fq;fs; njhlHghd Ma;TfSk; kpf
mjpfkhfr; nra;ag;gl Ntz;bAs;sd. njd;dpe;jpa>
,yq;if K];ypk;fshy; jdpj;Jtkhf cUthf;fp> gy
E}w;whz;Lfs; tsHf;fg;gl;l ,k;nkhopAk; mjpy; ntspahd
E}y;fSk;> rQ;rpiffSk;> gj;jphpiffSk; ve;j tpjkhd
ngWkhdKk; ,y;yhky; Ngha;tplf; $lhJ. mjw;Fg;
[v]
gq;fspgG
; r; nra;jtHfs; gw;wpa Mtzg;gLj;jy;fs; vJTk;
eilngwhjpUe;jhy; K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; tuyhw;Wj; jtwhf
mJ mike;JtpLf; $Lk;.
,e;Nehf;fq;fis epiwT nra;tjhfj;jhd; ,e;E}y;

ntspaplg;gLfpd;wJ. mwGj; jkpo; nkhop njhlHghd
Ma;TG+Htkhd tpsf;fq;fSk; mk;nkhopapy; ntspte;j
Mf; f q; f s; njhlh; g hd tpguq; f Sk; ,e; E }ypy;
cs;slq;fpAs;sd. f.ngh.j. (c/j) ,];yhk; ghlj;jpd;
ghlg;gug;gpYk; m`jpa;ah ghltpjhdj;jpYk; mwGj; jkpo;
njhlHghd gFjp ,izf; f g; g l; L s; s J. mj; N jhL
gy;fiyf;fof kl;lj;jpYk; mwGj; jkpo; gw;wpa tplaq;fs;
ghltpjhdq;fspy; cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. njd;fpof;Fg;
gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; ,];yhkpa rpe;jid kw;Wk; ehfhPfk;
njhlHghd tpNrl fw;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Sk; khztH
fSf;F mtHfspd; ehd;fhk; tUlj;jpd; ,uz;lhk;
gUtj;jpy; “mwGj; jkpo; kw;Wk; ,];yhkpaj; jkpo;
,yf;fpak;” vd;w jiyg;gpyhd ghlg;gug;G cz;L. mjpy;
mwGj; jkpo;> mjd; Mf;fq;fs; njhlHghf tphpthff;
fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd;
fiy> fyhrhu gPlj;jpd; jkpo; Jiwapy; fw;Fk; khztH
fSf; F mtHfsJ ,uz; l hk; tUlj; j pd; Kjyhk;
gUtj;jpy; “,];yhkpa jkpo; ,yf;fpak;” vd;w ghlg;gug;gpy;
mwGj; jkpo; gw;wpAk; tphpthff; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. NtW
gy; f iyf; f ofq; f spYk; ,J njhlHghd fw; i ffs;
,lk;ngw;wpUf;ff; $Lk;.
,g;Gj;jfj;jpw;F mzpe;Jiu toq;fpa vd; md;Gf;Fhpa
[ vi ]
Mrhd;> [hkpM esPkpa;ahtpd; gzpg;ghsH fyhepjp
vk;.V.vk;. Rf;hp mtHfSf;F vdJ kdKte;j ed;wpfs;
chpjj; hfl;Lk;. mtH mwGj; jkpNohL gw;WWjp nfhz;ltH
kl;Lky;yhJ mJ gw;wpa Ma;TfspYk; <Lgl;ltH.
,e;E}iy Mf;Ftjw;F gy;NtW tifahd njhopy;El;g
cjtpfisr; nra;J je;j ,];yhkpa fw;iffs; kw;Wk;
mwG nkhopg; gPlj;jpy; gzpGupej; njhopyE ; l;g cjtpahsH
m];yk; ]p`hd; mtHfSf;Fk;> ,e;E}iyg; gjpg;gpg;gjpy;
tplhg;gpbahfTk;> vdf;F cWJizahfTk; ,Ue;j vdJ
khztd; ]_D}kp n]a;Df;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfs;. mj;NjhL
,jid mofpa tbtpy; mr;rplL ; j; je;j kUjKid n[]h
fpwgpf;]; mr;rfj;jhUf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpawpjy;fs; chpad.
,/J>
v];.vk;.vk;. k]h`pH
gPlhjpgjp>
,];yhkpa fw;iffs;> mwG nkhopg; gPlk;>
,yq;if njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
xYtpy; #32360
01.12.2018
[ vii ]
cs;slf;fk;
1. mwGj; jkpopd; tiutpyf;fzk; ................................................... 1
yp]hDy; mHtp .................................................................. 10
~mwGj; jkpo;| vDk; nrhw;nwhliu vOJk; Kiw ...... 17
mwGj; jkpo; xU nkhopah? fpis nkhopah? .............. 20
2. mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw;wKk; tsHr;rpAk; ...................................... 24

mwG nkhop - njhd;ik> Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> guty; .......... 24
mwG nkhop Vida nkhopfspd; kPJ nrYj;jpa
nry;thf;F ........................................................................... 28
mwgpfspd; njd;dpe;jpah> ,yq;ifAldhd
njhlHG ................................................................................ 34
mwGj; jkpo; Njhd;wpa fhyk; .......................................... 40
mwGj; jkpo; Njhd;wp tsHe;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ...... 46
mwGj; jkpopd; tsHr;rpAk;> KjpHr;rpAk; ......................... 59
3. mwGj; jkpopd; tPo;r;rp................................................................... 73
4. mwGj; jkpopy; jkpo; ,yf;fzj;jpd; gad;ghL ........................ 83
5. mwGj; jkpio kPz;Lk; vOr;rp ngw itg;gjw;fhd

Kd;nkhopTfs; .............................................................................. 89
6. mwGj; jkpopd; xypngaHg;G Kiwik ......................................... 94

mHtp vOj;Jf;fspd; cUthf;f Kiwik .................. 103
[ viii ]
7. mwGj; jkpo; Mf;fq;fs; ............................................................... 112
jg;]PHj;Jiw Mf;fq;fs; ................................................. 116
`jP]; Jiw Mf;fq;fs; ................................................. 125
gpf;`; Jiw Mf;fq;fs; .................................................. 129
mfPjh Jiw Mf;fq;fs; ................................................. 135
tuyhw;Wj; Jiw Mf;fq;fs; .......................................... 138
]PuJe;egp (]y;) njhlHghd Mf;fq;fs; ..................... 140
Vida egpkhHfspd; rhpijfs; njhlHghd
Mf;fq;fs; .......................................................................... 143
VidNahH njhlHghd Mf;fq;fs; ................................ 145
mwGj; jkpo; mfuhjpfs; ................................................. 151
mwGj; jkpo; rQ;rpiffs; ................................................ 158
nghJthd Mf;fq;fs; ..................................................... 163
crhj;Jizfs; ................................................................ 172
[ ix ]
mwGj; jkpopd; tiutpyf;fzk;
ehk; Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf; nfhz;l mwGj; jkpo; vd;w nkhop

kuGf;F gpujhdkhf ,U tiutpyf;fzq;fs; toq;fg;gL
fpd;wd.
01) jkpio mwG ypgpapy; vOJjy; mwGj;

jkpohFk;.
,t;tiutpyf;fzj;ij $wtUk; kzit K];jgh>

nkhop jkpohfTk; vOj;J mugpahfTk; mike;jJNt
~mwGj; jkpo;| vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ"1 vd;fpd;whH.
NguhrphpaH vk;. V. E/khd;> 'mwG thptbtpy;
vOjg;gl;Ls;s K];ypk; jkpopd; xU tif nkhopNa
(Variety) mwGj; jkpo; vdg;gLfpd;wJ"2 vd;W
$Wfpd;whH. 'muG nkhop vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L
jkpio vOJtJ jhd; muGj; jkpo;| MFk;. mjhtJ
~mk;kh| vd;gij ~AMMA| vd;W vOJtJ Nghd;W>
muG vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L jkpio vOjpdhHfs;"3
1
kzit K];jgh> ,isQH ,];yhkpa fiyf; fsQ;rpak;> g. 19
2
E/khd;> vk;.V> ,d;fpyhg;> Vol-4> ~mwGj; jkpo; - xU tpguz Ma;T|>
g.81
3
rhkp> m.kh> jkpopy; ,];yhkpa ,jo;fs;> g.52
mwGj; jkpOk; mwGj; jkpo; Mf;fq;fSk; 1

vd m.kh. rhkp vd;w Ma;thsH tpsf;Ffpd;whH.
NkNy Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;l mwpQHfspd; fUj;Jg;gb
jkpio mwG nkhop ml;ruj;jpy; vOJtNj mwGj;
jkpo; vdf; nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vdj; njhpfpwJ.
,t;tiutpyf;fzk; njhlHghf tpsf;f tUfpd;w

NguhrphpaH vk;. V. E/khd;> 'jkpo; nkhopapd; gpujhd
r%ff; fpis nkhopfSs; (Social Dialects) K];ypk;
jkpo; xd;whFk;. jkpioj; jha; nkhopahff; nfhz;l
K];ypk;fs; NgRk; jkpopidNa ehk; K];ypk; jkpo;
vd;fpNwhk;. ,J jkpoH NgRk; jkpopypUe;J
xypaikg;G> ,yf;fzk;> nrhw;njhFjp> nrhw;nghUs;
Kjypa nkhopapd; vy;yh epiyfspYk;
NtWgLfpd;wJ. Ngr;Rtof;fpy; kl;Lkd;wp vOj;J
tof;fpYk; ,t;NtWghL fhzg;gLfpwJ. K];ypk;
jkpo;> jkpo; thptbtpy; kl;Lkd;wp> mwG thptbtpYk;
vOjg;gLfpd;wJ. mwG thptbtpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s
K];ypk; jkpopd; xU tif nkhopNa (Variety) mwGj;
jkpo; vdg;gLfpwJ. mwG nkhop> jkpo; nkhop kPJ
Vw;gLj;jpa Kf;fpakhd tpisTfSs; xd;whf mwGj;
jkpio ehk; fUjyhk;"4 vd;fpwhH. NkNy
tpsf;fg;gl;l fUj;ij ehk; fPo;tUkhW tFj;Jf;
$wyhk;.
4
g.81
2 fyhepjp v];.vk;.vk; k]h`ph;

kapiy rPdp ntq;fl rhkp mwGj; jkpo; gw;wpg;
gpd;tUkhW vOjpAs;shH. 'mwG nkhopapy; ,Ue;J
mwgp vOj;ijg; NghyNt cs;s xU tpjg; Gjpa
vOj;ij jkpo; ehl;L K];ypk;fs; mikj;Jf;
nfhz;lhHfs;. me;j vOj;Jf;F mwGj; jkpo; vd;gJ
ngaH. mwGj; jkpOf;F ~MHtp| vd;W NtW
ngaUKz;L. mwGj; jkpo; vOj;J mwgp vOj;ijg;
NghyNt ,Uf;Fk;"5
5
mkPd;> vk;.I.vk;> ,yq;if K];ypk;fspd; tuyhWk; fyhrhuKk;> g.19

02) mwG thptbtj;ijg; NghyNt> jkpo; thp
tbtj;jpy; mwGr; nrhw;fisf; fye;J
vOJjYk; mwGj; jkpohFk;.
,t;tiutpyf;fzj;ij V.vk;.V. m]P];> vk;.I.vk;.

mkPd; Nghd;NwhH Kd;itf;fpd;wdH. fyhepjp
vk;.V.vk;. Rf;hpAk; ,f;fUj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;shH.
,t;tiutpyf;fzj;ij tpsf;ftUk; NguhrphpaH

vk;.V. E/khd; mtHfs;> gpd;tUkhW vOJfpd;whH.
',];yhj;Jf;Fk; mwG nkhopf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s
gphpf;f Kbahj cwT fhuzkhf> gz;ghl;Lj; Njit
fUjp> K];ypk; jkpopy; rka> gz;ghl;Lj; Jiw
rhHe;j E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd mwG nkhopr; nrhw;fs;
fld; thq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. K];ypk; jkpio jkpoH
NgRk; jkpopy; ,Ue;J NtWgLj;Jk; Kf;fpa gz;Gf;
$WfSs; xd;whf ,J mikfpd;wJ. ,jd;
fhuzkhfNt K];ypk; jkpio mwGj; jkpo; vd;Wk;
rpyH miog;gH. mjhtJ mwGr; nrhw;fs; fye;j
jkpioNa mwGj; jkpo; vd;gH. ~,yq;if K];ypk;
fspd; tuyhW| vd;Dk; fl;Liuapy; V.vk;.V. m]P];
mtHfs; ,J gw;wpg; gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;whH.
~,yq;if K];ypk;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhH jkpioNa
NgRfpd;wdH. Mdhy;> ,yq;if K];ypk;fspd; Ngr;R
tof;fpYk;> njd; ,e;jpa K];ypk;fspd; Ngr;R
tof;fpYk; gy mwGr; nrhw;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
,tw;Wf;fhd jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; ,Ue;Jk; mt;twGr;

nrhw;fNs ifahsg;gLtJ ftdpj;jw;ghyJ. vdNt>
K];ypk;fspd; jkpo; tof;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;F
mwGj; jkpo; vd;w tof;Ff; ifahsg;gLfpd;wJ.
Kd;dH mwGj; jkpio mwgpapNyNa vOjpdH. mwG
nkhopapy; ,y;yhj l> r> q> g jkpo; xypfisf;
Fwpg;gjw;F mwG vOj;Jf;fNshL tpN\l
Gs;spfisr; NrHj;J vOJtH. ,f;fhyj;jpy; mwGj;
jkpo; mjpfkhfj; jkpopNyNa vOjg;gLfpwJ|
,f;$w;wpy; ,Ue;J> mwG> jkpo; Mfpa ve;j
tbtj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lhYk; mwGr; nrhw;fs; fye;j
jkpioNa mwGj; jkpo; vd;W m]P]; fUJfpd;whH
vd;gJ njspT. ,f;fUj;Nj mtuJ NtW rpy
fl;LiufspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.”6
jkpopy; mwGr; nrhw;fisr; NrHj;J vOJk;

mikg;ig mwGj; jkpo; vdf; $wg;gLtjw;fhd
gpd;dzpiaAk; ,izj;J vk;.I.vk;. mkPd; mtHfs;
gpd;tUkhW tpsf;Ffpd;whHfs;.
'jkpo; mr;Rf; $lq;fs; gutyhfpa NghJ K];ypk;fs;

jk; Mf;fq;fis mr;Nrw;Wk; trjp fUjp> mwG
vOj;Jf;Fg; gjpyhf jkpo; vOj;Jf;fis
cgNahfpj;Jg; Gj;jfq;fisAk; gj;jphpiffisAk;
mr;rpl;L ntspapl;ldH. ,jdhy; mwGj; jkpo; vd;gJ
6
g.81

mwG vOj;jpNy vOjg;gl;l jkpiof; Fwpf;fpd;wjh
my;yJ jkpo; vOj;Jf;fisf; ifahz;L
K];ypk;fshy; vOjg;gl;l jkpioAk; Fwpf;fpd;wjh
vd;w kaf;fk; Vw;gLtJ ,aw;ifNa. jkpo;
vOj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> jkpo; nkhop %yk;
K];ypk;fs; ntspapl;l Mf;fq;fisAk; K];ypk;
mwpQHfs; mwGj; jkpo; vd;Nw toq;fpdH."7
jkpo; vOj;jpy; mwGr; nrhw;fs; fye;J vOjg;gl;lij

mwGj; jkpo; vd;W $Wtjw;Ff; fhuzkhd
mj;jkpopd; jdpj;Jtq;fisg; gw;wpg; NgRk; vk;.I.vk;.
mkPd; mtHfs;> 'mwG vOj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l jkpio
mwGj; jkpo; vd;W toq;FtJld; ep;y;yhJ> jkpo;
vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L vOjpatw;iwAk; mwGj;
jkpo; vd;gjhapd;> gpd;idaJ jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
,Ue;J gphpj;jwpaf; $ba rpy Kf;fpa gz;Gfisf;
nfhz;bUj;jy; mtrpakhFk;. K];ypk;fs; vOjpa
jkpopy; mwG> ghurPf nkhopr; nrhw;fs; tputp te;jik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhapDk;> jkpOld; gpw nkhopr;
nrhw;fs; fye;jik ,Jjhd; Kjd;Kiw my;y.
,jw;F Kd;G tl nkhopr; nrhw;fs; tputp te;Js;sd.
mt;thwhd jkpOf;F kzpg;gpuths eil vd;W
jkpowpQHfs; ngaH #l;bAs;sdH. ,e;j eil
Kiwf;F khw;wkhf mwGg; gjq;fs; fye;j jkpo;
nkhop eilf;F mwGj; jkpo; vdg; ngaH
7
& 199

#l;Ltjhapd;> Kf;fpakhd NtWk; rpy gz;Gfs;
K];ypk;fs; vOjpa jkpo; Mf;fq;fl;F ,Uj;jy;
mtrpak;. K];ypk;fspd; jdpj;Jtj;ijAk;> fyhrhuj;
ijAk; gpujpgypg;gdthf K];ypk;fspd; ,yf;fpa
Mf;fq;fs; mike;jikNa mit mwGj; jkpo;
,yf;fpak; vdg;glf; fhuzkhfpanjd;gH. kuG
fhf;fhj kdpjFyk; jdJ gz;ghl;ilAk; Nkk;ghl;il
Ak; ,oe;J tpLk; vd;gjhy; jkJ jdpj; jd;ikiag;
NgZk; tifapy; jkf;nfd XH ,yf;fpag;
ghuk;ghpaj;ij cUthf;fpdhHfs;. mJNt mwGj;
jkpo; vdg;gLfpd;wJ vd V.vk;.V. m]P]; Fwpg;gpL
fpd;whH. ,jdhw;whd;> mwGj; jkpopy; mwGg; ghurPfg;
gjq;fSk; tputp tUtij K];ypk;fs; me;epakhff;
fUjtpy;iy. gjpyhf ,];yhkpa topr; rpe;jid
fisg; Gyg;gLj;j mwGg; gjg;gpuNahfk; jtpHf;f
Kbahj Njit vdf; fUjpdH. jkpopy; gpwnkhopg;
gjg;gpuNahfq;fisf; Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fuy;
nfhLj;j rpj;jp nyt;it jhd; ntspapl;l mwGj;
jkpo; Gj;jfq;fspYk;> gj;jphpiffspYk; mwGg;
gjq;fisg; gpuNahfpf;f ,r;rpe;jidNa fhuzk;
MfpaJ" vdf; $Wfpd;whH.
,t;tpU tiutpyf;fzq;fisAk; Ma;T nra;j

NguhrphpaH vk;.V. E/khd; gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;whH. “mwGj;
jkpo; gw;wpa nghJthd fUj;J ,uz;lhtJ tiu
tpyf;fzj;jpypUe;J NtWgl;lJ. fle;j E}w;whz;Lfspy;
(19Mk; E}w;whz;L) gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; K];ypk;fs;>

jkpo; nkhopiaj; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspy; vOjpaNjhL mwG
vOj;Jf;fspYk; vOjp te;jdH. mt;thW mwG vOj;jpy;
vOjg;gl;l jkpNo mwGj; jkpo; vd;W nghJthf toq;fg;
gLfpd;wJ." 8 ,f;fUj;Nj nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; njhpfpwJ.
mjw;Ff; fPo;tUk; epahaq;fis Kd;itf;fyhk;.
• mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw;w> tsHr;rpf; fhy fl;lq;fspy;

mwG vOj;Jf;fspy; mike;j jkpOf;Nf mwGj; jkpo;
vdg; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ. mr;rpae;jpu tsHr;rp>
K];ypk;fspd; fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wk;> ifahs;tjd;
,yFjd;ik Nghd;w ntspf; fhuzq;fspdhNyNa
jkpo; ml;ruq;fSs; mwG fye;J vOjg;gLk; jkpOf;F
mwGj; jkpo; vdg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;w rpe;jid
Njhd;wpaJ. khwhf mwGj; jkpopd; cs;sf tsHr;rp
ahfNth khw;wkhfNth ,jidf; fUj KbahJ.
mj;NjhL kpf mz;ikf; fhyk; tiuapYk; mwG
ypgpapy; mike;j mwGj;jkpio thrpg;NghUk; vOJ
NthUk; ,Ue;J te;Js;sdH. mjdhy; mk;nkhop kuG
tof;nfhope;J tpl;ljhff; fUjTk; KbahJ.
• jkpo; nkhopia mwG vOj;Jf;fspy; vOJtJ K];ypk;

fy;tpkhd;fshy; kpfTk; jPl;rz;akhfj; jpl;lkpl;L
tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ ,yq;if> njd;dpe;jpa
K];ypk;fSf;NfAhpa jdpj;jd;ik tha;ej
; xU nkhop
8
g.81>82

kughFk;. mwgpfSf;F mjid xUthW thrpf;fyhk;.
Mdhy; tpsq;f KbahJ. jkpoHfSf;F mjid NtW
ahuhtJ thrpj;jhy; XusT tpsq;fyhk;. Mdhy;
thrpf;f KbahJ vd;w ,e;jj; jdpj;Jtk; mwG ypgpapy;
mike;j jkpOf;Nf cz;L. ,jid mwGr; nrhw;fs;
fye;j jkpOf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdhy; mjd; jdpj;Jtk;
,y;yhkw;NghFk;.
• jkpo; nkhopapy; gy;NtW nkhopfisAk; NrHe;j Ntw;W

nkhopr; nrhw;fs; fye;Js;sd. tpUk;gpNah tpUk;
ghkNyh ve;j xU tsHe;J nry;Yk; nkhopAk; me;epa
nkhopf; fyitia mq;fPfhpj;Njahf Ntz;bAs;sJ.
Mf> jkpopy; Ntw;W nkhopr; nrhw;fs; fyf;Fk;
Nghnjy;yhk; mk;nkhopapd; jkpo; vdf; nfhs;tJ
nghUj;jkhdjhfj; njhpatpy;iy. mg;gbahapd;
ghurPfj; jkpo;> Mq;fpyj; jkpo;> lr;Rj; jkpo;> rpq;fsj;
jkpo; vd;nwy;yhk; ngahpl Ntz;bNaw;gLk;.
mg;gbahd xU kuG jkpopy; ,Jfhytiu tsHf;fg;
glTkpy;iy.
• K];ypk;fspd; jdpj;Jtj;ijg; NgZfpd;w tifapy;>

,];yhkpa mfPjh> \hPM> xOf;ftpay; tiuaiw
fSf;F cl;gl;l tifapy; K];ypk;fshy; cUthf;fg;
gLk; mwGr;nrhw;fs; fye;j ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fs;
,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; vdf; $WtNj
nghUj;jg;ghLilajhFk;. mt;thwhd ,yf;fpag;
gilg;Gfs; ,];yhj;jpd; mbg;gil tiuaiwfisAk;
fl;Lf;Nfhg;GfisAk; kPwp mikAkhapd; mjid
K];ypk; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; vdg; ngahpl;L miof;f
KbAk;. ,Jtd;wp> xU jdpj;Jtkhd nkhop kuGf;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jpa ~mwGj; jkpo;| vd;w gpuNahfj;ij
,];yhkpaj; jkpo; my;yJ K];ypk; jkpOf;Ff;
ifahs;tJ EZf;fkhd xU nraw;ghlhfj;
njhpatpy;iy.
yp]hDy; mHtp
mwG vOj;Jf;fspy; vOjg;gl;l mwGj; jkpio K];ypk;

mwpQHfs; ~yp]hDy; mHtp| vdg; ngahpl;bUe;jdH.
,r;nrhy; ~yp]hDy; mh;tpa;ah|> yp]hDy; mwptpa;ah|>
~mHtp|> ~mHtP|> ~mWtp| vd;wthnwy;yhk; xypkhw;wk;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it vt;thW vOjg;gl;l NghjpYk;
mwGj; jkpioNa mJ Rl;Lk; vd;gijf; ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;sy; mtrpak;.
fyhepjp ijf;fh \{Ig; Mypk; mtHfs; ,J gw;wpf;

fPo;tUkhW $Wfpd;whH. 'yp]hDy; mHtp vd;W K];ypk;
mwpQHfs; ,jw;F Vd; ngahpl;ldH. Arabic Tamil my;yJ
mwGj; jkpo; vd;gJ gpw;gl;l fhyq;fspNyNa gpugy;ak;
ngw;wJ. ,e;jg; ngaiu (mHtp) gz;bjHfs; Vd; vdj;

njhpatpy;iy. vdpDk; rpy KbTfSf;F Muha;r;rp %yk;
tuyhk;”9
,t;thW mwGj; jkpo; Vd; ~mHtp| vd miof;fg;gl;lJ

vd;gjw;F gyUk; gy fhuzq;fisf; $Wfpd;wdH.
mtw;iw fPo;tUkhW njhFj;Jf; $wKbAk;:
• m.kh. rhkp gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;whH. 'mugpapy;

yprhDy;| vd;why; ~nkhop| vd;W nghUs;. mwptpa;ah
(mHtp) nkhop| vd;W MfpwJ. ~mwptpa;ah| vd;why;
vd;d? ~mutk;| vd;gJjhd; ~mutpa;ah| Mapw;W.
jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk;| vOjpa fhy;Lnty;
$l 'fd;dlHfSk;> njYq;fHfSk;> jf;fhzj;J
K];ypk;fSk; jkpio ~mutk;| vd;W nrhy;fpwhHfs;"
vd;W vOjp itj;jpUf;fpwhH."10 ,jid tpsf;f tUk;
fyhepjp vk;. V. vk;. Rf;hp> njYq;F nkhop NgRNthH
jkpo; ehl;il mUtH ehL vd toq;fpdH. NkYk;
fypq;fj;Jg; Nghhpy; NrhsH giliaf; fz;l
me;ehl;Lr; Nrid ~mUtH|> mUtH| (jkpoH> jkpoH)
vd mQ;rp eLq;fpdH vd fypq;fj;Jg; guzp
Fwpg;gjhfg; NguhrphpaH uh. gp. NrJg; gps;is mtuJ
~jkpofk; CUk; NgUk;| vd;w E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH"11
vd;fpwhH. njd;dpe;jpahTf;F tUif je;j K];ypk;fs;
9
Shu’ayb, Tayka, Arabic, Arwi, and Persion in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu, PP.100
10 rhkp> m.kh> jkpopy; ,];yhkpa ,jo;fs;> g.57
11 Rf;hp> vk;.V.vk;> mk;rk; ,d;lHne\dy;> 1> ~muGj; jkpopd; gz;ghl;Lg;
ghuk;ghpak;> g. 26

(mwG %jhijaHfs;) jkpo; nkhopia ~mwtk;| vd
mioj;jjhf ~jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk;|
E}yhrphpaH fhy;Lnty; ghjphpahH Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. mtH
jdJ E}d;Kfj;jpy;> 'The Tamil language is called
Aravam by the Mussalmans of the Dekhan, the Telugus and
the Canarese" vd vOjp itj;jpUf;fpd;whH. Mdhy;>
~mwtk;| vd;w nrhy; jkpOf;F Vd; toq;Ffpd;wJ>
mr;nrhy; vt;thW tof;fpy; te;jJ vd;gd gw;wpa
jdJ epr;rakw;w epiyia> 'What is the derivation of this
term Aravams? Its origin appears to me very uncertain" vd
fhy;Lnty; njhptpf;fpd;whH. MapDk; lhf;lH
Fz;ll;bd; (Dr. Gundert) ,J gw;wpa fUj;ij
fhy;Lty; jdJ E}ypy;> 'Dr, Gundert Suggested that as
Tamil Literature excelled other Literature in athics, it might
have been perhaps from this circumstance that Tamilians
were called Aravas" vd vOjp itj;jpUf;fpwhH.12
• nfhLe;jkpo; ehLfspy; mUth ehLk; xd;W.

nfhs;splj;Jf;F tlf;Nf (,d;iwa njd;dhHf;fhL -
nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lq;fs;) mUth ehL ,Ue;jJ.
mq;F tho;ej
; kf;fs; ~muthsH| vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhHfs;. ,d;Wk; $l Me;jpuHfs;
jkpoHfis ~muthL| vd;W nrhy;Yfpd;w tof;fk;
12
e`pah> V.vk;> m]P]{k; jkpOk;> g. 39

,Uf;fpwJ. ~muthO| vd;w njOq;Fr; nrhy;Yf;Fj;
jkpo; nkhop| vd;w nghUs;. ~mUtk;| vd;w
nfhLe;jkpNo ~mutpa;ah| vd;W kUtpaJ. muG
vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L vOjpdhYk; jkpo; (mutpa;ah)
vd;Nw mNugpaH $wpdhHfs; vd;gijj;jhd; ~yprhDy;
mwptpa;ah| fhl;Lfpd;wJ.13 vdTk; m.kh. rhkp
$Wfpd;whH.
• ,jid NtNwhU tifapy; tpsf;f KidAk; m. kh.

rhkp> 'Rj;jj; jkpopypUe;J muGj; jkpio
NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;l ~yprhDy; mwptpa;ah| vd;W
mNugpaH $wpdhHfs;. mNugpaUf;F ~nkhop| vd;whNy
mugp nkhopjhd; vd;gjhy; ~yprhDy;| (nkhop) vd;gij
mugp vd;W vLj;Jf; nfhz;L yprhDy; mwtpa;ah|
vd;gij ~muGj; jkpo;| vd;Wk; nfhs;syhk;" vd;fpwhH.
• fyhepjp ijf;fh \{Ig; Mypk; mtHfs; NkYnkhU

fhuzj;ij Kd;itf;fpwhHfs;. 'jkpo; ehL xU
fhyj;jpy; njYq;F kd;dHfspd; Ml;rpapd; fPo;
,Ue;jJ. [atPu uh[FU Gtpr;rf;futHj;jp vd;w
njYq;F rf;futHj;jp kJiuia Nrho> ghz;ba
kd;dd; Nghd;W Ml;rp nra;jhH. ,tuJ Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpNyNa K`k;kJ fy;[papd; jiyikapy;
vfpg;jpypUe;J xU K];ypk; mfjpf; FO te;jJ. (,J
`p[;hp 228> fp.gp 843,y; eilngw;wJ) mtHfs; ey;y
13
rhkp> m.kh> jkpopy; ,];yhkpa ,jo;fs;> g.57

Kiwapy; tuNtw;fg;gl;L> cgrhpf;fg;gl;ldH. gpd;dH
te;j K];ypk; mwpQHfs; ,e;jj; njYq;F kd;dUf;F
ed;wpf; fldhf mtHfspd; nkhopaikg;gpNyNa
jkpoHfis ~mUtH| vdf; nfhz;ldH. ,e;j tifapy;
yprhDy; mHtp vd;gJ mUtH K];ypk;fspd; nkhop
vd Mfpw;W."14
• mwG nkhopapy; mHtp vd;gJ 'xU kf;fs;

$l;lj;jpdhpd; jhfj;ijj; jPHj;jy;"vd;W nghUs;gLk;.15
,e;j tifapy; kio vt;thW gapHfs;
nropj;Njhq;Ftjw;Fj; Jiz Ghpfpd;wNjh mNj
Nghd;W mHtp nkhop mjd; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; cs;s mHtp
NgRk; K];ypk;fspd; fyhrhu tsHr;rpf;F
cWJizahf mike;jJ. mNj Nghy; mg;Gjpa nkhop
mHtp K];ypk;fspd; fyhrhuj; jhfj;ijj; jPHf;f
cjtpaNjhL mtHfs; xU jdpj;Jtkhd rkaj;ijf;
nfhz;l r%fk; vd;w epiyiag; ghJfhj;Jf;
nfhs;sTk; cjtpaJ. ,e;j tifapy;> mHtp vDk;
ngaH FwpaPl;Lg; ngauhf mike;jpUf;fyhk;"16 vd;w
fUj;ijAk; fyhepjp ijf;fh \{Ig; Mypk;
Kd;itf;fpd;whH.
14 Shu’ayb, Tayka, Arabic, Arwi, and Persion in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu,
PP.100
15 Arabic-English Dictonary, Elias & Elias, PP. 270
PP.101

• fyhepjp ijf;fh \{Ig; Mypk; NtnwhU
Mjhuj;ijAk; ,jw;Ff; fhl;Lfpd;whH. 'jkpo; ehl;by;
nrd;id Nghd;w gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; tho;e;J tUk;
cUJ NgRk; K];ypk;fs; ,d;Wk; %yjpuhtpl
ml;ruj;jpy; mike;j jkpio mHtp vd;Nw
miof;fpd;wdH. fyhepjp `{ird; iedhH nkhop
ngaHj;j Fyhk; mg;Jy; fhjpH ehrphpd; ~g`hNu M]k;
[h`p| vd;w E}ypYk; jkpo;> mHtp vd;Nw
tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ."
• NguhrphpaH vk;. vk;. cit]; gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;whH

'mwk; gw;wpa ,yf;fpaq;fs; jkpopy; rpwe;J
tpsq;fpaikahy; ~mwtk;| vd miof;fg;gl;ljhf rpyH
$WtH. mwpit ey;Fk; E}y;fs; jkpopy; ngUk;ghyhf
,Ue;jikapdhy; mJ mg;ngaiug; ngw;wJ vd;W
kw;Wk; rpyH fUJtH. Mdhy; ,it jkpo;r;
nrhw;fshdikapdhy; ,tw;iw kWf;fTk; KbAk;
vdf; fhy;Lnty; ghjphpahH fUj;Jj; njhptpj;Js;shH.
~xypaw;wJ| vdg; nghUs;gLk; ~mut| vd;Dk;
tlnkhopr; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J ~mutk;| vd;gJ
kUtpapUf;fyhk; vd;Wk; kw;WQ; rpyH fUj;Jj;
njhptpj;Js;sdH. Mdhy; ,jid NtW tpjkhfTk;
tpsf;fyhk;."17
17
cit];> vk;.vk;> ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaj;jpd; jpUr;rpj; jpUg;gk;> g. 67&
68

• NtW tpjkhf ,g;gpuNahfj;ij tpsf;f KidAk;
NguhrphpaH vk;.vk;. cit]; mtHfs; gpd;tUkhW
njspTgLj;Jfpd;whH. “mwG vd;Dk; nrhy;Ny
mwtpa;ah vd;Wk; mwtk; vd;Wk; kUtpapUf;fyhk;.
mwG (Arab) vd;Dk; nrhy;ypypUf;Fk; (B) gfuj;jpw;Fr;
rkdhd vOj;Jj; jkpopy; ,y;iy. vdNt tfuk;
cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. g]; (Bus) vd;DQ;
nrhy; tR vd;W jkpopy; toq;fg;gLfpwjy;yth? Mjk;
ghth (Bawa) vd;Dk; K];ypk; ngaH Mjk; thth
vd;Wk; mG+gf;fH (Abubackar) vd;Dk; K];ypk; ngaH
mT+tf;fH vd;Wk; nyg;ig (Lebba) vd;Dk;
milnkhopg; ngaH nyt;it vd;Wk; ,yq;ifapy;
rpw;rpy gFjpfspy; ,d;Wk; toq;Ftij ehk;
fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. gHgyp (Barbali) vd;w mwGr;
nrhy;ypdhy; miof;fg;gLk; efuk; ,yq;ifapy;
,d;Wk; NtHtis vd;W miof;fg;gLtijAk; ehk;
fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. vdNt> gz;gl;l nkhopiaf; Fwpg;gp;l
cgNahfpf;fg;gl;l mwG vd;Dk; nrhy;Ny kw;nwhU
gz;gl;l nkhopahfpa jkpo; nkhopiaf; Fwpg;gpl
mwtpa;ah vd;Nwh mutk; xd;Nwh kUtpapUf;fyh
nkd;W nfhs;tJ nghUj;jKilj;J my;yth?"18
18
cit];> vk;.vk;> ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaj;jpd; jpUr;rpj; jpUg;gk;> g. 67 &
68

NkNy $wg;gl;l fUJNfhs;fspd;gb mHtp vd;w
nrhw;gpuNahfk;> jkpoiuf; Fwpg;gplg; gad;gLj;jpa ~mUtH|
my;yJ jkpiof; Fwpg;gplg; gpuNahfpj;j mUtk;> mutk;
vd;w nrhw;fspy; ,Ue;J gpwe;jpUf;fyhk; my;yJ
K];ypk;fspd; fyhrhug; ghuk;ghpaj;ijg; ghJfhj;J
toq;Fk; nkhop vd;w tifapy; FwpaPl;Lg; ngauhf
mike;jpUf;fyhk; my;yJ ~mwgpa;ah| vd;w mwGr;
nrhy;Ny ,g;gjkhf cUkhwpapUf;fyhk; vdj; njhFj;Jf;
$wyhk;.
‘mwGj; jkpo;” vDk; nrhw;nwhliu vOJk;

Kiw
~mwGj; jkpo;| vd;w nrhw;nwhliu ~mwGj; jkpo;| vd

vOJtjh my;yJ ~muGj; jkpo;| vd vOJtjh rhpahdJ
vd;w rHr;ir mwpQHfspd; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjid ~mwGj; jkpo;| vd;W vOjNtz;Lk; vd KidtH

k.K. cit]; ciuf;fpd;whH. 'nghJthf muG nkhopapy;
wfuk; tUk; nghOJ mJ ty;ypd vOj;jhf mike;J
tpLfpd;wJ. vdNt> ty;ypd ~wfu| cr;rhpg;igAila muG
vOj;jpid ,ilapd ~ufu| cr;rhpg;igAilajhf
vOJtJ jtwhdjhFk;" vd;ghH cit];.19 nghJthf xU
19
cit];> vk;.vk;> ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaj;jpd; jpUr;rpj; jpUg;gk;>
g. 67 & 68

rpyH jtpu vk;.I.vk;. mkPd;> NguhrphpaH vk;.V. E/khd;>
v];.V. nra;apJ `]d; nksyhdh> V.vk;. e`pah> rp.
eapdhH K`k;kJ> V.vk;.V. m]P]; Nghd;w gy
Ma;thsHfs; ~mwGj; jkpo;| vd;W ty;ypd wfuj;ij ,jpy;
ifahz;Ls;sdH.
m.kh.rhkp mtHfs; ~muGj; jkpo;| vd vOJtJjhd;

nghUj;jkhdJ vd;w fUj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;shH. mtH
,jw;F Kd;itf;Fk; epahak;> mNugpah> muG ehLfs;>
muG nkhop vd;W vOJtJjhd; ,g;nghOJ tof;fkhf
,Uf;fpwJ. NkYk; cit]; $WtJ> muG nkhopapd;
tof;F"20 vd;gjhFk;.
,e;j rHr;ir gw;wpa njspitg; ngWtjw;fhf mwG

vOj;Jf;fspd; cr;rhpg;G gw;wp Ma;T nra;J vOjg;gl;l
E}y;fis Muha;ej; hy;> ngUk;ghyhd mwpQHfs;>
“wh/|tpd; (‫)ر‬ mbg;gilahd cr;rhpg;G ty;ypdkhFk;.;
nky;ypdg;gLj;Jtjw;Fhpa fhuzq;fs; ,Ue;jhy; jtpu
NtW vjw;Fk; ~wh/| nky;ypdg;gLj;jg;gl khl;lhJ"
vd;fpd;wdH. ,jid NkYk; tpsf;Ffpd;w m\;\Hfhtp>
“gj;`h| (‫~ >)فتحة‬ok;kh| (‫ )ضمة‬Mfpa capHf; Fwpfsplg;gl;l
wh/| mJ nrhy;ypd; Muk;gk;> kj;jp> ,Wjpapy; te;jNghJk;
ty;ypdkhf cr;rhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf : wg;gdh
(‫ >) ربنا‬j/W[{ (‫] >)تعرج‬gw (‫ )صبر‬Nghd;w nrhw;fs;.
20
rhkp> m.kh> jkpopy; ,];yhkpa ,jo;fs;> g. 52> 67 & 68

mt;ntOj;J ~f];uh| (‫)كسرة‬ caph;f;Fwpaplg;gl;lhy;
fl;lhakhf nky;ypdkhfNt cr;rhpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. me;j
~wh/| nrhy;ypd; Muk;gk;> kj;jp> ,Wjpapy; te;jhYk;
nky;ypdkhfNt cr;rhpf;fg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf: hp];fh
(‫ >)رزقا‬fhPg; (‫ >)قريب‬ty;g[;hp (‫ )والفجر‬Nghd;w nrhw;fs;"21 vd
tpsf;fpr; nry;fpd;whH. ,jidf; fPo;tUk; thptbtk;
tpsf;Ffpd;wJ:
,e;j tpsf;fj;jpd;gb mwG nkhop> mwG ehLfs;> mNwgpah

vd vOJtNj rhpahdjhFk;. Vnddpy; ,jpy; tUfpd;w
~wh/| vd;w vOj;J ~gj;`h| (‫ )فتحة‬ngw;W te;Js;sJ.
,r;nrhw;fis ehk; xypngaHg;Gr; nra;tjd; fhuzkhf
mjd; %ynkhopapd; cr;rhpg;Gf;fisg; Ngzp xypkhw;wk;
21
m\;\Hfhtp> i]dg; mg;Jy; fhPk;> m`;fhKj; j[;tj
P ;> g. 93 & 94

nra;tNj kpfr; rhpahdjhFk;. ,e;j tifapy; ~mwGj;
jkpo;| vd ty;ypd wfuj;ijg; gpuNahfpg;gNj kpfr;
rhpahdJ vdyhk;.
vdpDk;> ,t;tha;it ehk; vOJifapy; XH Ma;thshpd;

fUj;ij Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Lk; NghJ mtH mwGj; jkpio
vOjpa Kiwg;gbNa vLj;jhsg;gLk;. mtH mjid muGj;
jkpo; vd vOjpapUe;jhy; mjid mt;thNw ,t;tha;tpy;
ifahsg;gLk; vd;gijf; fUj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
mwGj; jkpo; xU nkhopah? fpis nkhopah?
mwGj; jkpo; vd;gJ xU jdp nkhopah my;yJ xU fpis

nkhopah vd;wnjhU rHr;irAk; Ma;thsHfs; kj;jpapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mwGj; jkpo; vd;nwhU jdp nkhopapy;iy vd;W NguhrphpaH

cit]; fUJfpwhH. V.vk;. V. m]P]{k; ,ij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;fpwhH. Mdhy; mwGj; jkpio xU fpis nkhopahff;
nfhs;syhk; vd;W ,tH nrhy;fpwhH.22 ,jid NtnwhU
tifapy; $Wk; NguhrphpaH vk;.V. E/khd;> 'jkpo;
nkhopapd; gpujhd r%ff; fpis nkhopfSs; (Social
Dialects) K];ypk; jkpo; xd;whFk;. K];ypk; jkpo;> jkpo;
22
rhkp> m.kh> jkpopy; ,];yhkpa ,jo;fs;> g. 52

thptbtpy; kl;Lkd;wp> mwG thptbtpYk; vOjg;gLfpd;wJ
vd;fpd;whh;”
'xd;iw nkhopnad Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhdhy;>

mjw;nfd jdpj;jd;ik tha;ej; mbg;gil ,yf;fz
mikg;Gfs;> nkhop ,ay; kuGfs; ,Ue;jhf Ntz;Lk;.
muGj; jkpiog; nghUj;jtiu mjw;nfdj; jdpahd
,yf;fzk; vJTkpy;iy. ,jw;Fj; jdpnkhopj; jFjp
juKbahJ vd;fpwhHfs; Ma;thsHfs;. Mu;tj;jpy;
gpwe;jpl;lf; fpis nkhopahf Ntz;Lkhdhy; nfhs;syhk;
vd;Wk; njhptpf;fpd;wdH" vd;W nksytp gp. vk;. Kfk;kJ
ghftp nrhy;fpwhH.23
fyhepjp egP]h fyPk; Nghd;w rpy mwpQHfs; mHtpia

xU jdpahd nkhopahff; nfhs;s KbahJ vdTk;
mjw;Ff; fhuzk; xU gpuNjrj;jpd; vy;yh kf;fSk;
mk;nkhopiag; Ngrtpy;iy vdTk; $Wfpd;wdH. NtW
rpyH> 'KO nkhopAk; jkpohfTk; mwG ypgpapy; khj;jpuk;
mike;jpUg;gjdhy; mHtpia xU jdp nkhopahff; fUj
KbahJ" vd thjpLfpd;wdH.
,f;fUj;Jf;fSf;F vjpHkhwhf fyhepjp ijf;fh \{Ig;

Mypk; Nghd;w rpyH> mwGj; jkpo; xU jdpahd nkhop
vd;w fUj;ij typAWj;Jfpd;wdH. NkNy $wg;gl;l
fyhepjp egP]h fyPkpd; fUj;ij kWf;fpd;w fyhepjp
23

ijf;fh \{Ig;> '18> 19Mk; E}w;whz;LfspYk; 20Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; Kjy; ghjpapYk; ,yq;if> jkpo; ehl;L
K];ypk;fs; midtUk; NgrpaJk; vOjpaJk;
mHtpiaj;jhd; vdf; $wyhk;" vd;fpd;whH. mj;NjhL
'mwG ypgp khj;jpukd;wp gy mwGr; nrhw;fSk; mHtpapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mj;NjhL mHtp K];ypk;fSf;Nf
chpa Ngr;R nkhop mikg;igAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ" vdTk;
tpsf;Ffpd;whH.
mwGj;jkpo; xU jdp nkhopapd; me;j];j;ijg; ngWjy;

Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F fyhepjp \{Ig;; gpd;tUk; tplaq;
fisr; rhd;whf Kd;itf;fpd;whH. 'cHJ> `pe;jp nkhop
fs; Vfkdjhf ,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;L Kf;fpa nkhopfs; vd
mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit ,uz;Lk; rknkhop mbg;
giliaAk; `pe;J];jhdp vd Kd;G miof;fg;gl;l
nkhopapypUe;J ngwg;gl;ljhfTk; mike;Js;sd. mit
ml;ruj;jpYk; mikg;gpYk; tpj;jpahrkhf ,Ug;gNj
jdpnkhop me;j];j;ijj; je;Js;sJ. `pe;jp nkhop
neUf;fkhf rk];fpujj;ij cs;thq;fpapUg;gNjhL cHJ>
mwG> ghurPf> JUf;fpa mbg;gilr; nrhw;fisj;
jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ." 'If;fpa ehLfs; rigAk;
mHtp nkhopia cyfj;jpy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfSs;
xd;whf Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization ntspapLk; ‘The

UNESCO courier’ ,d; August-September> 1981Mk; ,jopy;
,jidf; fhzyhk;.24
,f;fUj;J Kuz;ghl;il KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tUk;

tifapy; v];. V. nra;apJ `]d; nksyhdhtpd;
fPo;tUk; $w;W mike;Js;sJ. 'jkpo; ,yf;fzk; jtpu
jdf;nfd Ntwhf ,yf;fzk; ,y;yhikahy; mjid xU
jdpnkhopnad;W nfhs;tJ rhj;jpakd;W. Mdhy;>
kWGwj;jpy; ghHj;jhy;> gphpl;b\; ,q;fpyp]{f;Fk; mnkhpf;f
,q;fpyp]{f;Fk; cs;sjpYk; mjpf NtWghL jkpOf;Fk;
mwGj; jkpOf;Fk; cz;L. vdNt> fpis nkhop vd;Dk;
];jhdj;ij ehk; mjw;Fj; jq;Fjilapd;wp mspf;fyhk;.
,jidg; Ngrpa kf;fs; FOtpdH kiyahs nkhop
cUthd fhyj;jpy; tho;ej ; tHfisg; Nghy ,lthhpahfg;
gphpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. kjthhpahf ,ize;jpUe;jdH.
kiyahsk; fhyfjpapy; xU jdpnkhopahfg; ghpzkpj;jJ.
mwGj; jkpo; mj;jifa jdpnkhop me;j];j;ij
25
milatpy;iy."
24 Shu’ayb, Tayka, Arabic, Arwi, and Persion in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu, PP.90
25
nra;apJ `]d;> v];.V> ,];yhkpa jkpo; ,yf;fpar; nrhw;nghopTfs;>
gg. 31>32

mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw;wKk;
tsh;r;rpAk;
mwGj; jkpo; Njhd;wp tsHe;j rhpj;jpuj;ijAk; mjNdhL

njhlHghd> mjpy; ghjpg;Ngw;gLj;jpa gy;NtW tplajhdq;
fisAk; ehk; ,g;gFjpapy; MuhaTs;Nshk;.
mwG nkhop - njhd;ik> Kf;fpaj;Jtk;>

guty;
nrkpj;jpa (Semetic) nkhopf; FLk;gj;ijr; NrHe;j mwG

nkhop njhd;ikahd nkhopfSs; xd;whFk;. mjidg;
gw;wp fyhepjp vk;.V.vk;. Rf;hp Fwpg;gpLk; nghOJ>
',];yhj;jpd; Njhw;wj;Jf;F Kd;dH muGj; jPgfw;gj;jpy;
tof;fpypUe;j> rpwe;j tsHr;rpiaf; fz;L ,yf;fpa tsk;
kpf;f xU nkhopahff; fhzg;gl;l muG nkhopahdJ
,];yhj;jpd; Njhw;wj;jpd; gpd;dH FHMdpd; nkhopahfg;
ghpzkpj;J> ,];yhkpag; gz;ghl;bd; tsHr;rpNahL
,];yhkpaf; fyhQhdq;fspd; nkhopahf khwpaJ."26
26
Rf;hp> vk;.V.vk;> mk;rk; ,d;lHne\dy;> 1> “muGj; jkpopd; gz;ghl;Lg;
ghuk;ghpak;> g. 24

mwgpfs; jq;fsJ jha;g; ghi\ia vt;tsT J}uk;
tpUk;gpdH vd;gijAk; mjw;Fhpa fhuzj;ijAk; tpsf;f
KidAk; m.kh. rhkp fPo;tUkhW $Wfpd;whH.
mugpfSf;F nkhop vd;whNy mugpjhd;. kw;iwait
Cikapd; csuy; - fhl;L kpuhz;bfspd; fjwy; me;j
msTf;F jq;fs; nkhop kPJ mNugpaUf;Ff; fhjy; cz;L.
vy;yh K];ypk;fSk; mugp nkhop kPJ xU jdp md;G
Vw;gl %d;W fhuzk;. (1) Gdpj egp (]y;) mtHfspd;
nkhop mugp. (2) Gdpj jpUf;FHMd; mugp nkhopapy;
,Uf;fpwJ. (3) nrhHf;fj;jpd; nkhop mugp."27 ,jidNa egp
(]y;) mtHfspd; gpd;tUk; nghd;nkhop Rl;bf;fhl;L
fpd;wJ. 'ePq;fs; mwG nkhopia NerpAq;fs;. Vnddpy;
ehd; mwgp. my;FHMDk; mwgpapy; cs;sJ. Rtd
28
kf;fspd; nkhopAk; mwghfNt ,Uf;Fk.;" ,jdh NyNa
'cyf K];ypk;fs; ,];yhj;ijAk; mwG nkhop iaAk;
KJnfOk;ghfg; ngw;Ws;sdh;"29 vdg; NguhrphpaH k.K.
cit]; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shHfs;.
cyf nkhop Ma;tpdH rpyH mugpNa cyfpd; Kjd;nkhop

vd;W $Wfpd;wdH. Mjp kdpjH Mjk; (miy) mugp
nkhopiaNa NgrpdH vdTk; $WtH. vdNt> ,J cyfpy;
gok; ngUk; nkhopfs; midj;jpw;Fk; Ke;jpaJ vd;W
$Wfpd;whHfs;. Mdhy; NtW rpyNuh ,J Iahapuk;
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH ,g;wh`Pk; (miy) mtHfspd;
27
28
my; ig`fP
29

fhyj;jpy; tho;ej; ~na/ug;| vd;w tFg;ghH Ngrpa
nkhop vd;Wk; ~na/ug;| vd;w ngaNu ~mug;| vd;W
kUtpaJ vd;Wk; $Wfpd;whHfs;. ~mugh| vd;w nrhy;Yf;F
njspthfg; NgRjy; vd;W nghUs; vd;Wk; muG ehl;by;
tho;ej
; kf;fs; jhq;fNs njspthfg; Ngrj; njhpe;jtHfs;
vd;w Kiwapy; jq;fspd; nkhopia mugp vd;Wk; jq;fis
muGfs; vd;Wk; kw;wtHfnsy;yhk; Ngrj; njhpahj
CikaHfs; vd;w nghUspy; mtHfis ~m[kp|fs;
vd;Wk; mioj;jhHfs;. xt;nthU nkhopapdUk; jj;jkJ
nkhopfis kpfTk; caHthfg; NgRk; nghOJ mugpfNsh
vy;yhUf;Fk; Nkyhfr; nrd;W jq;fspd; nkhop
~murHfspd; nkhop| vd;Wk; ~nkhopfspd; murd;| vd;Wk;
ngUkpjkhff; $Wfpd;wdH.30
,f;fUj;ij NtnwhU tifapy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lk;

NguhrphpaH vk;. vk;. cit];> 'mwG vd;why; gz;gl;lJ
vd;gJ nghUs; vd;gH. vdNt> mwG nkhop gz;gl;l nkhop
vdf; fUJtH;. mwG kf;fs; my;yhNjhuhy; Ngrg;gLk;
nkhopia mwG kf;fs; m[kpfSila nkhop vd
miog;gH. m[kp vd;why; ~gz;ghlw;w nkhop| vd;gJ
nghUs; vd;gH. vdNtjhd; ngUkhdhH egpfs; ehafk;
(]y;) mtHfs; jq;fsJ ,Wjp `[; NgUiuapd; NghJ
mwGf;Fk; m[kpf;Fk; ,ilNa vj;jifa tpj;jpahrKk;
,y;iy vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhHfs;"31 vd;fpd;whH.
30
mg;JH w`Pk;> ,];yhkpaf; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> njhFjp xd;W> gg. 394>
395
31
cit];> vk;.vk;> ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaj;jpd; jpUr;rpj; jpUg;gk;>
gg. 66>67

,d;W muG nkhop cyfpy; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; Ngrg;gLk;
nkhopfspy; Mq;fpyj;jpw;Fk; ];ghdpa nkhopf;Fk;
mLj;jgbahf %d;whtJ ,lj;ijg; ngw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
,J Nkw;F MrpahtpypUe;J tl Mgphpf;fh tiuapYk;
ghurPff; Flhf;flypypUe;J mj;jpyhe;jpf; khrKj;jpuk;
tiuapYk; cs;s ehLfshd rCjp mNugpah> ,uhf;>
rphpah> gy];jPd;> vfpg;J> #lhd; (iey; ejpapypUe;J rhl;
tiu)> J}dp]pah> my;[Phpah> nkhNuhf;Nfh> khhplhdpah>
gpuQ;R Nkw;F #lhd;> ie[Phpah> Nkw;F ]`huh>
]hd;]pghH Mfpa ehLfs; ngUk;ghyhdtw;wpy; NgRk;
nkhopahf kl;Lky;yhJ murhq;f epHthfk;> tzpfk;>
,yf;fpak; Mfpait gw;wpa nkhopahfTk; tpsq;fp
tUfpd;wJ. khy;lh> rp]pyp> gz;bNyhpah Mfpatw;wpy;
18MtJ E}w;whz;L tiuapYk; ];nga;dpy; 15MtJ
E}w;whz;L tiuapYk; mugpNa NgRk; nkhopahfTk;
murhq;f nkhopahfTk; ,Ue;J te;jJ. ,d;iwa jpdk;
,J MW Nfhb kf;fspd; NgRk; nkhopahf ,Ue;J
tUfpd;wJ. kj;jpa fpof;fpYk; tl Mgphpf;fhtpYKs;s 21
Rje;jpu ehLfspy; thOk; kf;fSk; ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd;>
<uhd;> Mg;fhdp];jhd; Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s kf;fspy;
rpyUk; mugp NgRfpd;wdH. ,J If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd;
nkhopfspy; xd;whfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

mwG nkhop Vida nkhopfspd; kPJ
nrYj;jpa nry;thf;F
fyg;G nkhop ,y;yhj nkhopfs; ,y;iy vdyhk;. gy;NtW

nkhopfspy; cs;s nrhw;fisf; nfhz;l xU nkhopahf
Mq;fpyk; mike;Js;sJ. Mq;fpy nkhopia xU rHtNjr
re;ijahfTk; cyfpy; cs;s gy;NtW nkhopfspypUe;J
ngwg;gl;l nrhw;fNs mr;re;ijf;F te;Js;s tpw;gidg;
nghUl;fshfTk; cUtfpj;Js;shH khf;]; Ky;yH vd;Dk;
nrhy;yhuha;r;rp tpw;gd;dH. mwG nkhopiag; nghWj;jtiu
khf;]; Ky;yhpd; ,f;$w;wpd; kWjiy Vw;Gilajha;
mikfpd;wJ. K];ypk; kf;fs; thOk; cyfpy; cs;s
xt;nthU ehl;bYk; me;ehl;L nkhopfspy; ,];yhkpa
nkhopahk; mwpTr; re;ijahd mwG nkhopapYs;s gz;lg;
nghUs;fshd nrhw;fs; epue;jukhd XH ,lj;ijg; ngw;W
tpl;ld.
xUtd; ,U ntt;NtW nkhopfspy; jdJ fUj;Jf;fis

ntspapLk; nghOJ> xU nkhopiag; NgRk; nghOJ
jd;id mwpahkNyNa kw;w nkhopapYs;s nrhw;fisAk;
nrhw;nwhlHfisAk; cgNahfpg;ghd; vd;ghH N[. thd;wP];
vd;gtH.32 vdNt> ,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l
nkhopfspy; ghz;bj;jpak; ngw;w xUtd; jhd; mwpe;j
,uz;L nkhopfspypUe;Jk; nrhw;fis mtdJ ciuahl
32
citR> k.K> jkpo; ,yf;fpa mwGr; nrhy; mfuhjp> g. 04

ypYk; vOj;Njhtpaq;fspYk; gad;gLj;JtJ rHtrhjhuz
khdnjhd;whFk;.33
Nkw;$wg;gl;l fUJNfhs;fSf;fpzq;f> ,];yhj;jpd; gut

NyhL mjd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; vy;yhk; gutpa
mwG nkhopahdJ> mg;gFjpfspy; VyNt eilKiw
apypUe;j nkhopfspy; mjd; nry;thf;ifg;gjpj;jJ.
K];ypk;fshy; ghurPfk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l NghJ mq;F

,];yhj;jpd; gutNyhL muG nkhopAk; ghurPf nkhopapy;
mjd; nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jpaJ. ghurPf nkhop muG
ypgpapy; vOjg;gLk; kuG Njhd;wpaNjhL vz;zw;w muGr;
nrhw;fs; ghurPf nkhopNahL fye;J> mjd; nrhy;y
34
fuhjpapy; ngUk; khw;wj;ij tpistpj;jJ. mJ Vwj;jhs
mwG nkhopapd; xU fpis nkhop vdf; $wf;$ba jd;ik
; s;sJ.35 jw;fhyj;jpy; mJ xU jdpnkhop vd;w
tha;eJ
me;j];j;ijg; ngw;W rpwg;ghf tsHr;rpaile;Js;sJ.
,J Nghd;w epiyiaj; JUf;fp nkhopiag; nghWj;

jstpYk; ehk; mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ. 1920Mk; Mz;L
fspy; epfo;e;j nkhopr; rPHjpUj;jj;jpw;F Kd;dH JUf;fp
nkhopahdJ muG ypgpapy; vOjg;gl;lJ.36
33
34
ghuk;ghpak;> g. 24
35
36
ghuk;ghpak;> g. 24

mNj Nghd;W fpof;F Mgphpf;fhitr; NrHe;j fWg;gpd
kf;fs; ,];yhj;ijj; jOtpajd; gadhfj; Njhd;wpa
];th`pyp nkhop ,d;W jd;]hdpah ehl;bd; cj;jpNahf
nkhopahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. mwG ypgpapy; vOjg;gl;l
,k;nkhop gphpl;b\hhpd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; Kjy; Nuhkd;
ypgpapy; vOjg;gLfpd;wJ.37 Nkw;fhgphpf;fhtpd; `t;]h>
GyhdP nkhopfspYk; muG nkhopahdJ fzprkhd
nry;thf;if Vw;gLj;jpaJ.38 mwG nkhop> FHMd;> `jP];>
gpf;`; rl;lq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; nkhopahf ,Ue;jjhy;>
,];yhj;ij Vw;w RNjrpfsplk; mk;nkhop ghhpastpy; jd;
nry;thf;ifg; gjpj;jJ. vfpg;J> K];ypk;fsJ Ml;rpf;F
cl;gl;l NghJ mq;F tof;fpy; ,Ue;j ~fpg;jp| nkhopg;
gpuNahfk; gbg;gbahff; Fiwe;jJ. miu E}w;whz;by;
mwG nkhop> me;ehl;bd; Ml;rp nkhopahfTk; kf;fspd;
Ngr;R nkhopahfTk; khwpaJ.39
NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;lthW kyha; nkhop Nuhkd; ypgpapYk;

vOjg;gLfpd;wJ. mwG ypgpapYk; vOjg;gLfpd;wJ. Nuhkd;
ypgp kyha; ,d;iwa kNyrpahtpy; cj;jpNahfG+Ht
nkhopahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. MapDk;> ,d;W $l> mwG ypgp
kyha; nkhopapy; mq;F gj;jphpiffs; ntsptUfpd;wd.
37
nra;apJ `]d;> v];.V> ,];yhkpa jkpo; ,yf;fpar; nrhw;nghopfs;>
gg. 30
38
Rf;hp> vk;.V.vk;> mk;rk; ,d;lHne\dy;> 1> “mwGj; jkpopd; gz;ghl;Lg;
ghuk;ghpak;> g. 24
39

,k;nkhop ntF[d tof;fpy; ~[htp| vd miof;fg;gL
fpd;wJ.40
,Nj Nghd;W> mwGj; jkpOf;F Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ug;gJ

muG tq;fhskhFk;. ,ijg;gw;wp ,g;D fy;J}Dk;
jk;Kila cyf tuyhw;W E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
c];ngf; nkhopAk; mwG ypgpapNyNa vOjg;gl;L te;jJ.
,g;nghOJ mJ Nuhk ypgpapy; vOjg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
Nfusj;jpYk; muG kiyahsj;jpy; gy E}y;fs;
ntspahfpAs;sd. ,e;jpa nkhopahd `pe;jpia mugp
vOj;Jf;fspy; vOjj; Jtq;fpajd; tpisthfNt cHJ
Njhd;wpaJ.41
K];ypk;fshy; ,e;jpahtpd; rpe;Jg; gpuNjrk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l

NghJ ja;gy;> kd;#uh> Ky;jhd; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; rpe;jp
nkhopahdJ rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; kyhtp ypgpapYk; NtW
rpy gFjpfspy; mj;jifhp ypgpapYk; vOjg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;>
mg;gpuNjrq;fs; K];ypk;fspd; nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gl;lJk;>
,e;jg; gioa ypgpfspd; ,lj;ij muG ypgp ngw;wJ. ,e;j
muhgpa rpe;jp ypgp ~\h`; fhPkp| (fp.gp. 1537-1623) vd;Dk;
rpe;jpf; ftpQhpd; ftpijapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rpe;jp
nkhopapy; fhzg;gLk; Ik;gJ xyp tbtq;fisg; Gyg;
40
gg. 31
41
mg;JH w`Pk;> ,];yhkpaf; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> njhFjp xd;W> gg. 414

gLj;Jk; tifapy; Kg;gJ muG thptbtq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;
gl;ld.42
IgPhpaf; Flh ehl;by; ,];yhj;jpd; Mjpf;fk; gutpaJk;

mf;Flh ehl;bd; nkhopfshd ];ghdpa> NghHj;Jf;Nfa
nkhopfspYk; mwG nkhopapd; jhf;fk; Vw;glyhapw;W.
,t;tpU nkhopfspYk; gy mwGr; nrhw;fs; GFe;J tpl;ld.
vy;yhtw;iwAk; tpl mwG nkhopiag; nghWj;jtiu
apNyjhd; ];ghdpa nkhopapd; flg;ghL Nfhbl;Lf;
fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ];ghdpa nkhopapy; GFe;Js;s mwGr;
nrhw;fs; gy> mwG nkhopapy; cs;s ~my;| vd;Dk; Kd;
miliaf; nfhz;L mike;Js;sd. mwG nkhopapy; my;-
W];| (‫( )الرز‬Al-ruzz) vd;gJ muprpiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. mNj
Nghd;W ];ghdpa nkhopapy; ~my; mNwh];| mNj
fUj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gy mwGr; nrhw;fs; ];ghdpa nkhopapy;
mNj fUj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;sikiaf; fhzyhk;.
,];ghdpa nkhopapy; ~fghd;| (qaban) vd;gJ Nkyq;fpiaf;
Fwpf;fpwJ. ,r;nrhy; mNj fUj;jpy; mwG nkhopapy;
toq;fg;gLk; ~fgh| (qaba) vd;Dk; nrhy;ypUe;J Njhd;wp
cs;sJ. ];ghdpa nkhopapy; ~xems| vd;gJ #hpaidf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. mk;nkhopapy; ~x| vd;gJ ~sh| vd;Dk; xypf;
42
ghuk;ghpak;> g. 24

Fwpg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mwG nkhopapy; ~\k;];| (‫)شمس‬
(shums) vd;gJ #hpaidf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhFk;.43
nghapkh b A+]{g; (Poema de Yucuf) vd;gJ MrphpaH ahH

vd mwpag;glhj xU ftpij E}y;. ,J my;FHMdpy;
cs;s xU fijiaj; jOtp vOjg;gl;lJ. ,f;ftpij
E}ypd; rpwg;gk;rkhtJ ];ghdpa nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L>
gpuQ;Rf; ftpij cUtpy; mikj;J> mwG vOj;Jf;fspy;
vOjg;gl;bUg;gJNtahFk;.44
,t;thWjhd; njd;dpe;jpa> ,yq;if K];ypk;fs; Ngrpa

jkpo; nkhopapYk; mwG nkhop ghhpa nry;thf;ifr;
nrYj;jpaJ. ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; tho;ej ; K];ypk;fs;
jkf;nfd xU nkhop tbtj;ij mwG ypgpapy; mikj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; msTf;F mwG nkhopapd; Mjpf;fk; ,q;F
epytpAs;sJ. ,jdhy; ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; thOk; K];ypk;
fs; jdpj;Jtkhd milahsq;fisg; ngw;W jdpahd
rkaf; FOtpduhf ,dq;fhzg;gl;ldH.
gHkh> rPdh> jha;yhe;J ehLfspy; thOk; K];ypk;fs;

jq;fSf;nfd jdpahd nkhop ,d;ikahy;> mtHfs; xU
jdpj;j rkaf; FOkj;jpdH vd;w milahsj;ij
45
,oe;Js;sdH.
43
44
Shu’ayb, Tayka, Arabic, Arwi, and Persion in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu, PP.86
& 92
& 92

mwgpfspd; njd;dpe;jpah>
,yq;ifAldhd njhlHG
njd;dpe;jpah> ,yq;ifAldhd mwgpfspd; njhlHGk;

,t;tha;tpy; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. mwGj; jkpo; vd;w
gpizg;G nkhop Njhd;Wtjw;F mwgpfspd; ,j;njhlHNg
mbg;gilahf mike;jJ vdyhk;.
,];yhj;jpd; Njhw;wj;Jf;F Kd;dNu mwGj; jPgfw;gk;

,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Ff; fiug; gpuNjrk; (kiyahsf; fiu)>
mwgpfs; ~k/gH| vd mioj;j fpof;Ff; fiug; gpuNjrk;>
,yq;ifj; jPT Mfpa ,lq;fSf;fpilapy; tzpfj;
njhlHGfs; fhzg;gl;ld. ,e;j tzpfj; njhlHG
fhuzkhf ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; muGf; FbNaw;wq;fs;
Njhd;wpd.46 ,t;tifapy; ,yq;if> njd;dpe;jpahTld;
Vw;fdNt njhlHG nfhz;bUe;j mwgpfSk; ,g;gFjpfspy;
FbapUg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpapUe;j mwgpfSk; ,ay;ghfNt
,];yhj;jpd; gpujpepjpfshf khwpdH. rpwpJ fhyj;jpd;
gpd;dH RNjr kf;fspypUe;Jk; gyH ,];yhj;ij Vw;W
K];ypk;fshapdH.47
,];yhj;jpd; Njhw;wj;jpd; gpd;dH ,e;j tzpfj; njhlH

ghdJ fyhrhu> gz;ghl;L cwthf tsHr;rpaile;jJ.
46
ghuk;ghpak;> g. 25
PP.85

,e;jpahtpd; ~k/gH| gFjpfspy; fhay;gl;lzk;> fPof;fiug;
gFjpfspYk; muGf; FbNaw;wq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.48
,];yhk; mJ gpwe;j G+kpapy; vOr;rp ngw Muk;gpj;j fhyg;

gFjpapNyNa njd;dpe;jpahtpy; K];ypk;fs; (mwgpfSk;
mtHfspd; re;jjpapdUk;) FbNawpapUe;jdH vd;gjw;Fr;
rhd;Wfs; cs. jkPk; my; md;]hhP> mG+ tf;fh]; Mfpa
egpj; NjhoHfspd; fy;yiwfs; jkpo;ehl;by; fhzg;
gl;ljhfg; gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ. mNjNghd;W mwG mwpQUk;
miog;ghsUkhd my;`h[; mg;Jy;yh`; ,g;D md;tH
vd;gtH NrhoHfs; Ml;rpapd; NghJ jpUr;rpf;F te;J>
mq;F fp.gp. 738,y; xU gs;spthriyAk; epWtpdhH vdTk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.49
fp.gp. vl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; Ml;rp nra;j ~mg;Jy; kypf; gpd;

kHthdpd; fhyj;jpy; mtUila nfhs;iffspy; jpUg;jp
fhzhj mNugpa jPgfw;g K];ypk;fSs; rpyH jkJ
jhafj;ijj; Jwe;J nry;yj; jPHkhdpj;jdH. ,t;thW te;j
K];ypk; mfjpfs; njw;F Nehf;fp te;J> Concan> ,e;jpah
tpd; njd;gFjpfs;> ,yq;ifj; jPT> kyhf;fh Nghd;w
,lq;fspy; FbapUg;Gf;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;ldH.
,yq;iff;F te;j mtHfspd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT vz;zpf;
ifapdH tlfpof;F> tlf;F> Nkw;Ff; fiuNahuq;fspy;
48
ghuk;ghpak;> g. 25
49 Mahroof, M.M.M, Islamic Studies, Vol. 32, Number 2, “Arabic-Tamil in
South India and Sri Lanka: Language as Mimicry” PP. 172 & 173

jkJ Fbg;guk;giy Vw;gLj;jpdH. jpUf;Nfhzkiy>
aho;g;ghzk;> khe;Njhl;lk;> kd;dhH> Fjpiukiy> Gj;jsk;>
nfhOk;G> NgUtiy> fhyp Mfpa ,lq;fspy; jdpj;
jdpahd FbNaw;wq;fis epWtp tho;e;jdH.50
rpe;J> Ky;jhd;> ,e;jpahtpd; tlNkw;Fg; gFjp kf;fistpl

njw;fpy; mwgpfSf;Fk; ,e;jpaHfSf;Fkpilapyhd cwT
rpNefG+HtkhdJ@ kdg;G+HtkhdJ. njw;fpy; mwgpfs;>
tzpfHfs;> gazpfs;> fg;gNyhl;bfs; vd;w mikg;gpNyNa
FbNawpdH. mNj Ntis tlf;fpy; murpay; gykpf;f>
,uhZt hPjpahf ehl;il ifg;gw;wpNahuhf ,Ue;jdH.
rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; K];ypk;fSf;F

jdpahd ,lg;gug;Gfs; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. ,J Nghd;w
xU epfo;T fp.gp. 12Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
1182,y; i]apj; ,g;wh`Pk; vd;gtH muG ehl;bypUe;J
fz;zD}H vd;w ,lj;jpw;F (njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Nkw;Ff;
fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ) jdJ ghpthuj;Jld; te;jhH.
mj;NjhL jkpo; ehl;Lf;Fk; te;jhH. i]apj; ,g;wh`Pk;
njd;dpe;jpahit Ml;rp nra;J nfhz;bUe;j ghz;ba
,sturHfSld; NghuhLtw;F epHg;ge;jpf;fg;gl;lhH. mjpy;
mtH ntw;wp ngwNt gtpj;jpu khzpf;fg; gl;lzk; (Nkiyg;
gl;lzk;) vd;w ,lj;ij jiyefuhff; nfhz;L
50 Mahroof, M.M.M, Islamic Studies, Vol. 32, Number 2, “Arabic-Tamil in South

India and Sri Lanka: Language as Mimicry” PP. 172 & 173

njd;dpe;jpahtpd; fpof;Fg; gFjpia 12 tUlfhykhf
Ml;rp nra;jhH.51
NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;lthW mwgpfs; Muk;gfhyj;jpy;

tHj;jf hPjpahd njhlHNghL ,yq;if> njd;dpe;jpah te;j
NghJk; ,];yhk; Njhd;wp tsHe;j NghJjhd; tHj;jf>
rka> r%f> fyhrhu hPjpahd njhlHGfs; nrayhf;fk;
ngw;wd. ,jdhy; r%ftpay; hPjpahf gy;NtWgl;l
jhf;fq;fs; cUthfpd. me;j tifj; jhf;fq;fSs;
xd;whfNt ehk; mwGj; jkpopd; cUthf;fj;ijf;
fhzKbAk;.
Mq;fpNyaH fhyj;J ,yq;if K];ypk;fs;> xd;Wf;F

Nkw;gl;l nkhopfSld; njhlHG nfhz;bUe;j NghJk;>
jkpioj; jha;nkhopahf kl;Lkd;wp> ,yf;fpa
nkhopahfTk; nfhz;bUe;jdH. tl khfhzj;jpYk; fpof;F
khfhzj;jpYk; jkpo; kf;fSld; fye;J tho;ej
;
K];ypk;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ Vida khfhzq;fspy;
rpq;fstHfSf;F kj;jpapy; rpjwp tho;ej
; K];ypk;fSk;
jkpioNa jha;nkhopahff; nfhz;bUe;jdH. maypy;
thOk; rpq;fstHfSld; fye;JwthLtjw;fhf Ngr;R
nkhopahf mtHfs; rpq;fs nkhopiag; gad;gLj;jpa
NghJk;> jkpo;g; gpuNjrq;fspy; tho;ej
; K];ypk;fisg;
Nghy mtHfSk; jk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fisj; jkpo;

India and Sri Lanka: Language as Mimicry” PP. 172 & 173

nkhopapNyNa gilj;jdH. Mq;fpy nkhop mur
nkhopahfTk; tHj;jf nkhopahfTk; ,Ue;j NghJk;
mjidf; fw;gjhy; jkJ fyhrhuk; ghjpf;fg;gLk; vdg;
gae;jjhy; efug;Gwj;jpy; tho;ej
; K];ypk;fspy; tpuy;tpl;L
vz;zj;jf;f rpyiuj; jtpu VidNahH mk;nkhopiaf;
fw;ftpy;iy. mk;nkhopiaf; fw;wtHfSs;Sk; vk;. rp.
rpj;jp nyg;ig Nghd;wtHfs; jkJ gilg;Gf;fisj;
jkpopNyNa cUthf;fpdH. rka nkhopahfpa mwG
nkhopiaAk; nghUswpahJ thrpf;f kl;Lk; K];ypk;fSs;
gyH mwpe;jpUe;jdH. rka mwpQHfshff; fzpf;fg;gl;l
cykhf;fs; kl;LNk mwG nkhopia mwpe;jpUe;jdH.
mtHfSs;Sk; tpuy;tpl;L vz;zj;jf;f xUtH xd;wpuz;L
mwG E}y;fis vOjpa NghJk; jkJ Kf;fpa
Mf;fq;fisj; jkpopNyNa je;Js;sdH. ,yq;if
K];ypk;fspy; rpyH jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> rpq;fsk;> mwG Mfpa
nkhopfspy; Gyik ngw;wpUe;j NghJk;> jha; nkhopahfpa
jkpopy; ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilj;jdH vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. MapDk; mtHfs; vOjpa jkpo;> jkpo;
kf;fs; vOjpa jkpopypUe;J NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhzf;
$bajhf ,Ug;gij mtjhdpf;f KbAk;.52
mwG ehl;bypUe;J K];ypk; kf;fs; jkpo; ehl;Lf;F te;J

gz;Lnjhl;Nl njhlHG nfhz;bUe;jikahy; mwGr;
nrhw;fs; jkpo; nkhopapNyNa fye;Jtpl;ld. mit mwGr;
nrhw;jhdh vd;W Iak; Vw;gLksTf;F mit jkpo;r;
52

nrhw;fs; Nghy; fhl;rp mspf;fpd;wd. mit rHtrhjhuz
khfg; nghJj; jkpo; Ngr;R tof;fpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
jkpopNy mtw;Wf;Fg; gpujpaPlhf gad;gLj;jf; $ba
nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk; mwG %yj;
jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l nrhw;fNs gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
tpil vd;w nghUspy; ~gjpy;| vd;Dk; nrhy;Yk;
ed;nfhil vd;w nghUspy; ~,dhk;| (,d;Mk;) vd;Dk;
nrhy;Yk; gpujpepjp vd;w nghUspy; ~tf;fPy;| vd;Dk;
nrhy;Yk; ,it Nghd;w gpwTk; mwG nkhopapypUe;J jkpo;
nkhopf;F te;j jpirr; nrhw;fshFk;.
,NjNghd;W gy ghurPfr; nrhw;fSk; jpirr; nrhw;fshf

te;J nghJj; jkpo;g; Ngr;Rtof;fpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
fhfpjk;> RkhH> juhR> jahH vd;gd ghHrp (ghurPf)
nkhopapypUe;J jkpopy; GFe;jitahFk;.53 gue;j
mbg;gilapy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;ij Nehf;Fk; NghJ mq;F
Vuhskhd tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gijf;
fhzyhk;. ,jdhNyNa itztj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
rpwg;ghf mtw;Wf;Fhpa ciuE}y;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s
gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs; nfhz;l mt;tpyf;fpa eilia
kzpg;gpuths eil| vd;W tUzpf;Fk; msTf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;sd. jkpo; nkhopapy; fye;Js;s gpw
nkhopr; nrhw;fspd; msitAk; mtw;wpd;
cgNahfj;ijAk; Nehf;Fk; nghOJ tlnkhopr; nrhw;
53

fSf;F mLj;j ,lj;ijg; ngWtJ mwGr; nrhw;fNs vd;W
Jzpe;J $wyhk;.54
mwGj; jkpo; Njhd;wpa fhyk;
mwGj; jkpo; vg;NghJ Njhd;wpaJ vd;w tpdhTf;F tpil

ngWtJ rpukkhdjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J gw;wp vk;.
I. vk;. mkPd; mtHfs;> 'mwG vOj;ijf; ifahz;L
mwGj; jkpio K];ypk;fs; vg;nghOJ vOj Muk;gpj;jhH
fs; vd;W rhpahff; fzpj;Jf; $Wtjw;fhd rhd;Wfs;
,Jfhy tiu Ma;thsHfSf;F fpilf;ftpy;iy"55
vd;fpd;whH. v];.V. nra;apJ `]d; nksyhdh fPo;tUk;
tpsf;fq;fisj; jUfpd;whH. 'mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw;wKk;
tsHr;rpAk;> tPo;r;rpAk; jsHr;rpAk; Mfpa mk;rq;fs; gw;wp
mw;g nrhw;g jfty;fNs ,d;W vkf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wd.
mwGj; jkpio ];jpukhd Kiwapy; kPz;Lk; mhpahrdj;
jpypUj;j Ntz;Lkhdhy;> mjd; gpwg;G tsHg;igNah
,f;fhyj;jpYk; ,jw;F Ke;jpa jrhg;jq;fspYk; mJ
eype;J nkype;jikf;fhd VJf;fisNah Gwf;fzpf;f
yhfhJ. xU tifapy;> ,yf;fpar; rpwg;gk;rq;fis
Muha;tjpYk; ,t;tk;rq;fs; Kf;fpakhdit."
'tuyhw;W hPjpahfTk;> rKjha hPjpahfTk; ghHf;Fkplj;J

Kjd; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa mwGj; jkpo; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujp
vJ> mjd; thrfk; vd;d vd;nwy;yhk; mWjpapl;Lr;
54
cit];> vk;.vk;> ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaj;jpd; jpUr;rpj; jpUg;gk;> g. 68
55

nrhy;tJ rhj;jpakd;W. me;j %yg;gpujp xU fhyj;jpy;
ek;ik Mz;l INuhg;gpa ty;yuRfspd; jiyg;gl;lz
nkhd;wpNyaike;j njhy;E}y; rhiyapy; NjLthuw;Wk;
gbg;ghuw;Wk; ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. Vnddpy;> mwG nkhop
ty;YdH ifapy; fpilj;jhy; vOj;Jf;fis mtH
thrpg;ghH. Mdhy; rhuhk;rk; jkpo; vd;gjhy; mjd;
fUj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;shH. jpuhtpl nkhop
ty;YdUf;Fk; ,Nj ,lHghL NeUk;. ghHg;gjw;F
mwghfTk; gbg;gjw;F jkpohfTk; ,Uf;Fk; mg;gpujp ,e;j
,U ty;YdHfisAk; kiyf;fr; nra;J tpLk;. vdpDk;
mwGj; jkpo; %ykhf cyfpy; khngUk; njhy; ,dq;fspy;
,uz;lhfpa nrkpw;wpf; ,dKk; jpuhtpl ,dKk;
rq;fkkhdik tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtkw;wjd;W.
,k;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwG> jkpo; Mfpa ,U nkhopg;
gapw;rpAe; NjHr;rpAKs;s ,yq;if K];ypk; vtNuDk;
Muha;eJ ; ntspapLthnud vjpHghHg;Nghkhf."56 '8Mk;
E}w;whz;L Kjy; 19Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuahd
fhyg;gFjpapy; tof;fpypUe;j mwGj; jkpo;r; Rtbfis
cynfq;FKs;s njhy; nghUl;rhiyfspy; Njb>
tpQ;Qhd Kiwg;gb tifg;gLj;jp> fhyf;fpukkhd rhpj;jpug;
gpd;dzpapy; Nehf;fpdhy; mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp
KOikahf mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;."57
56
gg. 28> 29 & 30
57
gg. 28> 29 & 30

`p[;hp 2Mk; E}w;whz;bNyNa (fp.gp. 8Mk; E}w;whz;L)
muGj; jkpo; Njhd;wpaJ vd;W KidtH ijf;fh \{Ig;
$WfpwhH. ,yq;ifapy; 15Mk; E}w;whz;by; muGj; jkpo;
Gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ vd;W NghHj;Jf;fPrpa jsgjp XluNlh
ghHgrh vd;gtH vOjpitj;jpUg;gjhfTk; mtH Nkw;Nfhs;
fhl;Lfpd;whH.58
mHtpapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp ,U Kuz;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs;

epyTfpd;wd. NguhrphpaH Nf. mg;Jy; fG+H Nghd;w rpyH>
,yq;ifapYk; jkpo; ehl;bYk; tho;ej ; jkpo; NgRk;
K];ypk;fNs mjid cUthf;fpdhHfs; vd;w fUJ
Nfhisf; nfhz;Ls;sdH. `hgp]; i]apj; m`;kj;
Nghd;w NtW rpy mwpQHfs;> ,k;nkhopia mwgpfNs
Vw;gLj;jpdH vdf; $Wfpd;wdH.59 ,Nj fUj;J
NtWghl;ilf; $Wk; m.kh. rhkp gpd;tUkhW jdJ
fUj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;whH. 'jkpo; fw;w mugpfs;
my;yJ muG fw;w jkpo; K];ypk;fs; muGj; jkpio
Njhw;Wtpj;J ,Ug;ghHfs; vd;W nghJthff; fUjg;gL
fpd;wJ. xU nkhopiag; Ngrf; fw;Wf; nfhs;tJ vspJ.
vOjf; fw;Wf; nfhs;tJ fbdk;. mugp mwpe;j jkpo;
K];ypk;fSf;F jkpio mugpapy; vOjpg;gbf;f Ntz;ba
mtrpakpy;iy. jkpo; K];ypk; ngz;fSk; gof;fj;jpd;
fhuzkhf jpUf;FHMidf; $l mugpapy; Xjg;
gofpapUe;jhHfs;. vdNt> jkpiog; Ngr kl;Lk; gofpf;
58

nfhz;l mugpfNs> jq;fSf;Fj; njhpe;j mugp
vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L jkpio vOjj; njhlq;fpapUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mJNt muGj; jkpohf tsHr;rpaile;jpUf;Fk;.”
V.vk;.V. m]P]{k;> 'vOj> thrpf;fj; njhpe;jpUe;j muG
vOj;Jf;fspy;> Gjpjhfg; Ngrg; gofpf; nfhz;l jkpio
vOjpaJ muGj; jkpopd; njhlf;f epiy" vd;W
$Wfpd;whH.60
V.vk;.V. m]P]; mtHfs; NkNy Rl;ba fUj;ij> 'mwG

kf;fs; jkJ nkhopia kwe;J fhyf;fpukj;jpy; mwGj;
jkpo; vDk; xd;wpid cUthf;fpf; nfhz;lhHfs;"61 vd;W
njspthff; $Wfpd;whH. ,f;fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
ghHf;Fk; NghJ mwGj; jkpo; ,];yhk; njd;dhrpahtpy;
gutj; njhlq;fpa fhyfl;lq;fspy;> rpy Ntis ,];yhk;
mwpKfkhtjw;F Kd;G $l Njhd;wpapUf;f KbAk;.
mwGj; jkpo;> jkpo; Ngrpa K];ypk;fshNyNa cUthf;fg;

gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUJNfhisg; gyg;gLj;Jk;
tifapy; fyhepjp vk;.V.vk;. Rf;hpapd; fPo;tUk; fUj;Jf;fs;
mike;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
'mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F mbg;gilahf mike;j

tuyhw;Wf; fhuzpfis ehk; tpsf;Fjy; mtrpakhFk;.
,];yhk; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; jkpo; NgRk; K];ypk;fs;
60
rhkp> m.kh> jkpopy; ,];yhkpa ,jo;fs;> gg. 57>58
61

kj;jpapy; gutpa NghJ ,t;thW ,];yhj;ij Vw;Wf;
nfhz;ltHfs; njhlHe;Jk; jkpo; nkhopiaNa NgrpdH.
Mdhy; ,];yhj;jpw;Fk; muG nkhopf;Fkpilapy; epytpa
,Wf;fkhd njhlHG fhuzkhf mtHfsJ ehshe;j kjf;
flikfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F muG nkhopawpT mtrpa
khfpajhy; epr;rak; mtHfs; muG nkhopia thrpg;gjw;F
gapd;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;."62 'fhyg;Nghf;fpy; kjf; Nfhl;ghL
fs;> fphpiafNshL njhlHGila rpy fUj;Jg; gjq;fisg;
nghWj;jstpy; mtw;wpy; mwGg; gjq;fSf;F ,izahd
jkpo;g; gjq;fisg; ngWtjpy; rpy ,lHghLfs; ,Ug;gij
mtHfs; czHe;jdH. jkpo; nkhopahdJ ,e;J fyhrhug;
ghuk;ghpaj;NjhL ,ize;j xU nkhopahff; fhzg;gl;l
jhy; ,];yhkpaf; Nfhl;ghLfNshL ,ize;j fUj;Jg;
gjq;fisj; jkpopy; Gyg;gLj;j KidAk; NghJ mjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd> ,];yhkpa rpe;jid kuNghL ,ize;j
nrhw;fs; jkpopy; fhzg;glhjij mtHfs; czHe;jdH.
rpyNghJ mj;jifa fUj;Jf;fisg; Gyg;gLj;j Jiz
GhpAk; jkpo;g; gjq;fs; mugpapy; mit czHj;Jk; %yf;
fUj;ijr; rpijf;Fk; tifapy; mike;jpUg;gijAk;
mtHfs; mtjhdpj;jdH. cjhuzkhf: my;yh`;> egp>
u#y;> Mfpuh> kyh,fh> [pd;> ]hj;> ]pghj;> T[_j; Nghd;w
muGg; gjq;fSf;F ,izahd nrhw;fs; jkpopy; ,y;iy.
NkYk; ,it Nghd;w muG thHj;ijfspy; nghjpe;Js;s
Mokhd fUj;Jf;fis ,d;ndhU nkhopapy; Gyg;
62
ghuk;ghpak;> g. 25

gLj;jYk; rhj;jpak; md;W."63 ',j;jifa xU tuyhw;Wr;
#o;epiyapNyNa K];ypk;fs; jkpo; nkhopia mjd;
,yf;fz mikg;ig Kw;wpYk; Ngzp> mugp ypgpapy;
vOJk; Kiwiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jNjhL ,];yhkpaf;
Nfhl;ghLfSlDk; kjf; fphpiafSlDk; njhlHGila
muGg;gjq;fis jkpo; nkhopNahL ,izj;Jg; gpuNahfpf;f
Muk;gpj;jdH. ,t;thW rpy tuyhw;Wr; #o;epiyfs;
fhuzkhf muG nkhopf;Fk; jkpo; nkhopf;Fkpilapy;
Vw;gl;l ,izg;gpdbahf muGj; jkpo; vd;w nkhop
Njhd;wp> tsu Muk;gpj;jJ. muGj; jkpopy; jkpo; nkhopapd;
,yf;fz mikg;G Ngzg;gl;l mNj Neuj;jpy; mJ
mugpapy; vOjg;gl;L> muGr; nrhw;fs; mjpy; ngUksT
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.64
Nkw;$wg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; mwGj;jkpopd;

Njhw;wf; fhyk; ,];yhk; jkpo; ehl;by; fhY}d;wpajd;
gpd;dNu mike;jpUf;f KbAk;. Vnddpy; ,];yhkpa
nraw;ghLfis mKy;gLj;Jk; NghJ Vw;gl;l
,lHghLfisf; fistjid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Nl
,k;nkhop kuG tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
63
ghuk;ghpak;> g. 25
64
ghuk;ghpak;> g. 25

mwGj; jkpo; Njhd;wp tsHe;jjw;fhd
fhuzq;fs;
NkNy tpthpf;fg;gl;l tuyhw;W> rka> r%ftpay; hPjpahd
gpd;dzpfis ikakhf itj;J Nehf;Fk; NghJ> mwGj;
jkpo; Njhd;wp tsHtjw;F VJthfpa fhuzq;fs; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,j;Jiwapy; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; mZfp
Ma;T nra;j mwpQHfs; gy fhuzq;fis ,jw;F
Kd;itf;fpd;wdH. mtw;iwf; fPo;tUkhW njhFj;Jf;
$wyhk;.
• jkpo; vOj;jwptpy;yhj ngUk;ghyhd ghku K];ypk;fSf;Fr;

rka mwpitA+l;Ltjw;F mJ tha;g;ghf ,Ue;jik:
,e;j E}w;whz;bd; (20Mk; E}w;whz;L) Muk;gk; tiu

K];ypk;fspd; vOj;jwpT tPjk; kpfTk; FiwthdjhfNt
,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. 1910Mk; Mz;by; ,yq;if
K];ypk;fspy; vOj thrpf;fj; njhpe;NjhH Mz;fs;
6.5%Kk;> ngz;fs; 1.9%Kk; kl;LNk. (,Nj Mz;by;
,yq;ifapy; vOj thrpf;fj; njhpe;NjhH nkhj;jk;
Mz;fs; 40.4%> ngz;fs; 10.6%) vdpDk; kjf;flik
fhuzkhf mwG vOj;Jf;fis thrpf;fg; gyUk;
mwpe;jpUe;jdH. mtHfSf;F mwG nkhop njhpahJ.
Mdhy; mwG vOj;Jf;fis thrpf;fj; njhpAk;. jkpo;
vOj;Jf;fis thrpf;fj; njhpahJ. Mdhy; jkpo; njhpAk;.
MfNt njhpe;j nkhopiaj; njhpe;j vOj;Jf;fisf;
nfhz;L thrpf;fg; gapw;Wjy; vspjhdJ. ,t;tifapNyNa

mwG vOj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; jkpo; E}y;fs;
vOjg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.65
xU K];ypk; ve;j nkhopiaj; jha; nkhopahff;

nfhz;bUe;j NghJk;> kdg;ghlkhfNtDk; mwG nkhopapd;
rpy thf;fpaq;fis nkhopa Ntz;ba epHg;ge;jk; cz;L.
xUtd; K];ypkhtjw;F $wNtz;ba ~fypkh|> njhOif
apy; mwG nkhopapy; fl;lhakhf XjNtz;ba ~#wJy;
ghjp`h| (‫~ >)سورة الفاتحة‬my;yh`{ mf;gH| (‫ )هللا أكبر‬vDk;
nrhw;nwhlH> xU K];ypk; kw;w K];ypikf; fz;lhy;
$Wk; Kfkdhd ~m];]yhK miyf;Fk;| (‫)السالم عليكم‬
vDk; nrhw;nwhlH vd;gtw;iwg; nghUswpahj epiyap
yhapDk; mwG nkhopapw; $wNtz;batdhfpd;whd;.
,jdhy; ,sikg; gUtk; KjNy jq;fs; gps;isfSf;F
mwG nkhopiaf; fw;gpf;Fk; kuig mwG Ngrhj ehLfspy;
cs;s K];ypk;fSk; iff;nfhz;L te;Js;sdH. mj;Jld;
mwG vOj;Jf;fis vOJtJk; vOjg; gof;FtJk; xU
tzf;fkhf> ed;ik jUk; nrayhf K];ypk;fs; fUjpdH.
,jdhy; xU K];ypk; jdJ jha; nkhopia thrpf;f
mwpahjpUe;jhYk;> Fiwe;jgl;rk; mwG nkhopia
thrpf;Fk; gapw;rpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;. Mjyhy;> mwG
vOj;J jkpo; vOj;ij tpl gy K];ypk;fSf;F
mwpKfkhfp ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; mwG vOj;ijf; nfhz;L
65
g.82

vOjg;gLk; jkpo; Mf;fq;fis mjpf K];ypk;fs;
thrpj;jwpe;jdH.66
jkpo; nkhopapy; ,yq;if K];ypk;fs; Gyik ngwhky;

,Ue;jjhy;jhd; mwGj;jkpo; ,yq;ifapy; gutpaJ vd;gij
V. vk;. e[pKjPd; gpd;tUkhW tpsf;Ffpd;whH. 'muGj; jkpo;
vd;gJ jkpio muG ypgpapy; vOJtjhFk;. frhtj;ij
Mypk; mtHfs; tho;e;j fhyg;gFjpapy; (`p. 1247-1310 /
fp.gp. 1829-1893) ,yq;ifapy; gs;spthry;fspy; mikf;fg;
gl;bUe;j kf;jGfspy; Gdpj FHMDk; mugp nkhopAk;
K];ypk;fSf;Fg; Nghjpf;fg;gl;ld. jkpo; nkhopapy; vOj
thrpf;fg; Nghjpa NjHr;rpia mtHfs; ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy.
mjdhy; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; fhay; gl;lzj;jpy;>
fPof;fiuapy; muGj; jkpo; ghtidapy; ,Ue;jJ Nghy;
,q;Fk; mwpKfkhdJ."67 ,Nj fUj;ij rp. eapdhH
KfkJ>68 V. vk;. V. m]P];69 Nghd;NwhUk; $wpAs;sdH.
66 Rf;hp> vk;.V.vk;> mk;rk; ,d;lHne\dy;> 1> “muGj; jkpopd; gz;ghl;Lg;

ghuk;ghpak;> g. 196>197
67
e[pKjPd;> V.vk;> f]htj;ij Mypk; GytH> g. 91
68
eapdhH K`k;kJ> rp> ehd;fhtJ midj;Jyf jkpohuha;r;rp
kfhehl;L epfo;r;rpfs;> “mwGj; jkpo;”> g. 247
69

• FHMd; tpsf;fTiufs; (jg;]PHfs;) mwG vOj;jpy; kl;LNk
vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;J rka mwpQHfs; kj;jpapy;
neLq;fhykhf epytp te;jik:
'1920,Yk; mLj;J te;j Mz;LfspYk; $l jg;]HP fs;

jkpo; ypgpapy; vOjg;glyhfhJ vd;W thjhlg;gl;L
te;jJ" vd V.vk;.V. m]P]; $Wfpd;whH. FHMNdhL
rk;ge;jg;gl;l tpraq;fs; mwG vOj;Jf;fspNyNa ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w kdg;ghd;ik mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw;wj;Jf;F
xU tYthd fhuzpahf ,Ue;jpUf;f KbAk;. mwG
vOj;ijf; FHMd; vOj;J vd;Nw rhjhuz K];ypk;fs;
miof;fpd;wdH. ,d;Wk; mwG vOj;Jf;F K];ypk;fs; xU
Gdpjj; jd;ikiaf; fw;gpj;J tUfpd;wdH. mwG vOj;J
epyj;jpy; fple;J fhypy; kpjpgLtJ ghtk; vd;W mtHfs;
fUJfpd;wdH. mwG nkhopapy; fpjhg; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F
Gj;jfk; vd;gNj nghUs;. Mdhy; K];ypk;fisg;
nghWj;jtiu mwG vOj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l E}y;fNs fpjhg;
vd toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. Vidatw;iwNa Gj;jfk; vd;gH.
,JTk; mwG vOj;Jf;F mtHfs; nfhLj;j
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czHj;Jk;.70
~fpjhg;| (‫ )كتاب‬vd;w nrhy;ypd; gpuNahfj;ijg; NghyNt

~kj;u]h| (‫>)مدرسة‬ ~KjHhp];| (‫>)مدرس‬ ~Mypk;| (‫>)عالم‬
~fpwhmj;| (‫ )قراءة‬vd;w nrhw;fSk; jw;fhy K];ypk;fsplk;
70 E/khd;> vk;.V> ,d;fpyhg;> Vol-4> ~mwGj; jkpo; - xU tpguz Ma;T|>

g.82

$l xU tpNrlkhd fUj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
mit KiwNa mwGf; fyhrhiy> mwG kw;Wk;
,];yhkpa fw;iffisf; fw;gpg;gtH> ,];yhkpa khHf;f
mwpQH> my;FHMid mofpa Kiwapy; ghuhazk;
nra;jy; vd;w fUj;Jf;fspNyNa toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
cz;ikapy; mr;nrhw;fspd; nkhop hPjpahd fUj;J>
KiwNa ghlrhiy> MrphpaH> mwpQH> thrpg;G vd
nghJj;jd;ik tha;ej
; itahfNt mike;Js;sJ.
'muG vOj;Jf;fspy; vOjg;gl;l jkpo; E}y;fs; jkpo;

vOj;Jf;fspy; vOjg;gl;l jkpo; E}y;fistplg; Gdpjj;
jd;ik tha;ej ; it vd vz;zpa ghku kf;fSk;
,];yhkpahpilNa ,Ue;jdH" vd;ghH> KidtH citR.
jkpo; mwpQH kapiy rPdp Ntq;flrhkp ,Jgw;wpf; $Wk;
NghJ> ',];yhkpahpd; ,iwnkhop mugp. mugp nkhopapy;
jhd; Gdpj jpUf;FHMd; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. NtW ve;j
nkhopapYk; Gdpj FHMd; nkhopngaHf;ff; $lhJ vd;W
K];ypk;fs; ek;GfpwhHfs;. ,];yhkpa rkaj; njhlHghd
tw;iw muG nkhop topahfNt mwpa Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
mtHfs; ek;GfpwhHfs;. MfNtjhd;> mtHfs; muGj;
jkpiof; fz;Lgpbj;jhHfs;"71 vdj; njhptpj;Js;shH. ,Nj
fUj;ij V. vk;. V. m]P];>72 V.vk;. e`pah73 MfpNahUk;
Mjhpj;J fUj;Jj; njhptpj;Js;sdH.
71
rhkp> m.kh> jkpopy; ,];yhkpa ,jo;fs;> g. 53 & 54
72
ghuk;ghpak;> g. 197
73

• mwGr; nrhw;fis xypr; rpijTk; nghUl;rpijTk; ,d;wp
vOJtjw;F mwGj; jkpo; tha;g;gha; mike;jik:
mwG xypfspy; gytw;iwj; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspy; vOj

KbahJ. mt;thW vOjpdhy; xypr; rpijTk; nghUl;
rpijTk; epfo;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf: mwG nkhopapy;
cs;s ‫ق‬,‫ ك‬, ‫ ح‬,‫ها‬, ‫ خ‬Mfpa vOj;Jf;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf
jkpopy; ‘f’ vd;Dk; XH vOj;J kl;LNk cz;L. jkpopy;
tof;fpy; cs;s fpue;j vOj;jhfpa ` itAk; NrHj;jhy;
,t;tpU vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;Nl mwG nkhopapy; cs;s
Nkw;fhl;ba Ie;J vOj;Jf;fisAk; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,jdhy; xypr;rpijT kl;Lkd;wp nghUl;rpijTk; epfo;
fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf: mwG nkhopapNy ‫ خلق‬, ‫ حلق‬vd;Dk;
,U nrhw;fs; cs;sd. KjyhtJ nrhy; gilj;jhd;
vd;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ nrhy; rpiuj;jhd; vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;.
(mope;jhd; vd;w nghUs; jUk; ‫هلك‬ vd;w nrhy;Yk;
cz;L) jkpo; vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L ,tw;iwg;
nghUl;rpijtpd;wp vOj KbahJ. Mdhy; mwGj; jkpopy;
mwG vOj;Jf;fs; midj;Jk; ,lk; ngWtjdhy; ,ijj;
jtpHj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. ,t;tifapy; mwGj;jkpopd;
Njhw;wj;Jf;F ,ijAk; xU fhuzkhff; nfhs;syhk;.74

g.83

rp. eapdhH KfkJ ,f;fhuzj;ij tpsf;Fifapy;>
',];yhKk; ,d;gj; jkpOk; fz;l ,izg;ghy; vOe;j gy
tpisTfSs; xd;Nw mwGj; jkpo;. ,];yhj;jpd; ,dpa
nfhs;iffisAk; mhpa jj;Jtq;fisAk; jpUf;Fuhd;
kiwnkhopfisAk; jpUegpapd; kzpnkhopfisAk; jkpo;
K];ypk;fSf;F tpsf;fpl tpioe;jdH rkar; rhd;NwhH.
Mdhy; mwgpr; nrhw;fis mUe;jkpopy; vOJk;NghJ
%yr; nrhw;fs; cUkhwpg; nghUs; NtWghL nfhz;L
tpLfpd;wd. rpy Ntisfspy; Kuz;gl;l nghUisAk;
gae;JtpLfpd;wd. xt;nthU K];ypKk; njhOk;NghJ>
~,iwtNd vdf;F kd;dpg;gspg;ghahf!| vd ,iwQ;R
kplj;J tUk; Xuwgpr; nrhy;iyj; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspy;
~kf;gpHyp| vd mikj;jhy;> ~,iwtNd vd;id tpNuhjp
ahf;fptpL| vDk; nghUisj; je;J tpLfpd;wJ. moF
vDk; nghUs; nfhz;l ~[khy;| vDk; mwgpr; nrhy;iy
~rkhy;| vdj; jkpo; vOj;jpy; vOJk; NghJ tlf;F my;yJ
thilf;fhw;W vdg; nghUs; nfhz;L tpLk;. ,t;thW
tpghPjq;fs; Vw;gl;L tplhky; chpa nghUis ,dpa
Kiwapy; ,ak;Gk; nghUl;L ,U nkhopfspYk; Gyikr;
rhd;NwhH mhpa Kiw xd;iw fz;ldH. ,/Nj mwGj;
jkpohFk;"75 vd;fpd;whH.
75 eapdhH K`k;kJ> rp> ehd;fhtJ midj;Jyf jkpohuha;r;rp

kfhehl;L epfo;r;rpfs;> “mwGj; jkpo;”> g. 245

• K];ypk;fspd; rka> r%f hPjpahd jdpj;Jtj;ijg;
NgZtjw;F mwGj; jkpo; mj;jpahtrpakhf mike;jik:
jkpo; nkhopapy; cs;s rka rpe;jidfs; rhHe;j gjq;f

Sf;Fs; ngUksthdit ,e;J rkaf; fyhrhuj;Jld;
njhlHGilait. mg;gjq;fis K];ypk;fs; ifahz;L
,];yhkpaf; fUj;ij tpsf;f Kw;gl;lhYk; jkpo; NgRk;
kf;fs; mtw;iw tof;fkhf vg;nghUspy; Ghpe;J
nfhz;lhHfNsh> mNj nghUspNyNa jkpo; NgRk;
K];ypk;fSk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;tH. Mjyhy; mg;gjq;fis
cgNahfpj;J jhk; $wtpUk;Gk; fUj;Jf;fis K];ypk;
gilg;ghsHfshy; Gyg;gLj;j KbahJ Nghfyhk;. ,jdhy;>
,];yhk; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;l tpUk;Gk; jdf;NfAhpa ek;gpf;if
fisAk; Mokhd fUj;Jf;fisAk; Gyg;gLj;j mwGg;
gjq;fis cgNahfpj;jdH. ,j;jifa mwGg; gjq;fSl;
rpy> gphpnjhU nkhopapy; nkhopngaHf;f KbahjsT
Mokhd fUj;Jf;fisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sd. ,iwt
idf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLk; mwGr; nrhy;yhd ~my;yh`;|
vDk; gjk; ,jw;Fr; rpwe;jnjhU cjhuzkhFk;.
,g;gjj;ijr; nrtpkLf;Fk; xU K];ypk; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk;
fUj;ij> ,iwtidf; Fwpf;Fk; ve;jj; jkpo;g; gjj;jhYk;
toq;f KbahJ.76 ~egp| vd;Dk; mwGr; nrhy;iyj;
~jPHf;fjhprp| vd;W nkhop ngaHj;jhYk; ~gdh| vd;Dk;
mwGr; nrhy;iy ~epiyaw;wit| vd;W nkhopngaHj;jhYk;
76 mkPd;> vk;.I.vk;> ,yq;if K];ypk;fspd; tuyhWk; fyhrhuKk;> g.196

mtw;Ws; nghjpe;Js;s ,];yhkpa vz;zf;fUit
KOikahf mit vLj;Jf; fhl;lh.
vdNt> ,];yhkpa ghpghi\r; nrhw;fyhd mit

,uz;Lk; mNj tbtpy; ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
,lk; ngwyhapd. mt;tpuz;L mwGr; nrhw;fSk;
mtw;Wf;Fhpa jkpo; nkhopngaHg;Gr; nrhw;fistpl
rPuikg;gpy; FWfpaitahfNt cs;sd. ftpijf;F mNj
cUtk; tha;g;ghf cs;sJ.77
,e;jf; fUj;ij tpsf;f tUk; fyhepjp ijf;fh \{Ig;

Mypk;> 'K];ypk;fs; Ngrpa jkpo; mjd; rpy trdg;
gpuNahfq;fspYk; topKiwfspYk; Nfhl;ghLfspYk;
rpiytzf;fr; rpe;jidiaf; nfhz;l `pe;J kjk; kw;Wk;
mjd; jj;Jtj;Jld; neUq;fpa njhlHG nfhz;lJ. mit
K];ypk;fspd; kjek;gpf;iffs;> xOf;ff; Nfhl;ghLfs;>
Md;kPfg; ngWkhdq;fNshL Kuz;ghL nfhz;litahff;
fhzg;gl;ld. mj;NjhL kpfr; rpwpa rpWghd;ikahf ,Ue;j
mHtp K];ypk;fs; Kd;ida fhyq;fspy; murpay;
rf;jpiag; ngw;Wg; gad;gLj;Jk; epiyapYk; ,Uf;f
tpy;iy. ,t;thwhd ve;jg; gyKk; ,y;yhj mHtp
K];ypk;fs; jq;fsJ jdpj;Jtkhd r%f milahsj;ijg;
ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;batHfshapdH. Mjyhy;>
jq;fsJ mbg;gilahd nkhopiaAk; ,oe;Jtplhky;
jq;fsJ gpuj;jpNafkhd rka> fyhrhu mk;rq;fisg;
77 citR> k.K> jkpo; ,yf;fpa mwGr; nrhy; mfuhjp> gg. 02>03

Ngzpf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpak; mtHfSf;fpUe;jJ"78
vd mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F VJthfpa fhuzpia
tpsf;fpr; nry;fpd;whH.
,f;fhuzj;ij NkYk; mtH tpsf;Fifapy;> ',];yhkpa

mwG thHj;ijfis mjDila Mokhd> rkahPjpahd
fUj;Jf;fisAk; Md;kPf czHTfisAk; ,izj;Jf;
nfhz;L jkpNoh mwgy;yhj NtnwhU nkhopNah
nrhw;fisj; juKbahJ. Fwpg;ghf> my;yh`; (‫ >)هللا‬egp
(‫ >)نبي‬w]_y; (‫ >)رسول‬r`hgh (‫ >)صحابة‬typ (‫ >)ولي‬gHo;
(‫ >)فرض‬Rd;dj; (‫ >)سنة‬th[pg; (‫ >)واجب‬K];j`g; (‫>)مستحب‬
nys`{y; k`;G+s; (‫ >)اللوح المحفوظ‬mH\; (‫ >)عرش‬FH]P
(‫[ >)كرسي‬d;dj; (‫`[ >)جنة‬d;dk; (‫ >)جهنم‬#H (‫ >)صور‬kP]hd;
(‫ >)ميزان‬rpwhj; (‫ >)صراط‬fpahkh (‫ >)قيامة‬foh fj;H (‫>)قضاء و قدر‬
`[; (‫] >)حج‬/ap (‫ >)سعي‬kPf;fhj; (‫ >)ميقات‬,`;uhk; (‫>)احرام‬
jthg; (‫] >)طواف‬pahuj; (‫ >)زيارة‬co;`pa;ah (‫< >)أضحية‬khd;
(‫ >)ايمان‬jf;th (‫;`{] >)تقوى‬j; (‫ >)زهد‬fuhkj; (‫ >)كرامة‬jhj;
(‫] >)ذات‬pghj; (‫ >)صفات‬ug; (‫` >)رب‬k;j; (‫ >)حمد‬t]Pyh (‫>)وسيلة‬
hp];f; (‫ >)رزق‬mg;j; (‫ >)عبد‬Fg;H (‫)كفر‬... mNj Nghd;W
m];]yhK miyf;Fk; (‫ >)السالم عليكم‬,d;\h my;yh`;
(‫>)إن شاء هللا‬ kh\h my;yh`; (‫)ما شاء هللا‬ Nghd;w
czHTG+Htkhd nrhw;nwhlHfs;> cz;ikapy;
,t;tifahd nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlHfs; gy fUJ

Nfhs;fisAk; nkhopngaHf;f Kbahj jd;ikiaAk;
nfhz;lit. ,jdhy;jhd; The Meaning of the Gloriouse
Qur-an ,d; Mrphpauhd (Mq;fpNya K];ypk;) Marmaduke
Pickthall vd;gtH> 'my;FHMd; nkhopngaHf;f KbahjJ"
vdf; $wpAs;shH.79 mNjNghd;W gpugy;akhd fPioj;Nja
thjpahd A.J. Arberry my;FHMDf;F tpsf;fk; vOjpatH.
mjpy; mtH 'Gdpj FHMd; nkhop khw;wk; nra;a
80
KbahjJ" vdj; njhptpf;fpd;whH.
NkNy ehk; Rl;bf;fhl;ba fhuzj;ij V.vk;.V. m]P];

mtHfs; kpfTk; mofhf tpthpf;fpd;whHfs;. 'kuG fhf;fhj
kdpj Fyk; jdJ gz;igAk;> khz;igAk;> Nkk;ghl;ilAk;
,oe;J tpLk; vd;gJ tuyhW fhl;Lk; gbg;gpid. ,ij
vkJ %jhijaHfs; ed;F czHe;jpUe;jhHfs;. MfNt
jhd;> jkJ jdpj;jd;ikiag; NgZk; tifapy; jkf;nfd
XH ,yf;fpag; ghuk;ghpaj;ij cUthf;fpdhHfs;. mJNt
mwGj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; - ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;.”81
79 Tr. Marmaduke pickthall, The Meaning of the Gloriouse Qur-an, Delhi; 1985,
Forward, PP.3
80 The Qur-an Interpreted, London; George Allen & Unwin, 1985, preface,
PP.20
81 nra;apJ `]d;> v];.V> ,];yhkpa jkpo; ,yf;fpar; nrhw;nghopfs;>
gg. 25>26

• jkpo; nkhopapy; mwGj; jkpo; fyg;gij mq;fPfhpf;fhky;
,Ue;jik:
V.vk;.V. m]P]; mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F tpj;jpahr

khd xU fhuzj;ij Kd;itf;fpd;whH. mjhtJ K];ypk;
fspd; jkpo; nkhopapy; Rj;jkhd jkpo;r; nrhw;fspd;
,lj;jpy; mtw;Wf;F epfuhd mNefk; mwgpr; nrhw;fs;
,lk; ngw;Ws;sd vd;gjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy. Mdhy;
gz;bjHfSk; nkhopj; J}a;ik Ntz;LNthUk; ,e;j
mwgpr; nrhw;fis Vw;f kWj;jjd; tpisthf mwGj; jkpo;
vd;gJ Njhd;wyhapw;W vd;fpwhH mtH.82 ,jdhNyh
vd;dNth nrd;id jkpo; tsHr;rpf; fofj;jhy; 1954,y;
ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s jkpo;f; fiyf; fsQ;rpaj;jpy; mwGj;
jkpo; gw;wp xU thp$l vOjg;gltpy;iy. mJ xU jdp
nkhopah> fpis nkhopah vd mwpQHfSf;F kj;jpapy;
fUj;J Kuz;ghLfs; Njhd;WksTf;F tsHe;jpUe;j>
mHtpg; gpuhe;jpak; vdg; ngahpLksTf;F mwGj;jkpopd;
nry;thf;F kpFe;j gpuNjrq;fSk; kf;fSk; ,Ue;Jk; jkpo;
fiyf;fsQ;rpak; mwGj;jkpiog; Gwf;fzpj;jikf;F NtW
tpNrl fhuzk; ,Uf;f KbahJ.
82 e`pah> V.vk;> m]P]{k; jkpOk;> g. 40

• cyfg; nghJikia cUthf;Ftw;fhf Ntz;baike;
jik:
rp. eapdhH Kfk;kJ NtnwhU fhuzj;ijAk; vLj;jhS

fpd;whH. mJ gw;wp mtH tpsf;Fifapy;> 'ghHrp> JUf;fp>
kyha;> ngHngH> Nrhkhyp> cHJ Kjypa cyf ehLfs;
gytw;wpy; toq;Fk; nkhopfnsy;yhk; mwgp vOj;jpid
Vw;Ws;sd. Mjyhy;> cyfg; nghJik fUjp mwgp
vOj;Jf;fisj; jkpo; K];ypk;fSk; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;”83
vd;fpd;whH.
• mwG - jkpo; nkhopfspy; gpwnkhopfis mizj;Jr;

nry;Yk; jhuhsj; jd;ikAk; ,ay;Gk; fhzg;gLfpdw
; ik:
~,e;jpag; gz;ghl;by; ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gq;F|

vd;Dk; fl;Liuapy; NguhrphpaH fh. mg;Jy; fG+H mtHfs;
gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;whH. 'nkhopf; FLk;gj;Js; ~nrkpl;bf;|
FOitr; rhHe;jJ mwG nkhop. jpuhtplr; FOitr;
rhHe;jJ jkpo; nkhop. ,t;tpU nkhopfSk; gy;Nfhb
kf;fshy; Ngrg;gLfpd;w capNuhl;lKs;s caH jdpr;
nrk;nkhopfs;. fhyj;jpd; Ntfj;jpw; rpf;fpf; ftpdpof;fhky;>
vspikAk;> ,dpikAk;> goikAk;> GJikAk;> tsg;gKk;>
tdg;Gk; nrwpe;jpyq;Fk; ,k;nkhopfspilNaAs;s
mbg;gil xg;Gtikfs; ek;ik tpag;gpy; Mo;j;Jfpd;wd.
83 eapdhH K`k;kJ> rp> ehd;fhtJ midj;Jyf jkpohuha;r;rp

kfhehl;L epfo;r;rpfs;> “mwGj; jkpo;”> g. 246>247

gpwnkhopfspd; Mjpf;fj;jhy; jk; jdpj; jd;ikfis
,oe;J tplhky; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fSf;Nfw;w nghUj;jkhd
nrhw;fis cUthf;Ftjpy; mwgpAk; jkpOk; jdpf;
fUj;Jr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. gpwnkhopg; ngaHfisf;$l
jk;kpay;GfSf;Nfw;g khw;wpaikj;Jg; gad;gLj;Jk;
jd;ikiaAk; ,k;nkhopfspy; fhzyhk;. ,t;tpU
nkhopfspilNaAs;s gy;NtW xw;Wikfs; fhuzkhf>
mwGj; jkpo; vd;Dk; xU GJnkhopNa cUthfpAs;sJ."84
mwGj; jkpopd; tsHr;rpAk; KjpHr;rpAk;
Nkw;Nghe;j fhuzpfshy; K];ypk;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l

mwGj; jkpo; nkhop vd;Dk; tpUl;rk;> K];ypk;
mwpQHfspd; ,yf;fpa> rka Kaw;rpfshy; cukplg;gl;L>
Mokhf NtHtpl;L> mfykhf fpis gug;gp tsHe;jJ.
'muGj; jkpohdJ fhy Xl;lj;jpy; kpfg; gpugykhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;L jkpo; NgRk; K];ypk;fspd; fyhrhu>
gz;ghl;L nkhopahf tsHr;rpaile;jJ. K];ypk;fs; jkpo;
nkhopia mtHfsJ fUj;J ntspg;ghl;Lf;F xU
rhjdkhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; mNjNeuj;jpy; mtHfsJ
fyhrhug; gz;ghl;Lj; jdpj;Jtj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;F muGj;
jkpo; Jiz Ghpe;jJ"85 vd;fpd;whH fyhepjp vk;.V.vk;. Rf;hp
mtHfs;.
84
n[kPy;> v];.vr;.vk;> (Ed.)> mk;ghiw khtl;l K];ypk;fs;> g. 320
85
ghuk;ghpak;> g. 26

nghJthf Mz;fistplg; ngz;fs;jhk; ,t;tuGj; jkpio
mjpfkhf vOjg;gbf;fj; njhpe;jpUe;jdH. mf;fhyj;jpy;
fbjq;fs; $l muGj; jkpopy; vOjg;gl;L te;jd. jkpo;
ehl;bYk; ,yq;ifapYk; ,J gpugy;akhf ,Ue;jJ. jkpo;
ehl;by; ,jpy; gy /ghH]p> cHJr; nrhw;fs; fye;Jtpl;l
nghOJ ,yq;ifapy; ,J jd;epiy FiyahJ ,Ue;jJ.
fp. gp. 8Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; 19Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu
muGj; jkpo; rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;fpaJ.86
,yq;ifapy; mwGj; jkpopd; epiyg;ghl;il tpsf;f

Kide;j V.vk;.V. m]P];> FHMd; gs;spf;$lq;fspy;
mwGj; jkpNo fy;tp nkhopahf ,Ug;gijf; Fwpj;Jr;
nrhd;dhH. 'kf;jg; (‫ )مكتب‬vd;Dk; ngaH K];ypk; cyfpy;
ntF gpurpj;jkhdnjdpDk; ,yq;ifapy; mJ gpugy;ak;
ngw;wjhfj; njhpatpy;iy. ,yq;ifapy; ~kf;jg;| (‫)مكتب‬
vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf FHMd; gs;spf;$lk; vd;w ngaNu
cgNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ. ~kf;jg;|gpy; (‫ )مكتب‬mwG nkhopNa
Nghjdh nkhopahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. FHMd; gs;spf;
$lj;jpNyh mwGj; jkpo; Nghjdh nkhopahf tpsq;fpw;W.
mwGj; jkpopy; MrphpaH ~nyg;ig| vd miof;fg;gL
fpd;whH. mwgpapy; ~Kmy;ypk;| vd;gH. njd; ,e;jpahtpy;
~Kmy;ypk;| (‫)معلم‬ vd;w nrhy;Ny tof;fpypUg;gjhf
mwpfpd;Nwd;."87
86
mg;JH w`Pk;> ,];yhkpaf; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> njhFjp xd;W> gg. 415
87
e`pah> V.vk;> m]P]{k; jkpOk;> g. 40>41

muGj; jkpo; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; kpfg; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;
gl;L> jkpoff;jpYk; ,yq;ifapYk; tho;ej ; K];ypk;fspd;
jha;nkhopahfTk; fyhrhu> gz;ghl;L ntspg;ghl;Lf;fhd
ClfkhfTk; kpfr; rpwg;ghd tsHr;rpiaf; fz;lJ.88 mwGj;
jkpopd; nry;thf;F tPo;r;rpaile;jjhff; fUjg;gl;l 20Mk;
E}w;whz;by; $l mjd; rpwg;igAk; caH jd;ikiaAk;
rPHJ}f;fpg; ghHj;j mwpQHfs;> mjid kPsf; fl;bnaOg;g
Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfh\j;ij Kd;itj;jdH. 'vq;fs; ghi\
mwGj; jkpohFk;" vd;W KJngUk; murpay;thjp NrH.
uh]pf; ghPj; mtHfSk;> 'mwGj; jkpo; vq;fs; md;Gj; jkpo;"
vd %jwpQH V.vk;.V. m]P]; mtHfSk; FunyOg;gpdH.89
mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw;wk;> tsHr;rp> KjpHr;rp> tPo;r;rp

Nghd;wtw;iwg; gFg;gha;T nra;a Kide;j vk;. vk;. vk;.
k`;&g; mtHfs;> mtuJ Ma;it fPo;tUkhW njhFj;Jj;
jUfpd;whHfs;.
mwGj; jkpopd; fz;Lgpbg;G> kf;fsq;fPfhuk;> tsHr;rp

vd;gtw;iw tuyhw;W epfo;TfNshL khj;jpuk; njhlHG
gLj;jp Muha KbahJ. mj;NjhL mjw;Fk; jkpo;
nkhopf;Fkpilapyhd kpf neUq;fpa njhlHigAk;
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;tifahd
gFg;gha;it Nkw;nfhs;s mwGj; jkpio %d;W
fl;lq;fshfg; gphpj;J Nehf;fyhk;.
88
ghuk;ghpak;> g. 26
89

 Kjyhk; fl;lk; - Njhw;wKk; tsHr;rpAk;
 ,uz;lhk; fl;lk; - KjpHr;rp
 %d;whk; fl;lk; - tPo;r;rpAk; Xuq;fl;lg;glYk;
jkpo; nkhop> mjd; ,yf;fpaj;Jld; kpf neUq;fpa njhlHG

nfhz;ljhf mwGj; jkpo; mike;jpUg;gjhy; ,q;F jkpo;
nkhop> mjd; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; mikg;igAk; r%f
me;j];j;ijAk; rpwpJ Muha;tJ mtrpakhdjhFk;.90
ftpijapy; vz;zpf;ifaw;w tiffis cs;thq;fp> gy;

NtW mikg;Gf;fis ikakhff; nfhz;Nl jkpo; tsHe;J
te;Js;sJ. 10Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; fhg;gpak; vd;w
,yf;fpa Kiw fhzg;gl;lJ. xU NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l
ghl;Lilj; jiytidg; gw;wpajhff; fhg;gpak; ,Uf;Fk;.
mtuJ Gfo;> ehL> gpuNjrk;> gpwg;G> tPujPur; nray;fs;
vd;gd Nghd;wtw;iwr; #o ,e;jf; fhg;gpak; RoYk;.
Nkw;nrhd;d ,yf;fpa tpjpfisr; rpwpJk; kPwhj
fhg;gpatif ngUq;fhg;gpak; vdg;gLk;. mt;tifapy; Ie;J
cz;L. rpe;jhkzp> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy>
tiyahgjp> Fz;lyNfrp. Nkw;nrhd;d tpjpKiwfspy;
rpwpJ jtwpapUe;jit rpW fhg;gpak; vdg;gl;ld. mjpYk;
Ie;J fhg;gpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd:

South India and Sri Lanka: Language as Mimicry” PP. 173, 174, 175, 176,
177, 178 & 179

#ohkzp> ahNrhju fhtpak;> cjad Fkhu fhtpak;>
ePyNfrp> ehf Fkhu fhtpak; vd;gdthFk;. ,e;jf;
fhg;gpaq;fSf;fhd khjphpia ehk; rk];fpujj;jpd;
mbg;gilfspy; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. kj;jpa
fhyg;gFjpapYk; mjidj; njhlHe;Jk; jkpopy;
ahg;gpyf;fzj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd E}yhf ,Ue;j jz;b
myq;fhuk; vd;w jz;b ; jkpo;gG
; ytuhy; vOjg;gl;l E}y;>
rk];fpujj;jpy; ~fht;ajH\h| vdg;gl;l ahg;gpyf;fz
E}ypd; Neub nkhopngaHg;ghFk;. ,e;j ahg;gpyf;fzk;
njhlHghd Mf;fq;fs; ftpij> nra;As;> tplajhdk;>
nfhz;lhl;l re;jHg;gk; vd;gtw;iw ikag;gLj;jp
njhlHe;Jk; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. jkpopy; gpuge;jk; vdg;gLk;
,t;tpyf;fpa Mf;fk; vz;zpf;ifapy; 96 MFk;. mtw;Ws;
rpy tif rpy fhyq;fspy; gpurpj;jkhfp ,Ue;jd. 14 -
18Mk; E}w;whz;LfSf;fpilapy; gpugy;akhf ,Ue;j
,yf;fpa tbtq;fshf guzp> cyh> fyk;gfk;> gps;isj;
jkpo;> ehd;kzp khiy> Kk;kzp Nfhit> J}J
vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.91
,dp> mwGj; jkpopd; %d;W fl;lq;fisAk; mtjhdpg;Nghk;.

South India and Sri Lanka: Language as Mimicry” PP. 173> 174> 175> 176>
177> 178 & 179

• Kjw;fl;lk; - mwGj;jkpopd; Njhw;wKk; tsHr;rpAk;
mwGj; jkpo; Njitapd; epkpj;jk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ

my;yJ cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;w fz;Nzhf;iff; nfhs;tJ
epahak; vdj; njhpfpwJ. mwG Ngrf;$ba fg;gy;
jiytHfs;> fg;gNyhl;bfs;> tpahghhpfs;> njd;dpe;jpah
Tf;F tUif je;jNghJ> mtHfsJ tzpff; nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy;fisg; gjpT nra;a Ntz;ba NjitNahbUe;
jhHfs;. tpahghug; nghUl;fspd; ngaHfs;> czTg;
gjhHj;jq;fs;> cil tiffs; Nghd;wit RNjr
nkhopapNy (,q;F jkpo;) ,Ue;jij mwG NgRNthH rpy
khw;wq;fSld; mwG nkhopapNyNa vOjpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vdpDk; ,q;F RNjr nkhopapYs;s ngaHr; nrhw;fNs
mwG nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk;. rpwpJ fhyj;jpd; gpd;G
nghJthd tpidr; nrhw;fs;> nghJthd trd
mikg;Gf;fs; mwG nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.
Muk;gj;jpy; xt;nthU mwG NgRk; jdp egUk; jdJ
jdpg;gl;l xypngaHg;G Kiwiaf; ifahz;bUg;ghH.
vdpDk; rpwpJ fhyj;jpd; gpd;G ,e;j xypngaHg;G Kiwik
jug;gLj;jg;gl;L> mwGj; jkpopd; nghJthd khjphp
cUthfpapUf;Fk;.
,d;DnkhU gykpf;f fhuzKk; ,q;F nraw;gl;Ls;sJ.

vy;yh K];ypk;fSk; mwG nkhop mj;NjhL rpy mwG
tplaq;fisg; (FHMd;> `jP];> kjpg;Gkpf;f E}y;fs;)
gad;gLj;JtJ rka <Lghlhf ,Ue;jikahy; mwGj;
jkpio mJ NkYk; Cf;Ftpj;jJ. gs;spthry;fs;>

kj;u]hf;fspy; mwG nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l RNjr nkhop
Mf;fq;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJk; ,yFthf ,Ue;jJ.
mwGj; jkpopd; ,d;DnkhU Kf;fpa re;jHg;gk; kuzr;

rlq;NfhL rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhFk;. rpyNtis ,we;jthpd;
ngaH> NtW rpy jfty;fs; eLfy;ypy; Fwpf;fg;gl
Ntz;ba NjitapUe;jJ. `p[;hp 137 (fp.gp. 755) vd;W
jpfjpaplg;gl;l> mwGj; jkpopy; vOjg;gl;l> xU eLfy;
fhypapy; (,yq;ifapd; njw;fpy; cs;s xU Kf;fpa efH)
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,JTk; mwGj; jkpo;g; ghtidf;Fj;
J}z;Ljy; mspj;Js;sJ.92
mLj;j mk;rk; jdpg;gl;l ghtidahFk;. ehl;Fwpg;G>

tpahghuj; jfty;fs;> Fwpg;Gfs;> tpahghug; gq;FjhuH>
njhopshyh;fSldhd jfty;fs;> gs;spthrypd; Kd;dhy;
njhq;fptplg;gLfpd;w mwptpj;jy;fs;> jdpg;gl;l
miog;gpjo;fs;> gpuj;jpNafkhd fbjq;fs; Nghd;wit
mwGj; jkpopy; mike;jpUe;jd.
mwGj; jkpopd; Vida cgNahfq;fshf rq;ifpf;f

my;FHMd;> `jP];> ,yf;fpa nkhopngaHg;Gf;fs;> ftpij>
ciu eil mikg;gpyhd Mf;fq;fs;> mwGj; jkpo;
mfuhjpfs;> fiyf; fsQ;rpaq;fs; Nghd;wit
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sikiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

177> 178 & 179

fp.gp. 8 - 11Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuAs;s fhyg;gFjp mwGj;
jkpopd; mikg;Gf; fhyfl;lk; vdyhk;. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy;
,WjpapNyNa vkf;Ff; fpilf;ff; $ba Kjy; ,];yhkpaj;
jkpo; ,yf;fpakhd gy;re;jkhiy cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mjpy;
vl;L trdq;fs; khj;jpuNk jw;NghJ vQ;rpAs;sd. ,J
12Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kd;G jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;
jiyg;gpy; cs;s khiy vd;w nrhw;gpuNahfk; mJ
goq;fhy jkpo; ,yf;fpa kuig xl;bajhf
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jikia czHj;JfpwJ.93 vl;lhk;
E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpd;dH te;j %d;W E}w;whz;LfspYk;
njd; ,e;jpahtpYk; ,yq;ifapYk; mwGj; jkpiog;
gad;gLj;jpNahH fPo;tUk; Nfhl;ghl;Lj; njhpTfis vLf;f
Ntz;bNaw;gl;lJ.
rpy Kf;fpa tpidr; nrhw;fs;> gFjpfs; jtpu jkpo;

thHj;ijfspypUe;J Njitahd nrhw;njhifia
tbj;njLf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mbg;gilapy; mwG
nkhopahdJ jkpo; ,yf;fzj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;ljhf
mike;jJ. ,J mwG> (nrkpj;jpa) jkpo; (jpuhtpl)
,yf;fz mikg;Gld; ,izf;fg;gl;l xU
Kd;khjphpahd nkhopahf cUkhwpaJ.
mwGj; jkpo; ghtidahsHfs; jkpopy; tpidr;

nrhw;fis nrOikg;gLj;jp> Rj;jpfhpf;f Ntz;b

South India and Sri Lanka: Language as Mimicry” PP. 173, 174, 175, 176,
177, 178 & 179

Vw;gl;lJ. cjhuzkhf: jkpo; tpidr;nrhy; epfo;
fhyj;jpy; MisAk; vz;zpf;ifiaAk; nghWj;J
xd;gJ tpj;jpahrkhd mikg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
NtnwhU tifapy;> mwGj; jkpiog; ghtpg;gtHfs;

jkpioj; jdpahfg; gbg;gjpypUe;J gphpj;J mwigg;
gpuj;jpNafkhfg; gbf;f Ntz;bNaw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;
K];ypk;fSila NjitfSf;F Vw;g jkpopy; ,y;yhj
Gjpa xypaikg;Gf;fisf; fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;b
Vw;gl;lJ.
mNj Nghy; mwG nkhopapy; ,y;yhj rpy xypfis

jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspy; rpy khw;wq;fs; nra;tjD}lhf
jkpio mwgpapy; vOj Ntz;bahdJ.94
• ,uz;lhk; fl;lk; - mwGj; jkpopd; KjpHr;rp
,e;jf; fl;lk; 14Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; ,Ue;J 20Mk;

E}w;whz;bd; Kjw;gFjp tiuAk; njhlHfpd;wJ. ,J
,ay;ghf ,U gFjpfshfg; gphpfpd;wJ. 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
kj;jpa fhyg;gFjp tiuAs;s fhyk; Kjw;gFjpahFk;.
mLj;jJ> mjpypUe;J ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gg; gFjp
tiuAs;sjhFk;.

177> 178 & 179

,jd; Kjw;gFjp INuhg;gpa Mjpf;fk; - gpujhdkhf
NghHj;Jf;NfaH> xy;yhe;jH> gpuhd;]paH> Mq;fpNyNaH -
,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpy; CLWtpa fhyg;gFjpahFk;.
NghHj;Jf;NfaH 16Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpNyNa
mtHfsJ jiyik gzpkidfis Nfhth (Goa)
(njd;dpe;jpah) tpy; mikj;Jf; nfhz;L njd;dpe;jpah
itf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpapUe;jdH. gpw;gl;l E}w;whz;Lfspy;
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gphpj;jhdpa fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;gdpAk;
gpuhd;]pahpd; tUifAk; cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.95
17Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; K];ypk; Gyth;fs; jkpopy;

jq;fSila jdpj;Jtkhd ,yf;fpa khz;igf; fl;b
naOg;gpapUe;jdH. ehk; Kd;G Rl;bf;fhl;ba gy;re;jkhiy
apypUe;J njhlHe;J> ah$g; rpj;jH vdj; jd;id
mioj;Jf; nfhz;l tz;z ghpks GytH ~Mapuk;
krhyh| my;yJ ~mjpra Guhzk;| vd;gij Vwj;jhs
1572,y; cUthf;fpdhH. Mypk; GytH kpFuhR krhyh
(kp/uh[; krhyh) vd;w ftpijj; njhFg;ig 16Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; ntspf; nfhzHe;jhH. 1673,y; gPH
K`k;kj; vd;w ftpQH> jpU newp fhl;L vd;w ftpij
E}iyAk; ,aw;wpdhH. xU K];ypkhy; vOjg;gl;l Kjy;
fhg;gpakhf ~fdfhgpN\f khiy| 1648,y; fdftpuhaH
vd;W miof;fg;gl;l N\f; nea;dhhpd; fhg;gpak; tpsq;F

177> 178 & 179

fpd;wJ. thpir K`pjPd; GytH ~r$d; gilfs;| vd;w
Mf;fj;ij 1686,y; ,aw;wpdhH.96
jkpopy; K];ypk; ftpij miltpy; mile;j rpfukhf rPwhg;

Guhzj;ijf; nfhs;syhk;. ,J tpsf;fkhd Kiwapy;
ftpij tbtpy; K`k;kj; (]y;) mtHfspd; tho;f;ifr;
rhpjj;ijj; jUfpd;wJ. rPwhg; Guhzj;jpd; MrphpaH ckWg;
GytH 1642,y; jkpo; ehl;by; ,d;W ,uhkehjGuk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLk; gFjpapy; gpwe;jhH. rPwhg; Guhzj;jpy; %d;W
gFjpfs; cs. ~tpyhjj; (‫ )والدة‬fhz;lk;|> ~EGt;tj; (‫)نبوة‬
fhz;lk;|> ~`p[;uj; (‫)هجرة‬ fhz;lk;|. ,e;j %d;W
gFjpfSk; ,ize;J 92 gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ. rPwhg;
Guhzk; ,d;W $l ,yq;if> jkpo; ehl;L K];ypk;fshy;
kjpf;fg;gLfpd;w ,yf;fpakhf cs;sJ.
15 – 18 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuahd fhyg; gphptpy; ,yq;if

K];ypk;fs; NghHj;Jf;NfauhYk;> xy;yhe;juhYk; mlf;fp
xLf;fg;gl;L te;jhHfs;. ,Nj fhyg;gFjpapy; ,e;jpah
Kfyha Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;bUe;jJ. njd; ,e;jpahtpd; rpy
gFjpfs; ethGfspd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;bUe;jd. njd; ,e;jpa
K];ypk;fspd; tuyhw;wpYk; ,yq;if K];ypk;fspd;
tuyhw;wpYk; fhzg;gLk; ,e;j tpj;jpahrj;jpd; tpisthf>
,t;tpU gFjpfspy; toq;fpa mwGj; jkpopYk; rpw;rpy

177> 178 & 179

khWghLfs; cz;lhapd. ,e;jpa K];ypk;fs; kj;jpapy;
ngUkstpyhd ghH]P> cUJ> `pe;J];jhdpr; nrhw;fs;
te;J NrHe;jijg; Nghy ,yq;if K];ypk;fs; kj;jpapy;
te;J Nrutpy;iy.97
19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhk; ghjpapy; njd;dpe;jpahtpy;

,Ue;J K];ypk; gpurhufHfspd; ,yq;iff;fhd tUif
iaj; njhlHe;J ,q;F mwGj; jkpo; Cf;fk; ngw;wJ.
mtHfs; ,yq;ifapy; gs;spthry;fis epHkhzpj;jy;>
jhPf;fhf;fspd; fpisfis ];jhgpj;jy;> ,yq;ifapd;
cs;ehl;Lg; gFjpapy; thOk; K];ypk;fSf;F topfhl;Ljy;
Nghd;w nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;ldH. ,j;Jiwapy; Kf;fpa
eguhf ehk; khg;gps;is nyg;ig Mypk; vdg; gpurpj;jp
ngw;Ws;s> irapj; K`k;kj; gpd; m`;kj; nyg;ig
mtHfisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,tH jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;s fhay;gl;lzj;jpy; 1817,y; gpwe;jhH. 1835,y;
,yq;iff;F te;jhH. mtH jdJ tp[aj;jpd; tHj;jf
Nehf;fq;fisf; iftpl;Ltpl;L> ,];yhkpa miog;G
Kaw;rpfspy; ,yq;ifapy; <Lglj; jPHkhdpj;jhH.
nfhOk;gpy; khj;jpuk; MW gs;sthry;fisAk;
,yq;ifapd; njw;Fg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; VO gs;sp
thry;fisAk; epHkhzpf;f cjtpdhH. ,tH mwGj; jkpopy;
,];yhkpa rl;lk;> fphpiafs; gw;wpa mNef E}y;fis
vOjpdhH. kfhdP (‫ >)مغاني‬gj;`{j; ijahd; (‫>)فتح الديان‬
97 nra;apJ `]d;> v];.V> ,];yhkpa jkpo; ,yf;fpar; nrhw;nghopfs;>

gg. 32>33

gj;`{]; ]yhk; (‫ >)فتح السالم‬gj;`{y; kjPd; (‫>)فتح المتين‬
fdPkJ]; ]hyp`Pd; (‫ )غنيمة الصالحين‬Nghd;wd mtw;Ws;
rpythFk;. khg;gps;is nyg;ig Mypkpdhy; ftug;gl;L
tsHe;jtuhf nfhOk;igr; NrHe;j n\a;f; mg;JH u`;khd;
gpd; kPuhd; nyg;igiaf; (nfhOk;G Mypk;) Fwpg;gplyhk;.98
,jidj; njhlHe;J ,yq;ifapYk; gy Mf;fq;fs;

ntsptuj; njhlq;fp> mr;rpy; gjpf;fg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws;
rq;if kpf;f my;FHMd; tpsf;fq;fs; (jg;]HP )> ,];yhk;
mjd; nrad;Kiw mikg;Gg; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fs; vd gy
E}y;fs; mike;jd. mtw;Ws; gpd;tUtd Kf;fpakhdit
ahFk;:
,yq;if NgUtisiar; NrHe;j n\a;f; K];jgh (uop)

mtHfspd; kP]hd; khiy (1868)
n\a;f; K];jgh (typ) mtHfspd; NkYnkhU
Mf;fkhd> fz;zpakpf;f my;FHMDf;F chpa
tpsf;fk;> gj;`{H u`;khd; gP jH[kjp jg;]hP py; FHMd;
(‫( فتح الرحمن في ترجمة تفسير القرآن‬NgUtis> 1873)
n\a;f; K`k;kj; nyg;ig Mypk; (f]htj;ij Mypk;
mg;gh)tpd; jPd;khiy (fz;b> 1878)
98Mahroof, M.M.M, Islamic Studies, Vol. 32, Number 2, “Arabic-Tamil in

South India and Sri Lanka: Language as Mimicry” PP. 180> 181> 182> 183 &
184

n\a;f; mg;JHu`;khd; ,g;Dy; `fPk; `h[p kPuh
khpf;fhH my;kf;J}kpapd; tltpyf Muhl;L. (nfhOk;G>
1899)
,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; tho;ej
; Gj;jp[Ptpfs; mwGj; jkpio
tsHj;njLj;Jr; nry;y KbAk; vd;w vz;zj;NjhL ghhpa
gq;fspg;Gf;fisr; nra;jdH. kpf Kf;fpa rl;lj;juzpahf
tpsq;fpa K`k;kj; fhrpk; rpj;jp nyg;ig Nghd;NwhH ,jpy;
Kd;dpiy tfpj;jdH. mtH mwG ,yf;fzk; njhlHghf
112 gf;fq;fs; nfhz;l J`;gJe; e`;T vd;w E}iy
1892Mk; Mz;L mwGj; jkpopy; ntspapl;lhH.
20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpNyNa mwGj; jkpo;

mfuhjpfisj; njhFf;Fk; gzp Jtq;fpapUf;fpwJ. Kjy;
mwG - mwGj; jkpo; mfuKjyp nksytp K`k;kj;
,g;wh`Pk; vd;gtuhy; 1913,y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,tH jkpo;
ehL> ,uhkehjGuj;ijr; NrHe;jtH.99

South India and Sri Lanka: Language as Mimicry” PP. 180> 181> 182> 183
& 184

mwGj; jkpopd; tPo;r;rp
kpfr; rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; tsHe;jpUe;j mwGj; jkpo; nkhop

fhyNthl;lj;jpy; mjd; nropg;ig ,oe;J> ftdpghuw;w
epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lJ. ,jid vk;. vk;. vk;. k`;&gpd;
mwGj; jkpo; gw;wpa gFg;gha;tpd; %d;whk; fl;lk;
tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
• %d;whk; fl;lk; - mwGj; jkpopd; tPo;r;rpAk;

Xuq;fl;lg;glYk;
20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kjy; fhw;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapYk;

njd;dpe;jpahtpYk; mwGj; jkpopd; epiy tPo;r;rpia
Nehf;fpr; nrd;wJ. nghUshjhu> r%f hPjpahd vOr;rp
,jidj; jLj;J epWj;j Kbatpy;iy. nghJf;fy;tp
ngUkstpy; murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfspy; cs;sjhf
khwpaNjhL Mq;fpyj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; kWf;f
Kbahjjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jr; re;jHg;gj;jpy; mwGj; jkpo;
vd;w NkYnkhU nkhopia fw;gJ Kbahjjhf ,Ue;jJ.
E}y;fs; mr;rpl;L ntspapLjy; vd;gJ nryTkpf;f xU

Jiwahf cUkhwpaJ. ifnaOj;Jf;fshy; vOjp
gpujpfisg; gug;GtJ vd;gJ njhlHe;Jk; epiy
ngwtpy;iy. thrfHfSk; thrpg;G KiwikAk;
khwptpl;ld. ,jidj; njhlHe;J mwGj; jkpopy;
Gj;jfq;fis mr;rpl;L gpuRhpj;jy; vd;gJ rpukkhd
ifq;fhpakhf khw;wKw;wJ.
gpugy;akhd fy;tpapayhsuhfTk; K];ypk; jiytuhfTk;

,Ue;j V. vk;. V. m]P]; mtHfs;> mwGj; jkpopohd
Mf;fq;fs; njhlHghd r%fj;jpd; ftdaPdj;ijf;
ftiyAld; vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;whH. n\a;f; K`k;kj;
nyg;ig Mypk; (f]htj;ij Mypk; GytH) mwGj; jkpopy;
vOjpa gj;`{y; kp];H vd;w Gj;jfj;ijg; gw;wpg;
NgRifapy; mtH> “,e;E}y; n\a;f; K`k;kj; gpd;
K`k;kj; my;K,]; vd;gthpd; mwG nkhopapyhd E}iy
ikakhf itj;J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij ahUk;
mwpahH. mJ ntspaplg;gl;l NghJ mjid ,yq;if
K];ypk;fs; ftdj;jpy; vLf;fTkpy;iy” vd;fpwhH.
1940fspd; kj;jpapy; ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp> ghyH ghlrhiy

apypUe;J gy;fiyf;fofk; tiu ,ytrk; vd;whd NghJ
mwGj; jkpo; NkYk; fhzhkw; Nghapw;W.100
1950> 1960fspy; mwGj; jkpo; Mf;fq;fspd; ,Ug;G

ek;gpf;ifaw;w epiyia cUthf;fpaJ. mwGj;
jkpOf;fhfg; NghuhbNahUk; $l> jkpopy; (vOj;jpYk;
Ngr;R tof;fpYk;) ,];yhkpa thHj;ijfis (JUf;fpa>
India and Sri Lanka: Language as Mimicry” PP. 180> 181> 182> 183 & 184

ghurPf> mwgpa) mjpfk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vdf;
NfhhpdH. Mdhy; Vida jkpo;g; ghtidahsHfs; mjid
epue;jukhff; fl;Lg;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpdH. jkpo; (rpq;fsKk;)
1960fspy; fw;if nkhopahf khwpaJk; jkpowpT
ngUk;ghyhd K];ypk;fSf;Ff; fpilf;ff; $bajhf
khwpaJ. ,jdhy; ehl;lhH tof;fpypUe;j ,];yhkpar;
nrhw;fisf; $l mfw;wp mjw;fPlhd jdpj; jkpo;r;
nrhw;fis mikf;fpd;w Kaw;rp ,lk;ngw;wJ.
1882,y; gphpj;jhdpa muR (mg;NghJ vfpg;ijf;

ifg;gw;wpapUe;j ehL) mwhgp my;kp];hpiaAk; mtuJ
MjuthsHfisAk; ,yq;iff;F ehL flj;jpaJ. ,tH
,yq;ifapy; mwhgp gh\h vdg;gl;lhH. gphpj;jhdpaUf;F
vjpuhd FOtpd; jiytuhfr; nraw;gl;l ,tuJ ,yq;if
thrk; 1901 tiu ePbj;jJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; mtH mwG
nkhopapd; nry;thf;if caHj;Jtw;Fg; nghpJk;
ghLgl;lhH. ,e;j trPfukhd gpurhuNk rpyNtis mwGj;
jkpopd; Nja;Tf;F fhyha; mike;jJ.101 19Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; ,WjpapYk; 20Mk; E}w;wh;bYk; ,yq;if>
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gy mwGf; fy;Y}hpfs; Njhw;W
tpf;fg;gl;ld. ,it mwG nkhopiaAk; ,];yhkpa
khHf;ff; fiyfisAk; khztHfSf;F toq;fpaJ.
mtHfs; mf;fiyfisf; fw;W> mf;fyhepiyaq;fspy;
,Ue;J ntspahdJk; r%fj;jpy; fz;zpakpf;f khHf;f
101 Mahroof,M.M.M, Islamic Studies, Vol. 32, Number 2, “Arabic-Tamil in South

India and Sri Lanka: Language as Mimicry” PP. 180> 181> 182> 183 & 184

mwpQHfshf kjpf;fg;gl;ldH. ,tHfs; mwGj; jkpo; gw;wpa
ve;j mwpitAk; ngwhjjdhy; mJgw;wpa ve;jg;
gpuf;iQAk; mw;wtHfshfNt mtHfs; ,Ue;jdH. K];ypk;
r%fj;jpw;F khHf;ff; fy;tpiag; Gfl;Ltjw;Fhpa mbg;gil
Clfkhf ,Ue;j mwGj; jkpo; ,tHfspd; jiyKiwNahL
kq;fp kiwe;J tpl;lJ.
cs;ehl;by; ,Ue;j mwGf; fyhrhiyfs; jtpu RNjr

khztHfs; mwG nkhopia fw;if nkhopahff; nfhz;l>
mwG ehLfspy; cs;s mwGg; gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy;
fw;Wj; NjHe;jdH. mNj Ntis cs;ehl;Lg; gy;fiyf;
fofq;fspYk; mwG nkhop chpa ,lj;ijg; gpbj;jpUe;jJ.
,tHfs; mwGj; jkpiog; Gwf;fzpj;jdH vd;gJ kl;Lkd;wp
mwG nkhopia jj;jkJ ehLfspy; capHg;gpg;gjw;Fk;
tsHg;gjw;Fk; ngUk; gpuaj;jdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;syh
apdH. ,JTk; mwGj; jkpopd; tPo;r;rpf;Fj; Jizahf
mike;jJ.
mwGj; jkopy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nrhw;fs; Ngr;R tof;fp

Ys;s rhjhuzr; nrhw;fshf ,Ue;jjhYk; ,jDila
eilAk; goq;fhyj;jjhapUe;jjhYk; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;
bd; Jtf;fj;jpy; K];ypk; jkpo; vOj;jhsHfs; ,jid
td;ikahfj; jhf;fpdH@ ,opj;Jk; $wpdH.102
102 mg;JH w`Pk;> ,];yhkpaf; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> njhFjp xd;W> gg. 415

mugp kj;u]hf;fspy; ,J tof;nfhope;jjhy; jkpo; ehl;by;
K];ypk; nghJkf;fsplj;jpYk; ngz;fsplj;jpYk; ,e;
E}w;fisg; gbf;Fk; MHtk; mw;Wg; Ngha;tpl;lJ. ,Nj
epiyia ehk; ,yq;ifapYk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
19Mk; E}w;whz;by; E}y;fis mr;rpLk; eilKiw

gpugykile;jJk; mJfhytiu mwG ypgpapy; vOjg;gl;L
te;j mwGj; jkpo; jkpo; ypgpf;F khwpanjdyhk;.
mr;RthfdNkwpa Gj;jfq;fs; ifalf;fkhapUe;jgbahy;
kf;fs; mtw;Wf;F mNkhf tuNtw;gspj;jhHfs;.103 mwG
ypgpapy; vOjg;gLk; mwGr; nrhw;fs; jkpopy; vOjg;gl;L>
jkpOld; tputp> kzpg;gputhsj;ij xj;jthW mike;Js;s
~mwGj; jkpo;|> ,d;W tiu tof;fpypUe;jhYk; mjd;
gug;Gk; gad;ghLk; Fiwe;J tpl;lJ. mNjNtis> mwG
ypgpapy; vOjg;gl;L te;j mwGj; jkpo; mbNahL ghtid
apy; ,y;yhkw; Ngha;tpl;lJ. INuhg;gpahpd; tUifAld;
Muk;gpj;j njd; ,e;jpa> ,yq;if K];ypk;fspd;
mwGyfj;Jldhd Jz;bg;G> mwGj; jkpopd; tPo;r;rpia
Muk;gpj;J itj;jJ. nghJ vjphpahd INuhg;gpaiu
vjpHf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; K];ypk;fs; RNjrpfSld; neUq;fpg;
gof Muk;gpj;j NghJk;> RNjr nkhopfspy; Fwpg;ghf>
jkpopy; ,yf;fpak; gilf;fj; njhlq;fpa NghJk; me;j
tPo;r;rpapd; Ntfk; mjpfhpj;jJ. m]P]; Nghd;w xU rpyhpd;
Kaw;rpfs; me;j tPo;r;rpiaj; jLj;J epWj;Jk; jpuhzp
103
g. 32 & 33

ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw;wj;Jf;Fk;
tsHr;rpf;Fk; VJthaike;j fhuzpfs; ,y;yhkw;
NghdNghJ mjd; tPo;r;rpiaj; jLj;J epWj;JtJ
104
mrhj;jpakhdjhapw;W.
20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; mwGj; jkpopd; tho;T

kq;fj; njhlq;fp tpl;lJ. 1963,y; nfhOk;gpy; midj;J
,yq;if K];ypk; fy;tp khehL ele;jJ. mjpy;
K];ypk;fspd; jha;nkhop muGj; jkpo; vd;W K];ypk;
jiytH NrH ,uhrpf; ghPj; jPHkhdk; nfhz;L te;jhH. mJ
Njhy;tp mile;Jtpl;lJ.
jkpo; ehl;bYk; ~jhUy; ,];yhk;| Nghd;w ,jo;fs; mwGj;

jkpiof; fLikahf vjpHj;J te;jd. 1975,y; ,yq;if
K];ypk; vOj;jhsH rq;fk; ntspapl;l ~E}y; tpkHrdk;|
vd;w E}ypy;$l muGj; jkpio fLikahf vjpHj;jpUf;
fpwhHfs;.
'vjpHg;Gf;fs; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;> muGj; jkpo; jhNd kq;fj;

njhlq;fptpl;lJ. mJ tlnkhop Nghd;W vOj;J nkhop
kl;LNk. mugp njhpe;jtHfs; kl;LNk vOjTk; gbf;fTk;
KbAk;. ,e;J rkaj;Jf;F tlnkhop Nghd;W> fpwp];jt
rkaj;Jf;F ,yj;jPd; Nghd;W> rpy jkpo; ,];yhkpa
Qhdpfspd; nkhopahf mwGj; jkpo; ,Ue;jNj jtpu> mJ

kf;fs; nkhopahf ,y;iy"105 vd m.kh. rhkp Fwpg;gpL
fpd;whH. ,f;$w;wpy; cs;s> xU fUj;J tpkHrdj;Jf;
FhpajhFk;. mwGj; jkpo; K];ypk; nghJkf;fspd; mq;fP
fhuj;ijg; ngw;w> gutyhf;fg;gl;l nkhopahfr; nraw;gl
tpy;iy vd;w fUj;J Vw;fj; jf;fjy;y. ehk; Kd;ida
gFjpfspy; Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghd;W K];ypk;fSf;Fk; mwG
nkhopf;Fkpilapyhd ,Wf;fkhd njhlHG fhuzkhf
K];ypk;fs; mwig thrpf;ff; fw;wpUe;jdH. vdNt>
mtHfsJ jha;nkhopahd jkpio thrpf;fj; njhpahjpUe;
jhYk; mtHfs; mwGnkhopia thrpg;gH. MfNt mwG
ypgpapy; vOjg;gl;l jkpio mtHfshy; thrpg;gjw;Fr;
rpukkhf ,Uf;f KbahJ. mNjNtis xU r%fj;jpy;
vOj;jhsHfs; ngUk;ghd;ikahf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. xU
rpyNu vOj;Jf;fiy tug;ngw;wtHfshapUg;gH. ,e;j
,aw;ifj; jd;ikNahL ,ize;jjhfNt mwGj; jkpio
vOJk; ty;yik nfhz;l xU rpyH jkJ Mf;fq;fis
ntspf; nfhz;Lte;jNghJ mtw;wpd; thrfHfSk;
r%fj;jpy; kype;Nj fhzg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
muGj; jkpo; MjuthsHfNs $l gpd;G ,];yhkpa rka

E}y;fis Rj;jj; jkpopy; nkhopngaHj;J ntspapLtij
Mjhpf;fj; njhlq;fptpl;lhHfs;. jpUf;FHMd; jkpo; nkhop
ngaHg;G gw;wp ,yq;if V.vk;.V. m]P]; $Wk; NghJ> 'rkPg
fhyj;jpy; [dhg; mg;Jy; `kPj; ghftp mtHfspd;
jpUf;FHMd; jkpo; nkhopngaHg;G ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpa
105 rhkp> m.kh> jkpopy; ,];yhkpa ,jo;fs;> g. 61 & 64

cyfpy; xU Gj;JzHr;rpia Vw;gLj;jpapUg;gJld;> K];ypk;
my;yhjhH ,ilNa mtHfSf;Fk; jpUf;FHMDf;Fk;
,ilNa Neubj; njhlHig Vw;gLj;jpitf;f xU rhjdh
khfTk; mike;jpUf;Fk; jd;ikahy; kpf kpfg; Nghw;W
jw;Fhpa xd;whFk;" vd;fpd;whH.106
mwGj; jkpo; ,d;W nghJthf tof;fpoe;J tpl;lJ vdyhk;.

Gjpjhf mwGj; jkpo; E}y;fs; vJTk; vOjg;gLtjpy;iy.
gioa E}y;fisg; NgzptUk; rpyNu ,d;W mtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. K];ypk;fspd; vOj;jwpT tPjk;
njhlHe;J mjpfhpj;J te;Js;sikahy; ,d;W
ngUk;ghyhd K];ypk; Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; jkpopNyNa
E}y;fis thrpj;J tpsq;Fk; Mw;wy; cs;stHfshf
cs;sdH. kjk; gw;wpa kdg;ghd;ikAk; ,g;NghJ
tphptile;Js;sJ. FHMd; nkhop ngaHg;Gf;fSf;F mJ
gw;wpa tphpTiufSk; tpsf;fTiufSk; nghJthd rka
E}y;fSk; jkpopNyNa ntsptu Ntz;baJ mtrpak; vd;w
nfhs;if ,g;NghJ Nt&d;wp tpl;lJ. mj;jifa
gpuRuq;fs; jw;NghJ Vuhskhf ntspte;Js;sd.
mj;jpahtrpa mwGr; nrhw;fisf; ifahs Ntz;Lk; vd;w
tifapy; K];ypk;fspd; nkhopf; nfhs;ifAk;
nefpo;r;rpaile;Js;sJ. rkPg fhyj;jpy; ntspte;Js;s
,];yhkpa rka rk;ge;jkhd ntspaPLfs; ,ijNa
czHj;Jfpd;wd. ,t;thW mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw;wj;Jf;Ff;
106 rhkp> m.kh> jkpopy; ,];yhkpa ,jo;fs;> g. 61 & 64

fhuzkha; ,Ue;j mk;rq;fs; ePq;fpaikNa mjd;
kiwTf;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W vdyhk;.107
,d;iwa etPd fy;tp Kiwapy; fhzg;gLk; ghlj;

jpl;lj;jpd; Rik fhuzkhf jw;fhy K];ypk; gps;is
fSf;F mHtp gbg;gjw;F mtfhrk; ,y;yhkypUf;fpwJ.
rka hPjpahf rhpahd mikg;gpy; topfhl;lg;glhj K];ypk;
vOj;jhsHfspd; epahakw;w Muthuj;jpdhy; K];ypk;fspd;
tpiy kjpf;f Kbahj KJrkhd ,e;j mofpa nkhop
fpl;lj;jl;l nkhj;jkhf ,of;fg;gl;L tpl;lJ. ,J
~cykh|f;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wtHfspd; Gwf;fzpg;gpdhYk;
ftdaPdj;jpdhYk; Vw;gl;lJ. mtHfSk; $l ,k;nkhopia
mwpe;J nfhs;stpy;iy.108
ehk; NkNy tpsf;fpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

mwGj; jkpopd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW
gl;bayplyhk;.
1. E}y;fis mr;rpl;L ntspapLjy; kpfr; rpukkhd

fhupakhf khwpaNjhL> ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfspd; %yk;
ngUkstpyhd E}y;fis ntspf;nfhz;L tu
KbahkypUe;jik.

g. 87
PP.120

2. murhq;fg; ghlrhiyfspy; jkpo;nkhop %ykhd fy;tp
Kiw Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L> Mq;fpyj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
czug;gl;lJld; K];ypk;fspd; vOj;jwpT tPjk;
mjpfupj;jik.
3. mwGnkhopapd; nry;thf;F mjpfupj;jik.
4. K];ypk; jkpo; vOj;jhsh;fs; mwGj; jkpiof;
fLikahfr; rhbaikAk; jkpo; nkhopj; J}a;ik
NgZk; czh;T Xq;fpaikAk;.
5. mwG kj;u]hf;fspYk; Fh;Md; kj;u]hf;fspYk; mwGj;
jkpo; tof;fpoe;jik.
6. ,];yhkpa rkak; njhlh;ghd E}y;fs; mwG
nkhopapYk; jhuhskhf ntsptuj; njhlq;fpaik.
7. tlnkhop vOj;Jf;fshd \> [> ` vd;Dk;
vOj;Jf;fs; jkpopy; $Ljyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;
gl;likapdhy; mwGr; nrhw;fis jkpopy; vOJtjw;F
,yFthapUe;jik.

mwGj; jkpopy; jkpo;
,yf;fzj;jpd; gad;ghL
jkpo; nkhopia mwG thptbtpy; vOJfpd;w mwGj;

jkpopy;> jkpo; ,yf;fz tpjpfs; ngUkstpy; Ngzg;gl;L
te;Js;sjhfNt njhpfpwJ. ,J gw;wp V.vk;. e`pah
Fwpg;gpLifapy;> 'mwGj; jkpopy; mwGr; nrhw;fs; tputpf;
fple;jhYk; trdq;fs; jkpo; ,yf;fzg;gbNa mikAk;"109
vd;fpd;whH.
mwGj; jkpopy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mwGr; nrhw;fs; jkpo;

,yf;fz tpFjpfisg; ngw;W te;Js;sd vd;gij
tpsf;Ffpd;w NguhrphpaH vk;. vk;. cit]; mtHfs;
fPo;tUk; tplaq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;whH.
cz;ikahdtd; vd;W K];ypk; GytHfs; my;yh`;it

tUzpf;f Kw;gLk;NghJ ~`f;| (‫ )حق‬my;yJ ~`f;F|
vd;Dk; cz;ikiaf; Fwpf;Fk; mwGr; nrhy;Yld; ~md;|
vd;Dk; caHjpiz Mz;ghy; tpFjpiar; NrHj;J
~`f;fd;| vd;Nw Fwp;g;gpLtH. ,q;F fpue;j vOj;ijg;
gad;gLj;j tpUk;ghj K];ypk; GytHfs; mjidj; jkpo;

kuGf;fpiaa jkpo;gg
; Lj;jp ~ff;fd;| vd;Wk; ~mf;fd;| vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gpLtH.110
gd;ikia czHj;Jtjw;F mwGr; nrhw;fSld; ~fs;|

vd;Dk; gd;ik tpFjp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. my;FHMd;
trdk; ~Maj;| vd mwgpapy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mjd;
gd;ik ~Maj;Jf;fs;| vd ~fs;| vd;Dk; gd;ik tpFjp
ngw;W te;Js;sJ. thdtiuf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; ~kyf;|
my;yJ ~kyf;F| vd;gjhFk;. mjd; gd;ik ~fs;| tpFjp
ngw;W ~kyf;Ffs;| vd toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. kf;fhitr;
NrHe;jtHfs; ~kf;fpfs;| vd;Wk; kjPdhitr; NrHe;jtHfs;
~kjdpfs;| vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLtH.111 ,Nj Nghd;W kf;fhtpy;
; xU Nfhj;jpukhd ~Fiw\;| (‫)قريش‬
nry;thf;NfhL tho;ej
vd;w Nfhj;jpuj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfs; vdf; Fwpg;gjw;F
~Fiw\pfs;|112 vdg;gLfpd;wJ. mehijfs; vd;gijf;
Fwpf;f ~ajPk;fs;| vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
rpy rkaq;fspy; gd;ikahf tUk; mwGr; nrhw;fSf;Fk;

~fs;| vd;w gd;ik tpFjp NrHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ~egp| (‫)نبي‬
(jPHf;fjhprp) vd;Dk; mwGr; nrhy;ypd; gd;ik ~md;gpah|
(‫)أنبياء‬ vd;gjhFk;. Mdhy; mr;nrhy;Yk; ~fs;| tpFjp
ngw;W> ~md;gpahf;fs;| vd tUfpwJ. ,iwNerr; nry;tH
~typ| (‫ )ولي‬vd mwgpapy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ~typ| vd;gjd;
110 citR> k.K> jkpo; ,yf;fpa mwGr; nrhy; mfuhjp> g. 11 & 12

112 \k;Rj;jPd; my;kf;J}kp> jpUegp rhpj;jpuk; Kghwf; khiy> g.109 & 201

gd;ik ~mt;ypah| (‫ )أولياء‬vd;gjhFk;. mr;nrhy; $l ~fs;|
tpFjp ngw;W ~mt;ypahf;fs;| vd tUfpwJ.113 ~cykhf;fs;|
(‫)علماء‬ vd ,d;Wk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhy; ~cykh|
vd;gjw;F ~fs;| tpFjpia ,izj;jjhFk;. ,J mwpQd;
vd;w fUj;ijj; jUfpd;w ~Mypk;| vd;w gjj;jpd;
gd;ikahFk;.
caH jpizg; gd;ikiaf; Fwpg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

kw;nwhU gyHghy; tpFjp ~khH| vd;gjhFk;. ~egp| vd;Dk;
nrhy;Yld; gyHghiyf; Fwpf;Fk; ~khH| vd;Dk;
tpFjpiar; NrHj;J ~egpkhH| vdTk; ~typ| vd;gJld; ~khH|
vd;gjidr; NrHj;J ~typkhH| vdTk; ~Fiw\p| vd;Dk;
nrhy;Yld; ~khH| vd;Dk; tpFjpiar; NrHj;J ~Fiw\pkhh;;|
vdTk; toq;fg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. thdtHfs;
gd;ikapy; ~kyh,fj;| vd mwG nkhopapy; toq;fg;gLk;.
vdpDk; ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspNy mtHfs;
~khH| tpFjp ngw;W ~kyh,f;fj;JkhH| vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wdH. NjhoHfisf; Fwpf;Fk; ~mRfhgp|
vd;Dk; mwGr; nrhy;Yk; ~khH| vd;Dk; gyHghy; tpFjp
ngw;W ~mRfhgpkhH| vd toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.114 r%fk; vdf;
Fwpf;fg; gad;gLk; ~ck;kj;| vd;w nrhy;NyhL ~khH|
tpFjpiar; NrHj;J r%f mq;fj;jpdHfs; vd;w fUj;jpy;
~ck;kj;JkhH|115 vd cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rpyNghJ
113 citR> k.K> jkpo; ,yf;fpa mwGr; nrhy; mfuhjp> g. 12

115 \k;Rj;jPd; my; kf;J}kp> jpUegp rhpj;jpuk; Kghwf; khiy> g. 198

~khH| tpFjpiaAk; ~fs;| tpFjpiaAk; xUq;Nfapizj;Jk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mRfhgpfs;> egpkhHfs;> typkhH
fs;> kyh,f;fj;JkhHfs; vd ,ul;ilg; gd;ik tpFjpfs;
ngw;W mt;twGr; nrhw;fs; ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;
jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJz;L.
mwG ,aw;ngaHfs; rpytw;iw nfsutkhf Fwpg;gpLk;

Kfkhf mg;ngaHfSld; ~mH| vd;Dk; caHjpizg;
gyHghy; tpFjpiar; NrHg;gH. Kfk;kJ - KfkjH> mFkJ
- mFkjH> kF%J - kF%jH.
K];ypk; ,aw;ngaHfisf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;F ~MH| vd;Dk;

gyHghy; tpFjpiag; gad;gLj;JtJk; cz;L. myp -
116
mypahH> `rd; - `rdhH> `{ird; - `{irdhH.
K`k;kj; (]y;) mtHfis K`k;kjdhH117 vdTk;
fz;zpakhf miof;fg;gl;Ls;sdH.
jkpo; ,yf;fz kuGf;fpiaa tUk; kw;nwhU tpFjp ~,aH|

vd;gjhFk;. ,JTk; gd;ikia czHj;Jk; tpFjpahFk;.
mRfhg; - mRfhgpaH> Fiw\p - Fiw\paH> kf;fp -
kf;fpaH> kjdp - kjdpaH> vkdp - vkdpaH> m[kp -
m[kpaH.118 jkpopy; caHjpizf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
~jpU| vDk; nrhy;Yk; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fjPg; fhjpH \k;Rj;jPd; my;kf;J}kp


vOjpa K`k;kj; (]y;) mtHfspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;W
E}Yf;F ~jpUegp rhpj;jpuk; Kghuf; khiy|119 vdg;
ngahpl;Ls;shH. mNj E}ypy; gy ,lq;fspy; egpatH
fisf; Fwpf;f ~jpUj;J}jH|120 vd;w gjk; gpuNahfpf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
,J jtpu mwGj; jkpo; trdq;fspy; jkpo; ,yf;fz

tuk;Gfs; Ngzg;gl;Ls;sikiaAk; rpw;rpy ,lq;fspy;
K];ypk;fspd; Ngr;Rnkhop rhHe;j trd mikg;GfisAk;
vOj;jhsHfs; ifahz;Ls;sdH. thrfHfspd; mwpTj;
juj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,t;thwhd gpuNahfq;
fis mtHfs; cgNahfpj;jpUf;f KbAk;. cjhuzkhf:
'rfy NjitfSf;Fk; ahtuhYk; ehlg;gl;l my;yh`;
Rg;`hd`_ tjMyhtplj;jpy; MjuT itj;j K`k;kJ
ila kfd; Riykhd; vd;gtd; nrhy;fpwhd;. my;yh`{j
Myh mtHfspUtUila gpiofisg; nghWj;J
,UgjpapYk; mtHfSila IGfis kiwg;ghdhf." 121
',JthfpwJ `p[;uj; 1305 - Mapuj;J Kd;D}j;jp Ie;jhk;
tUlk; fhypf; Nfhl;il fjPg; fhjpH \k;Rj;jPdpy; kf;J}kp
,g;dpy; fjPg; K`k;kj; nyg;ig kiuf;fhahpy;
kf;J}kpa;nad;Dk; tpj;Jt rpNuhkzpatHfshy; ,U
Nyhfj;Jf;Fk; rHjhuhfpa jpUegp ekJ ehafk; K`k;kj;
K];jgh w]_Yy;yh`; ]y;yy;yh`{ miy`p

121 Riykhd; ,g;D K`k;kj;> w`;kJy; kd;dhd; myy; Kjmy;ypkPd
kpdy; tpy;jhd;> gg. 02>03

t]y;yktHfspd; [Ptpa rhpj;jpuj;ij ahtUk; vspjpy;
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;Lk; kdjpy; vg;gTk; ghlkha;
jhpgl;bUf;Fk; nghUl;Lk; ,Nyrhd nre;jkpopy; njhq;fy;
eilahfg; ghl;lhfg; ghb mjw;F Kghuf;F khiynad;W
ehkk; #l;lg;gl;l fpjhghapUf;Fk;."122
122 \k;Rj;jPd; my; kf;J}kp> jpUegp rhpj;jpuk; Kghwf; khiy> g. 02>03

mwGj; jkpio kPz;Lk; vOr;rpngw
itg;gjw;fhd Kd;nkhopTfs;
mwGj; jkpio kPz;Lk; capHg;gpj;J> K];ypk; kf;fspd;

md;whl nkhopahf mjid vOr;rp ngwitg;gjw;F
%jwpQH V.vk;.V. m]P];> fyhepjp ijf;fh RIg;
Nghd;NwhH gy MNyhridfis Kd;itj;Js;sdH.
mtw;iw njhFj;Jf; fPo;tUkhW $wyhk;.
• mHtp nkhopia capHg;gpg;gjd; mtrpaj;ijAk; mJ

K];ypk;fspd; tho;tpaypy; Vw;gLj;Jk; Nkd;ikiaAk;
tpsf;fp rpwpastpyhd Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fisg; gjpg;gpj;J
,ytrkhf ntspapLjy;.123
• mwGj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; Nfhitia cUthf;Fjy;.

Guhzk;> ehafk;> fyk;gfk;> Kdh[hj;J> me;jhjp
jpUg;Gfo;> Qhdg;ghl;L Mfpatw;wpd; rpwe;j gFjpfis
kl;Lky;yhky;> ehlfk;> rpe;J> jhyhl;L> Fk;kp>
gilg;NghH Mfpatw;wpd; gFjpfSld; Guhz trdk;>
khHf;f xOf;fk;> fp];]h Kjypa trd E}y;fspd;
PP.124

gFjpfisAk; cs;slf;fpajhf ,J mikjy;
Ntz;Lk;.124
• vkf;Ff; fpilf;ff; $bajhfTs;s midj;J

mr;rplg;gl;Ls;s mHtp E}y;fisAk; Nrfhpj;J> kPs;
gjpg;Gr; nra;ag;gLtNjhL> ntspaplg;glhJ
ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfshf ,Ug;gtw;iw xd;W NrHj;J
mtw;iw mr;Rthfdk; Vw;Wjy;.
• kjrhHghd> kjrhHgw;w midj;J mHtp E}y;fisAk;

ftHr;rpahd mikg;gpy; kPs;gjpg;Gr; nra;tNjhL>
mtw;iwg; ghlrhiyg; gps;isfSf;Fk; fw;Wf;
nfhLj;jy;.125
• mwGj; jkpopy; rpWtH ,yf;fpa ,jo;fis

ntspapLjy;. tUq;fhy re;jjpapdUf;F ehk; mspf;ff;
$ba KJrk; vkJ fyhrhug; ghuk;ghpaNk. ,jd;
mUik ngUikfis mtHfs; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fr;
rpWtajpypUe;Nj gapw;rpaspj;jy; mtrpak;. ,jw;Nfw;w
rpWtH ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,];yhkpaf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;>
mwGj; jkpopy; ntsptUjy; mtrpak;. ,e;E}y;fs;
Mq;fpy nkhopapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s E}y; mikg;G>
mr;nrOj;J> tbtk; Kjyhd Kd;Ndw;wq;fis
124 m]P]>; V.vk;.V> mwGj; jkpo; vq;fs; md;Gj; jkpo;> g. 14

125 Shu’ayb, Tayka, Arabic, Arwi, and Persion in Sarandib and Tamil
Nadu, PP.124 & 125

mDrhpj;jdthf cUthf;fg;gly; ,d;wpaikahj
jhFk;.126
• ,yq;ifapYk; jkpo; ehl;bYk; cs;s midj;J

kj;u]hf;fspYk; mHtp; fl;lha ghlkhf;fg;gLjy;.
• mHtp NgRk; gpuNjrq;fspd; gy gFjpfspYk; mHtpia

fw;if nkhopahff; nfhz;l ghyH ghlrhiyfisAk;
Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfisAk; epWTjy;.
• nkhopngaHg;Gf; fiyia Cf;Ftpj;jy;. murhq;f

K];ypk; MrphpaH ghlrhiyfspy; ,jw;F rpwg;gplk;
mspf;fg;gLjy;.127
• fy;tpkhd;fSk; fy;tp fw;Fk; khztHfSk;

jq;fSf;fpilapyhd fbjj; njhlHGfis mHtp
nkhopapy; itj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
• mHtp rQ;rpiffs;> gUt ,jo;fis kPz;Lk; mwpKfk;

nra;tNjhL khztHfSf;fpilNa mHtpapy; fl;Liug;
Nghl;bfisAk; elhj;Jjy;.128 ftpij> ehlfk;>
126 m]P];. V.vk;.V> mwGj; jkpo; vq;fs; md;Gj; jkpo;> g. 15

128 Tayka Shu’ayb, Arabic, Arwi, and Persion in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu,
PP.125

tptuzk; vd ,jd; gug;igAk; gbg;gbahf mjpfhpj;Jr;
nry;y KbAk;.
• ,yl;rpaG+Htkhd jpwdha;it Nkw;nfhs;sy;. mwGj;

jkpopd; GdUj;jhuzj;Jf;F mj;jpahtrpakhd
mk;rq;fs; gw;wp kpFe;j rpuj;ijAld; Muha;jy;
mtrpak;. gioa mwGj; jkpo; E}y;fspd;
gjTiufspYk; nghopg;GiufspYk; kl;LNk fhyj;ij
tpuakhf;fhJ> ,yf;fpaj; juhjuk;> rhuhk;rk;> xg;gpay;
Ma;T Mfpatw;wpYk; ,];yhkpaf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;
ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;.129
• ,yq;ifapYk; jkpo; ehl;bYk; thOk; K];ypk;fs;

jw;fhyj;jpy; mHtp nkhopiag; Gwf;fzpg;gijf;
iftpl;L> mtHfsJ ehshe;j nraw;ghLfspy;
ifahsj; J}z;LNfhs;; toq;Fjy;.
• mHtpg; gpuNjrq;fspy; mHtpia tsHj;jy;> mjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Nghd;wtw;iw czHT+l;Ltjw;fhf
tphpTiufs;> $l;lq;fs;> khehLfs; elhj;jJjy;.130

PP.125

• fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mwGj; jkpopd; tsHr;rpf;Nfw;g>
murhq;f mDruizAld; nghJf; fy;tpr;
nraw;ghLfSf;Fs; mjid cs;thq;Fjy;.

mwGj; jkpopd; xypngah;g;G
Kiwik
mwGj; jkpio cUthf;fpa NghJ jkpo; nkhopapYs;s

vOj;Jf;fisAk; xypfisAk; vt;thW xypngaHg;Gr;
(Traslatteration) nra;jdH vd;gJ gw;wp Muha;tJ
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
mugp nkhop vOj;J xypfisf; nfhz;l vy;yh

vOj;Jf;fSk; jkpopy; ,y;iy. ,Nj Nghd;W jkpo; vOj;J
xypfSf;fhd muG vOj;Jf;fSk; xypfSk; mugpapy;
,y;iy.131 mugpapy; nkhj;jk; 28 vOj;Jf;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
(~m| xypiaj; jUfpd;w ‫ ا‬, ‫ ء‬vd;w ,U vOj;Jf;fisAk;
xd;whf fUjpNa ,t;ntz;zpf;if jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
mt;ntOj;Jf;fis ,U NtW vOj;Jf;fshff;
fUJgtHfs; mwG ml;ruq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 29 vd;gH.)
mtw;wpy; Kjy; vOj;jhfpa myp/igAk;> ,Wjp VO
vOj;Jf;fshd fh/g; (‫ >)ك‬yhk; (‫ >)ل‬kPk; (‫ >)م‬E}d; (‫>)ن‬
tht; (‫` >)و‬h (‫ >)ها‬ah (‫ )ي‬Mfpatw;iwAk; jtpHj;J
Vida ,UgJ vOj;Jf;fspy; xt;NthH vOj;Jk; mjd;
fPNoNah NkNyNah xd;W Kjy; %d;W Gs;spfis
131 kzit K];jgh> ,isQH ,];yhkpaf; fiyf; fsQ;rpak;> g. 19

itg;gpd; ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W xypfis xypg;gjhf
cs;sJ.
[mitahtd: gbh (‫ >)ب‬jh (‫ >)ت‬/jh (‫[ >)ث‬Pk; (‫ >)ج‬fhh

(‫ >)ح‬fkhh (‫ >)خ‬jdhy; (‫ >)د‬/jdhhy; (‫ >)ذ‬wh (‫ )ر‬rzh (‫>)ز‬
rPd; (‫ >)س‬rPshd; (‫ >)ش‬rshJ (‫ >)ص‬odhJ (‫ >)ض‬ma;d; (‫>)ع‬
fgha;d; (‫ >)غ‬jth (‫ >)ط‬szh (‫ >)ظ‬gfh (‫ >)ف‬fqhg; (‫])ق‬
,t;thW ghHf;Fk; NghJ me;j 28 vOj;Jf;fSk; 17

vOj;Jfshff; Fiwe;J tpLfpd;wd. mitahtd: [myp/g;
(‫ >)ا‬fh/g; (‫ >)ك‬yhk; (‫ >)ل‬kPk; (‫ >)م‬E}d; (‫ >)ن‬tht; (‫` >)و‬h
(‫ >)ها‬ah (‫ >)ي‬gbh (‫ >)ب‬fhh (‫ >)ح‬jdhy; (‫ >)د‬wh (‫ >)ر‬rPsd;
(‫ >)س‬rshJ (‫ >)ص‬ma;d; (‫ >)ع‬jth (‫ >)ط‬gfh (‫ ])ف‬,tw;wpy;
myp/g; (‫ >)ا‬jdhy; (‫ >)د‬/jdhhy; (‫ >)ذ‬wh (‫ >)ر‬rzh (‫ >)ز‬tht;
(‫)و‬ Mfpa MW vOj;Jfisj;jhk; Kd;dhy; tUk;
vOj;NjhL NfhbOj;Jr; NrHf;f ,aYNkad;wp> gpd;dhy;
tUk; vOj;NjhL NfhL ,Oj;Jr; NrHf;f ,ayhJ; kw;w
vOj;Jf;fs; midj;ijAk; ,Ugf;fq;fspYk; NfhL
,Oj;Jr; NrHf;f ,aYk;.132
,t;thW NfhbOj;Jr; NrHf;ff; $ba vOj;jhfpa ~gbh| (‫)ب‬

vd;gij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; mjd; fPNo xU Gs;sp
132
mg;JH u`Pk; ,];yhkpaf; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> njhFjp xd;W> gg. 399
& 400

itg;gpd; mJ ~gbh| (‫ )ب‬MfptpLfpwJ. mjd; NkNy
,uz;L Gs;spfs; itg;gpd; mJ ~jh| (‫ )ت‬MfptpLfpd;wJ.
NkNy %d;W Gs;spfs; itg;gpd; mJ ~/jh| (‫)ث‬
MfptpLfpd;wJ. NkNy xU Gs;sp itg;gpd; mJ ~E}d;| (‫)ن‬
MfptpLfpd;wJ. fPNo ,U Gs;spfs; itf;fg;gbd; mJ ~ah|
(‫ )ي‬MfptpLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW ghHf;Fk; nghOJ ~E}D|k;
~ah|Tk; ~gbh| vOj;jpd; ,dj;ijNa NrHe;jit vd;W
nfhs;syhk;. mNj Nghd;W [Pk; (‫` >)ج‬h (‫ >)ح‬fkhh (‫)خ‬
MfpaitAk; NkNyNah fPNoNah Gs;sp itg;gjhYk;
Gs;spNa itf;fhjjhYk; %d;W xypfisg; ngWfpd;wd.
,t;thNw kw;w vOj;Jf;fSk; Mtijf; fhzyhk;. vdNt.
mugp vOj;Jf;fs; ,Ugj;njl;by; myp/g; (‫ >)ا‬fh/g; (‫>)ك‬
yhk; (‫ >)ل‬kPk; (‫ >)م‬tht; (‫ )و‬Mfpa Ie;J vOj;Jf;fs; ve;j
,dj;ijAk; NruhJ jdp xyp vOg;gf; $baitahf
,Uf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpd; NkNyNah fPNoNah vt;tpjg;
Gs;spAk; ,y;iy.133
jkpo; nkhop nghJthf kpfg; goikahd> mNj Neuk; mJ

NrHe;Js;s jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpd; kpfr; rpf;fyhd
nkhopfSs; xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJthf vy;yh
nkhopfspYk; capnuOj;J (Vowels)> nka;naOj;J
(Consonants) mikg;G ,Uf;fpwJ. jkpopy; capnuOj;J
Fwpy;> neby; vd Nrhb tbtpy; cz;L. mit: (m> M)>
133
mg;JH u`Pk; ,];yhkpaf; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> njhFjp xd;W> gg. 399
& 400

(,> <)> (c> C)> (v> V)> (x> X). ,tw;Ws; ~I|Ak; ~xs|Tk;
Nrhb tbitg; ngwhJ mike;Js;sd.134
nka;naOj;J vdg;gLfpd;w Consonants %d;W gphpTfshf

mike;Js;sd. ty;ypdk; (Hard Consonants) [f;> r;> l;>
j;> g;> w;]> nky;ypdk; (Soft Consonants) [a;> h;> s;> t;> y;>
o;]> ,ilapdk; (In-between Consonants) [Q;> q;> d;> e;>
k;> z]. xt;NthH capnuOj;Jk; nka;naOj;NjhL
,ize;J vOj;Jf;fisAk; cUthf;Ffpd;wd. xt;nthU
xyptbtKs;s nka;naOj;Jf;Fk; jdpahd thptbk;
cz;L. ,e;j tifapy; jkpo; mhpr;Rtbapd; nkhj;j
135
ml;ruq;fspd; njhif 246 MFk;. ,j;NjhL jkpopy;
cs;s MAj vOj;jhd ~/| itAk; NrHj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;
nkhj;jk; 247 vOj;Jf;fshfpd;wd.


NkYs;s tpsf;fj;ij xOq;FgLj;jpdhy; fPo;tUkhW
mikAk;.

rpy Ntisfspy; jkpopYs;s nka;naOj;Jf;fspy; rpwg;Gj;
jd;ikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjpy; d> z vd ,uz;L
vOj;Jf;fs; cz;L. (mj;NjhL ~e|itAk; ,izj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;.) u> w vd;w ,U vOj;Jf;fSk; y> s> o
vd;w %d;W vOj;Jf;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.136
,jNdhL jkpo; Neubahf rk];fpuj;jpypUe;J 3 ml;ruq;

fis ,uty; thq;fpAs;sJ. \; (sha)> f;\p (kshi)> ];
(sa). ,e;j ~];| vOj;J kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. jkpopYs;s
~r| xU nrhy;ypd; eLtpy; tu KbahJ. mg;gbg;
gad;gLj;jpdhYk; mJ ~cha| vd;Nw nkhopag;gLk;. [;|
vd;w vOj;Jk; rk];fpujj;jpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;ljhFk;.137
,j;NjhL ~`;| vd;w ml;ruKk; tlnkhopapypUe;J
ngwg;gl;ljhFk;.
ehk; NkNy tpsf;fpathW mwG nkhopf;Fk; jkpo;

nkhopf;Fkpilapyhd thptbtk; tpj;jpahrkhd mikg;gpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,U nkhopf; FLk;gj;ijr; NrHe;j
NtWghLfs; epiwe;j ,e;j ,U nkhopfisAk; jhd;
,e;jpaj; Jizf; fz;l K];ypk;fs; xU nkhopahf
gpizj;jdH. ,t;thwhd XH mG+Htr; nrad;Kiw ,q;F
gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.


kapiy rPdp Ntq;flrhkp mwGj; jkpo; gw;wpg; gpd;tUkhW
vOjpAs;shH. 'mwG nkhopapy; ,Ue;J mwgp vOj;ijg;
NghyNt cs;s xU tpjg; Gjpa vOj;ij jkpo; ehl;L
K];ypk;fs; mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhHfs;. me;j vOj;Jf;F
mwGj; jkpo; vd;gJ ngaH. mwGj; jkpOf;F 'MHtp" vd;W
NtW ngaUz;L. mwGj; jkpo; vOj;J mwgp vOj;ijg;
NghyNt ,Uf;Fk;."138
K];ypk;fs; cgNahfpj;j ,e;j vOj;Jf;fs;> mwG vOj;ij

epfHj;jitahapDk;> mwG vOj;jpy; ,Ue;J NtWgLj;jp
,dq;fhzf; $ba gz;Gfis mit nfhz;bUe;jd
vd;gij kapiy rPdp Ntq;flrhkp czHe;jjhNyNa
,t;ntOj;J ghHitf;F mwG vOj;ijg; Nghy ,Uf;Fk;
vd;W ,q;F Rl;bAs;shH. mit mwG vOj;ij epfHj;j
xU Gjpa tif vd;W mtH fUjpAs;shH. jkpo; nkhopapy;
cs;s q;> Q;> l; Kjyhk; xypfisf; Fwpf;f> mtw;Wf;F
epfuhd mwG nkhop vOj;Jf;fs; ,y;iy. ,t;nthypfs;
gapd;WtUk; jkpo;g; gjq;fis mwG vOj;jpy; vOj
Ntz;bNaw;gl;l NghJ> mtw;Wf;F epfuhd Gjpa mwG
vOj;Jf;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; gjpyhf> Vw;fdNt
cs;s rpy vOj;Jf;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf rpy FwpaPLfis
itj;J cgNahfpj;jdH.139

& 198
& 198

my;FHMd; jtpHe;j Vida mwG E}y;fs; ~,/uhg;|
vdg;gLk; capHf;Fwpfs; ,lg;glhkNy vOjg;gl;ld.
,e;eilKiwf;F khw;wkhf mwGj; jkpopy; E}y;fs;
capHf;Fwpfs; ,lg;gl;l mwG vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L
vOjg;gl;ld. ,j;jF NtWghLfs; ,t;ntOj;Jf;fs; mwG
vOj;ij epfHj;j NtW vOj;Jf;fs; vd;W mtH fUjj;
Jizahf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. mwGj; jkpio vOj
cgNahfpf;fg;gl;l ,t;ntOj;Jf;fs;> mwG vOj;Jf;fspy;
,Ue;J NtWgl;l rpy gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;
mit jdp xU nkhopapd; vOj;Jf;fs; vd;W fUJ
kstpw;F tsutpy;iy.140
mwgp neLq;fzf;fpy; cs;s rpy vOj;Jf;fs; jkpo;

neLq;fzf;fpy; ,y;iy. jkpopy; cs;s xypfs; rpytw;Ws;
xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; Ez;zpa NtWghL nfhz;l rpy xypfs;
mwgpapy; cs;sd.141
xyp jkpo; mwgp xypfs;

m 01 03 ‫ع > ء > ا‬
f 01 06 ‫ ها > خ > ح > ك > ق‬, ‫غ‬
r 01 04 ‫ظ > ز > ش > س‬
j 01 05 ‫ث > ط > ذ > د > ت‬
g 01 02 ‫ف > ب‬
140 mkPd;> vk;.I.vk;> ,yq;if K];ypk;fspd; tuyhWk; fyhrhuKk;>

gg.197 & 198
gg. 87 & 246

mwgp xypfis vy;yhk; ntspaplj; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fshy;
KbahjJ Nghy jkpo; xypfisnay;yhk; mwgp vOj;Jf;
fshy; ntspapl Kbatpy;iy. v> V> x> X Mfpa
capnuOj;Jf;fSk; q> r> l> z> o> s> u Kjypa
nka;naOj;Jf;fSk; mwgp neLq;fzf;fpy; ,y;iy.
Mjypd; ,t;nthypfisr; rhHGila mwgp vOj;Jf;fspd;
rpy Fwpfisapl;L ntspg;gLj;jpdH.142
ehk; NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;baJ Nghy mwG nkhopapy; cs;s

xypfs; gy jkpopy; ,y;yhjJ Nghy jkpopy; cs;s
xypfs; gyTk; mwG nkhopapy; ,y;iy. m> M> ,> <>
c> C Mfpatw;Wf;F epfuhd capnuOj;Jf;fNs
mwgpapy; cz;L. v> V> x> X Mfpa capnuOj;Jf;fs;
mwgpapy; ,y;iy. nka;naOj;Jf;fisg; nghWj;jtiu 10
vOj;Jf;fSf;F epfuhd ml;ruq;fs; mwgpapy; ,y;iy.
mitahtd: q> r (cha)> Q> l (glk;)> l (gl;lk;)> s>
z> u> g> f (rq;fk;) vd;gdthFk;.143 mNj Nghd;W 18
mwG vOj;Jf;fSf;F epfuhd jkpo; xyp tbt vOj;Jf;fs;
fpilahJ. mit: ,‫ ع‬,‫ ظ‬,‫ ط‬,‫ ض‬,‫ ص‬,‫ ش‬,‫ ز‬,‫ ذ‬,‫ د‬,‫ خ‬,‫ ح‬,‫ ج‬,‫ ث‬,‫ب‬
‫ ه‬,‫ ق‬,‫ ف‬,‫غ‬.144

g. 87 & 246
143 rhkp> m.kh> jkpopy; ,];yhkpa ,jo;fs;> g. 60
PP.782

jkpopy; ,y;yhj 18 xyptbtj;ij mwG vOj;Jf;fs;
ngw;wpUg;gjdhy;jhd; mwigj; jkpopy; vOj rhd;NwhHfs;
Kaytpy;iy vdyhk;. Vnddpy; jkpopy; NkYk; 18
xyptbtq;fisf; fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,d;W
tiu ,g;gpur;rpidapd; gpujpgypg;ig K];ypk; vOj;jhsH
fspd; vOj;Njhtpaq;fspy; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. 145
NgHRty; ghjphpahH (tPukhKdptH) jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs;

,uz;by; (v> V) rpW khw;wq;fisr; nra;jhH. jkpopy; F
vd;Dk; Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;Fhpa cr;rhpg;G ,y;yhjjw;fhf
MAj (/) vOj;ijg; ~g| Tf;F Kd;itj;J F (/g;) vd;Dk;
cr;rhpg;ig mikj;jhH.
mHtp vOj;Jf;fspd; cUthf;f Kiwik
mwGj; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fisf; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F my;yJ

mwgpy; ,y;yhj jkpo; ml;ruq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F
K];ypk; mwpQHfs; fPo;tUk; Kiwikiaf; ifahz;
Ls;sdH.
• r (cha)I cUthf;f Vw;fdNt xU Gs;spAld;

,Uf;Fk; ~‫|ج‬ cld; Nkyjpfkhf ,U Gs;spfs;
NrHf;fg;gl;L ,t;ntOj;Jg; ngwg;gLk;. ,e;j tifapy;
145 n[kPy;> v];.vr;.vk;> (Ed.)> mk;ghiw khtl;l K];ypk;fs;> g. 323

~mr;rk;| Nghd;w nrhw;fspYs;s ~r| ngwg;gLfpwJ. (‫ چ‬-
r)
• l (glk;) vd;w vOj;ijg; ngw ~‫ |د‬vd;w vOj;jpd; fPo;

xU Gs;sp ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. (‫ ڊ‬-l)
• l (gl;lk;) Nkw;nrhd;d Kiwapy; ~‫ |ڍ‬,w;Ff; fPo; ,U

Gs;spfs; NrHg;gjd; %yk; Mq;fpy ~T| vOj;Jg; Nghd;w
~l| ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. (‫ ڍ‬-l)
• jkpopy; cs;s ~w|tpw;F mwgpapy; ~‫|ر‬

gad;gLj;jg;gLtNjhL jkpopd; ~u|it mikf;f mNj
~‫|ر‬tpw;Ff; fPNo xU Gs;spaplg;gLfpd;wJ (‫ ڔ‬-u). mJ
Mq;fpy ~R| xypaikg;ghFk;.
• mwG nkhopapy; cs;s ~‫ |ض‬,w;Ff; fPNo xU Gs;sp

,Ltjd; %yk; ~o| ngwg;gLfpd;wJ (‫ ۻ‬-o).
• mwG vOj;J ~‫ |ص‬tpw;F mbapy; xU Gs;spia itj;J

jkpo; ~s| cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ (‫ ص‬-s).
• ~‫ |ع‬vd;w mwG vOj;jpDs; my;yJ ,lj;Jf;Nfw;w

tifapy; %d;W Gs;spfis ,izg;gjD}lhf jkpopd;
~q| mikf;fg;gl;lJ (‫﮹ع‬-q)

• mwG vOj;J ~‫ |ف‬,w;Ff; fPNo xU Gs;spia ,Ltjd;
%yk; jkpopd; ~g| ngwg;gLfpd;wJ (‫ ڣ‬-g).
• ~rq;fk;| vd;w nrhy;ypy; cs;sJ Nghd;w ~f|itg;

Gyg;gLj;j ~‫ |ك‬,w;Ff; fPNo xU Gs;sp ,lg;gLfpd;wJ
(‫ك﮳‬-f).
• jkpopd; ~z|itg; ngw mwgpd; ~‫ |ن‬,w;F mbapy; xU

Gs;sp itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ (‫ ڹ‬-z).
• ~Q|itg; ngWtjw;F ~‫ |ن‬,w;F fPNO ,U Gs;spfs;

,lg;gLk; (‫ ݧ‬-Q).
• ‫ ـ‬vd;w milahsj;ij XH vOj;jpd; NkNy vOJtjd;

%yk; ~x| ngwg;gLfpwJ. (‫ ـ‬-x)
• XH vOj;jpd; fPNo vd;w milahsj;ij ,Ltjd;

%yk; ~v| ngwg;gLfpwJ. ( -v)146
• I> xs vd;gd ma; (‫ >)أي‬mt; (‫ )أو‬vd;gJ Nghy; <H

vOj;Jf;fshfg; gphpj;Nj vOjg;gl;ld.147
PP.783>784
g. 83

jkpopYs;s midj;J xyptbtq;fSf;Fk; KOikahf
vy;yh epyikfspYk; mwG thptbtq;fis xj;jjhf
mikf;f KbahJ. Vnddpy; jkpo; nkhopapd; mikg;gpd;gb
rpy vOj;Jf;fs; nkd;ikailfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf: fhfk;
- ,jpYs;s ,U ~f|fSk; xNu cr;rhpg;igf;
148
nfhLg;gjpy;iy. rpy vOj;Jf;fs; td;ikailfpd;wd.
cjhuzkhf: gj;jphpif> Nghj;jy; vd;w nrhw;fspy; cs;s
gfuk; xNu xypaikg;igj; jUtjpy;iy. vdNt> ,tw;iw
mwG vOj;Jf;fshy; czHj;JtJ fbdkhdjhFk;.
ehk; NkNy tpghpj;j xypkhw;wq;fisAk; ,izj;J mwGj;

jkpopd; nkhj;j vOj;Jf;fis fPo;tUk; ml;ltiz
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
~kj;J| (~)> ~\j;J| (ّ)> ~R$d;| (ّ) vd;git jtpu

xypfisr; Rl;l mHtp nkhopapy; mtw;iw ghurPff; fiyr;
Mahroof, M.M.M, Islamic Studies, Vol. 32, Number 2, “Arabic-Tamil in

148
South India and Sri Lanka: Language as Mimicry” PP. 171

nrhw;fshNyNa gpuNahfpf;fpd;wdH. ~ok;kj;| (ّ)jpw;F
~Ng\;| vd;Wk; ~gj;`j;| (ّ)Jf;F ~]gH| vd;Wk; ~f];uj;|
(ّ)Jf;F ~NrH| vd;Wk; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.149 ,e;jr;
nraw;ghl;il ,d;Wk; njd;dpe;jpa> ,yq;if FHMd;
gs;spf;$lq;fspy; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,J mwGj; jkpopy;
Vw;gl;l ghurPf nkhopr; nry;thf;fhFk;. ,jid tpsf;f
te;j V. vk;. V. m]P]; mtHfs;> ',yq;if K];ypk;fs;
kj;jpapy; tof;fpYs;s mwGj; jkpo; m> ,> c Mfpa
xypfisr; Rl;l cgNahfpf;fg;gLk; FwpaPLfisr; Rl;Lk;
]tH> N]H> Ng]; Mfpad ghH]p nkhopf; Fwpr;
nrhw;fNsad;wp /gj;`{ (َ)> f]H (َ)> ok;c (َ) Mfpad
mwG nkhopr; nrhw;fs; my;y"150 vd;fpd;whH.
,jw;Ff; fhuzk; fPof;fiu> fhay;gl;bdk; vd;w CHfs;

ghurPff; Flhg;gFjpapypUe;J te;j tHj;jfHfspd;
nry;thf;fpy; ,Ue;jd. ,e;j nry;thf;fpdhy; ghurPff;
fiyr; nrhw;fs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd fyhepjp
ijf;fh RIg; Mypk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.151 njd;dpe;jpah
tpypUe;J ,yq;iff;F te;j nyg;igkhHfshy;
,yq;ifapYk; ,e;j tof;fk; gutpapUf;f KbAk;.
PP.98
150 e`pah> V.vk;> m]P]{k; jkpOk;> g. 50>51
PP.98

NguhrphpaH vk;. V. E/khd; mwGj; jkpopy; cs;s
nka;naOj;Jf;fisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whH.
• jkpo; vOj;Jf;fSf;F epfuhd khw;wkilahj mwG

vOj;Jf;fs;.
• jkpo; vOj;Jf;fSf;F epfuhd khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;l

mwG vOj;Jf;fs;.
• e> Q Mfpa jkpo; vOj;Jf;fSf;F epfuhd ,uz;L

mwG vOj;Jf;fs; ,izj;J vOjg;gl;ld.
• jkpopy; cs;s fpue;j vOj;Jf;fSf;F epfuhd mwG

vOj;Jf;fs;.
• jkpopy; ,y;yhj mwG xypfSf;Fhpa mwG

vOj;Jf;fs;.152
fPot
; Uk; vOj;Jg; glq;fs; ,jid tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

g. 84

mwG nkhopapy; m> ,> c / a, i, u vd;Dk; %d;W
Fw;WapHfSk; M> <> C / a:, i:, u: vd;Dk; %d;W
nel;LapHfSk; kl;LNk cs;sd. capH xypfSf;Fj; jdp
vOj;Jf;fs; ,y;iy. mit rpy FwpfshNyNa
Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd. Fw;WapHfs; nka; vOj;Jf;fSf;F Nky;
my;yJ fPo; ,lg;gLk; rpy FwpfshYk; nel;LapHfs;
mtw;Wld; rpy nka; vOj;Jf;fis ,izg;gjd; %yKk;
czHj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mwG nkhopapy; ,y;yhj jkpo;
capHfshd v> V> x> X / e, e:, o, o: Mfpatw;iwf;
Fwpg;gjw;F mwGj; jkpopy; tpNrl Fwpfs; gad;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wd. jdpnka;iaAk; ,ul;bj;j nka;iaAk;
Fwpg;gjw;F mwG nkhopapy; nka;naOj;Jf;F Nky; tpNrl
Fwpfs; ,lg;gLfpd;wd. (~kj;J|> ~\j;J|) mwGj; jkpopYk;
mf;FwpfNs gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.153
~k| vOj;ij cjhuzkhff; nfhz;L Nkw;Nghd;w

tpguq;fis gpd;tUkhW milahsg;gLj;jyhk;.
‫َم‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ِم‬ ‫مي‬ ‫م‬ ‫مو‬ ‫م‬ ‫مي‬

k kh kp kP K % nk Nk
‫م‬ ‫مو‬ ‫َمي‬ ‫َمو‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬

nkh Nkh ik nks k; k;k

mwGj; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspy; nkhj;j vOj;Jf;fs;> mwG
nkhopapy; mbg;gilapy; cs;s 28 ml;ruq;fSld; jkpopy;
cs;s 11 vOj;Jf;fSf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l Gjpa mwGj;
jkpo; vOj;Jf;fisAk; ,izj;J v> x vd;w ,U capH
xypfSk; NrHe;J nkhj;jkhf 41 vOj;Jf;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ~myp/ig|Ak;> ~`k;]h|itAk; ,U
vOj;Jf;fshff; nfhs;tjhapd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if 42
Mff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; y> s> o vd;w %d;W

vOj;Jf;fSk; rpW tpj;jpahrq;fSld; fpl;lj;jl;l xNu
xypiaNa Rl;Lfpd;wd. mwG nkhopapYk; ,t;thNw ‫>ظ >ل‬
‫ ض‬vd;w vOj;Jf;fSk; Vwf;Fiwa ,Nj xypaikg;igf;
fhl;Lfpd;wd. MapDk; mwGj; jkpio cUthf;fpNahH ~y|
Tf;F ~‫|ل‬ikAk;> ~s|Tf;F ~‫|ض‬ijAk;> ~o|Tf;F ~‫|ظ‬itAk;
epfHj;jitahf khw;wpdH. cz;ikapy; ,j;jifa
cUthf;fj;ijtpl ~y|Tf;F ~‫|ل‬ikAk;> ~s|Tf;F
~‫|ظ‬ikAk;> ~o|Tf;F ~‫|ض‬ijAk; gad;gLj;jpapUe;jhy; kpfg;
nghUj;jkhf ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;.
~Q| vd;w vOj;ij ~‫ |ن‬vd;Wk; ~‫ |نج‬vd;Wk; xypkhw;wk;

nra;ag;gLtjhf ,U fUj;Jf;fs; cz;L. ~e|it ~‫|ن‬
vd;Wk; ~‫ |نت‬vd;Wk; vOjg;gLtjhf ,U tpsf;fq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mwGj; jkpopd; ,j;jF tprpj;jpukhd gilg;ig Muha;ej ;
NguhrphpaH vk;. V. E/khd; mtHfs; gpd;tUkhW
$Wfpd;whHfs;> 'jkpo; vOj;Jr; rPHjpUj;jk; gw;wpa rHr;ir
NkNyhq;fpAs;s ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy;> jkpior;
rpf;fdkhfTk; jpUg;jpahfTk; vOJtjw;F> jkpOf;F
Kw;wpYk; md;dpakhd mwG vOj;J tbtk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lij ehk; epidT $HtJ gaDilajhf
,Uf;Fk;. jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fiwj;J
mtw;iw NkYk; vspikg;gLj;jp etPd NjitfSf;Nfw;w
xU rpf;fdkhd vOj;J Kiwia cUthf;f KbAk; vd;w
ek;gpf;ifia mwGj; jkpo; gw;wpa mwpT ekf;F
Cl;Lfpd;wJ.154
154
g. 87

mwGj; jkpo; Mf;fq;fs;
mwGj; jkpopy; gy E}W ,];yhkpa khHf;f E}y;fSk;

nghJthd E}y;fSk; ntspte;Js;sd. jkpopy; mr;Rf;
$lq;fs;; mwpKfkhfpa fhyj;jpy;> kpfr; rpy mwGj; jkpo;
fy;yr;R rhjdq;fs; mwpKfkhfpapUe;jd. mtw;iwf;
nfhz;L mwGj; jkpopy; jg;]HP Kjypa E}y;fSk;
rQ;rpiffSk; ntspaplg;gl;ld. gioa mwGj; jkpo;
E}y;fSs; mwG vOj;jpy; mr;rplg;gl;l mwGj; jkpo;
E}y;fNs ,d;W vkf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wd. mjw;F Kd;
Njhd;wpa ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfspy; fzprkhdit fhy
nts;sj;Js; rpf;fp mope;J tpl;ld.
ciu eilapYk; ftpijapYk; gy;NtW fiyfisj;

jOtpa vz;zw;w Mf;fq;fs; muGj; jkpopy; cUthfpd.
jkpopyf;fpa cUtq;fNshL ~f]Pjh|> ~jf;kP]|; > ~kH]pah|>
~kj;`;| Nghd;w mugpyf;fpa cUtq;fisAk; K];ypk;fs;
muGj; jkpo; ftpijfspy; gad;gLj;jpdH. muG nkhopapd;
fhk;gphpaKk; jkpopd; nkd;ikAk; ,ize;j> rf;jpAk;
capNuhl;lKk; kpf;f ciu eilahf muGj; jkpo; ciu
eil mike;jJ. mugpyf;fpag; ghuk;ghpaKk; jkpopyf;fpag;

ghuk;ghpaKk; ,ize;j xU Gjpa ,yf;fpag; ghuk;
ghpaj;ij muGj; jkpo; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ.155
muGj; jkpopy; jg;]HP > `jP];> gpf;`;> mfhapj;> j]t;Tg;

Nghd;w ,];yhkpaf; fiyfs; rhHe;j E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd
E}y;fSk; thdtpay;> jj;Jtk;> tuyhW> kUj;Jtk;
Nghd;w fiyfSld; njhlHGila vz;zw;w E}y;fSk;
vOjg;gl;ld. me;E}y;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nrhw;
fspd; tpsf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l muGj; jkpo; mfuhjpfSk;
njhFf;fg;gl;ld. ,Jtiu ,uz;lhapuj;Jf;Fk; mjpfkhd
muGj; jkpo; E}y;fs; gw;wpa tptuq;fs; fhzg;gLtjhf
,J njhlHghd rpy Ma;Tfs; %yk; njhpate;Js;sJ.
E}y;fis mr;rpLtjw;fhd trjpaw;w Muk;g fhyq;fspy;
muGj; jkpo; E}y;fs; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfshfNt
vOjg;gl;ld. gpw;fhyj;jpy; mtw;wpid mr;rpl;L ntspapLk;
Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,t;thW Njhd;wpa muGj;
jkpo; E}y;fs; gy mjd; gpuNahfk; tof;fpoe;J>
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l epiyapy;> mope;J kiwe;Jtpl;ld.
Mdhy; fzprkhd E}y;fs; k];[pJfs;> ijf;fhf;fs;>
kj;urhf;fs;> rhtpahf;fspy; gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
jdpg;gl;l egHfSk; ,tw;iwr; Nrfhpj;J itj;Js;sdH.
yd;ldpYs;s ,e;jpa mYtyf E}y; epiyaj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; gjpidahapuk; E}y;fspy; mWgJ muGj; jkpo;

155
ghuk;ghpak;> g. 26> 27 & 28

E}y;fs; cs;sd. ,yq;ifapYk; jkpo; ehl;bYk; cs;s
Rtbf; $lj;jpy; vz;zw;w muGj; jkpo; E}y;fs; cs;sd.156
nkhop ngaHg;Gf;fs; kl;Lkd;wp> jkpofj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf

fhay;gl;lzk;> fPof;fiu Nghd;w ,lq;fspYk;
,yq;ifapYk; tho;ej
; mwpQHfs; gy;NtW ,];yhkpaf;
fiyfs; rhHe;j E}y;fis muGj; jkpopy; ,aw;wpdH.
,yf;fzk;> ,yf;fpak;> jg;]HP > `jP];> gpf;`;> mfhapj;>
j]t;Tg; Nghd;w fiyfisg; gw;wpa E}y;fisf; $l
nra;As; eilapy; vOJtJ mf;fhy kughf ,Ue;jJ.
mwpT tsHr;rp Fd;wpa ghku kf;fisg; nghWj;jstpy;
mtHfsJ cs;sj;jpy; fUj;Jf;fisg; gjpa itg;gjw;F
,yFthd xU Kiwahf ,J tpsq;fpaNj ,jw;F
157
mbg;gilf; fhuzkhFk;.
rk];fpujk;> ghsp> jkpo; Nghd;w fPioj;Nja nkhopfspy;

,e;j kuig ehk; fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,k;kuigj; jOtp muGj;
jkpopy; gy E}y;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ld. muGj; jkpopd;
gpuNahfKk; nry;thf;Fk; jkpofj;ijAk; ,yq;ifiaAk;
jhz;b> njd;fpof;fhrpa jPTfspYk; gutpapUe;jij
tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs; czHj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd;
jiyefuhd [fhHj;jhtpy; cs;s ,e;NjhNdrpaf;
ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfis cs;slf;fpa E}y; epiyaj;jpy;

ghuk;ghpak;> g. 26> 27 & 28
ghuk;ghpak;> g. 26> 27 & 28

1807Mk; Mz;L gjpf;fg;gl;l K];ypk; kUj;Jtk; gw;wpa
xU E}y; kyha;> ghurPfk;> muG> muGj; jkpo; Mfpa ehd;F
nkhopfspYk; vOjg;gl;l E}nyhd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
muGj; jkpopd; gpuNahfk; kyha;> ghurPfk; Nghd;w Vida
nkhopfNshL ,ize;J gad;gLj;jg;gl;lij ,J
czHj;Jfpd;wJ. fhay; gl;lzj;ijr; NrHe;j ckH typ
(`p. 1216 - fp.gp. 1801) mtHfs; Rkhj;jpuh jPtpy; gjpdhd;F
Mz;Lfs; ,];yhkpag; gpur;rhug; gzpapy; <Lgl;bUe;jhH.
,tHfsJ gpur;rhug; gzpapd; fhuzkhf muGj; jkpopd;
jhf;fk; ,g;gFjpapy; gutpapUf;fyhk;.
m\;n\a;F ]jfJy;yh`; ,khKy; m&]; vd;W

miof;fg;gLk; khg;gps;is nyg;ig Mypk; mtHfs; muGj;
jkpopy; gy;NtW fiyfisj; jOtpa gy E}y;fisAk;
f]Pjhf;fisAk; ,aw;wpdhH.158 mtH K];ypk;fs;
vd;nwd;Wk; jq;fspd; jdpj;jd;ikiaf; fhj;J tu
Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;jpy; ,];yhkpa jj;Jtk;> rl;lk; ,it
gw;wp mNdf E}y;fis muGj; jkpopy; vOjpAs;shHfs;.
mf;fhyj;jpy; K];ypk;fs; muGj; jkpopy;jhd;> jq;fs;
fyhQhdj;ij tsHj;J te;jdH.159 fhay;gl;lzk; \hk;
\p`hGj;jPd; typ mtHfSk; muGj; jkpopy; gy
ghkhiyfis ,aw;wpAs;shH.160 njd;dpe;jpahtpd; epiy
,t;thwpUf;f> ,yq;if K];ypk;fSs; nfhOk;G Mypk;

ghuk;ghpak;> g. 26> 27 & 28
159 nghd;Dj;Jiu> v];> ,];yhKk; jkpOk;> gg. 39>40
160 mg;JH w`Pk;> ,];yhkpaf; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> njhFjp xd;W> g. 415

vd miof;fg;gl;l n]a;apj; K`k;kj; Mypk;> f]htj;ij
Mypk;> vk;. rp. rpj;jp nyt;it MfpNahH muGj; jkpopy;
gy Mf;fq;fis cUthf;fpdH.161 ,t;thW jkpofj;jpYk;
,yq;ifapYk; gy mwpQHfshYk; fzprkhdsT
E}y;fSk; ifnaOj;J ,jo;fSk; ntspte;jd. ,e;j
tifapy; fp.gp. 19Mk; E}w;whz;il mwGj; jkpopd;
nghw;fhyk; vd;W $wNtz;Lk;. me;j E}w;whz;by;jhd;
mwGj;jkpopy; Vuhskhd ,yf;fpaq;fs; kyHe;jd.
,jo;fSk; ntspte;jd.162
NkNy tpsf;fg;gl;ljw;fpzq;f> mwGj; jkpopy; ntspte;j

Mf;fq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jp Nehf;f KbAk;.
jg;]PHj; Jiw Mf;fq;fs;
jpUf;FHMDf;F jkpopy; tpsf;fTiu vOjf; $lhJ vd

khHf;f tpw;gd;dHfs; nghpJk; tw;GWj;jp te;jjd;
fhuzkhf mwGj; jkpopy; jg;]HP fSk; Vida ,];yhkpa
E}y;fSk; ntsptuyhapd. mt;thW ntspahd
jg;]HP fSs; fPo;tUk; jg;]PHfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs; vkf;Ff;
fpilf;fpd;wd.

ghuk;ghpak;> g. 28

 gj;`{H u`;khd; gP jH[{kjp jg;]Phpy; FHMd;
(‫)فتح الرحمن في ترجمة تفسير القرآن‬
`p[;hp 1291,y; Kjd; Kjyhf jpUf;FHMd; jg;]PH>
gk;ghapy; cs;s kj;gcy; `]dp mr;Rf; $lj;jpy;
mr;rplg;gl;lJ. ,jid mwGj; jkpopNy nra;jtH
n\a;F K];jgh MthH.163 `p. 1252-1305/fp.gp. 1836-
1887 tiu tho;ej
; ,thpd; je;ijapd; ngaH
Mjk;ghth vd;gjhFk;. ,tH ,yq;ifapy;
164
NgUtisiar; NrHe;jtH. ,yq;ifapy; Kjd;
Kjyhf mwgpfs; FbNawpa ,lkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;w
NgUtisapy; ,Ue;J Kjy; mwGj; jkpo; jg;]HP
cUthfpAs;sik ghuhl;Lf;FhpajhFk;. n\a;F
K];jgh mtHfspd; jg;]Phpy; Kjy; Ie;J [{];cfs;
kl;LNk mr;rplg;gll;Ls;sd.
 GJ}`hJh; u`;khdpa;ah gP jg;]Php fyhkpH ug;ghdpa;ah

(‫)فتوحات الرحمانية في تفسير كالم الربانية‬
Kjy; jg;]HP ntspte;J Ie;J Mz;LfspNy> mjhtJ
`p[;hp 1296Mk; Mz;by; fhay;gl;lzj;jpypUe;J xU
jg;]HP ntspte;jJ.165 ,jid khjp`{H u]{ypd;
Ngudpd; kfdhd ghisak; `gPg; K`k;kj; Mypk;
mtHfs; vOjpdhHfs;. ,J gk;gha; `{irdp
163 nghd;Dj;Jiu> v];> ,];yhKk; jkpOk;> g. 22

164 Tayka Shu’ayb, Arabic, Arwi, and Persion in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu, PP.275

mr;rfj;jpy; `p[;hp 1296/fp.gp. 1878,y; mr;rplg;gl;lJ.166
,e;jj; jg;]i
P u V. vk;. V. m]P]; mtHfspd; ghl;ldhH
itj;jpUe;jjhfTk; ,jd; gpwpnjhU gpujp nfhOk;G
]h`puhf; fy;Y}hpapy; ,Ug;gjhfTk; m]P]; mtHfNs
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shHfs;.167 ,yq;if> xYtpypy; mike;
Js;s njd; fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; m\;ug;
QhgfhHj;j jfty; ikaj;jpy; (kj;jpa E}y; epiyak;)
,jd; xU gpujp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fhyp> Nrhiyapy;
cs;s kf;fPah mwGf; fy;Y}hpapYk; Kd;gf;fq;fs;
fpope;j epiyapy; xU gpujp ,Ug;gij ,t;tha;ths
Df;Ff; fhzf; fpilj;jJ. ,Njepiyapy; Gy;Nkhl;il-
03Ir; NrHe;j mg;Jy; fhjpH vd;gthplKk; xU gpujp
fhzg;gLtjhf mt;T+iur; NrHe;j m\;n\a;f;
kp`;ohH vd;dplk; njhptpj;jhH.
 jg;]HP gj;`{y; fhPk; (‫)تفسير فتح الكريم‬

E}`; nyg;ig Mypk; ,g;D mg;Jy; fhjpH (`p. 1246-
1323/fp.gp. 1830-1905) vd;gtH ,e;jj; jg;]i
P uf; NfhHit
nra;jhH. ,tH ,isa E}`; (Nuh the Junior) vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;whH. ,J `p. 1299/fp.gp. 1881,y;
gk;ghapy; ,uz;L thy;A+k;fshf mr;rplg;gl;lJ.168
PP.277
167 `]d;> nra;apJ> v];.V> ,];yhkpa jkpo; ,yf;fpar; nrhw;nghopfs;>
g. 33>34
PP.277

v];.vr;.vk;. n[kPy; mtHfSk; ,Nj Mz;ilNa
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.169 Mdhy; v];. nghd;Dj;Jiu> ',e;jj;
jg;]HP `p[;hp 1316,y; ntspaplg;gl;ljhfTk; gpd;dH
,jd; kW gjpg;GfSk; ntspte;jjhfTk; $Wfpd;whu;"170
vd;fpd;whH. ,t;tha;thsDf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s gpujpapy;
`p[;hp 1329 vdg; gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; %yk;
,j;jg;]HP `p[;hp 1299,y; Kjypy; mr;rplg;gl;L> gpd;dH
1316> 1329fspy; kPs; gjpg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;bUf;f KbAk;.
NtW Mz;LfspYk; ,J kPs; gpuRuk; nra;ag;
gl;bUf;fyhk;.
,e;jj; jg;]i
P u ,yq;ifapy; gy ,lq;fspYk;
,t;tha;thsdhy; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. [hkpM
esPkpa;ah ,];yhkpa E}y; epiyaj;jpy; ,jd; ,U
thy;A+k;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjd; KjyhtJ
thy;A+k; mq;fpy;iy. mjhtJ mg;gjpg;G %d;W
thy;A+k;fshf mike;jpUf;f KbAk;. my;FHMdpd;
Kjy; 10 [{];cfSf;fhd thy;A+k; mq;Nf
fhzf;fpilf;ftpy;iy. mf;Fwiziar; NrHe;j
my;`h[; V.vr;.vk;. `k;]h (G.S.) mtHfsplk; ,e;j
jg;]hP pd; ,uz;lhk; thy;A+k; vdf;Ff; fhzf;
fpilj;jJ. mLSfikia gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;l
Kd;dhs; mjpgH \hPg; vd;ghH ,e;jj; jg;]hP pd; Kjy;
ghfj;ij vdJ ghu;itf;Fj; je;jhu;. NgUtiyiar;

170 nghd;Dj;Jiu> v];> ,];yhKk; jkpOk;> g. 22>23

NrHe;j MrphpaH md]; mtHfs;> nfhlnty>
tufhnghyiar; NrHe;j Riykhd; nyg;ig vdg;gl;l
jdJ ghl;ldhhplkpUe;J ,e;jj; jg;]hP pd; Kjy;
ghfj;ijg; ngw;Wj; je;J ,t;tha;Tf;F cjtpdhu;.
mNjNeuk; ,e;jj; jg;]Phpd; ,U gFjpfisAk; ey;y
Kiwapy; ml;ilaplg;gl;L> fl;lg;gl;l epiyapy;
fhay;gl;lzj;ijr; NrHe;j gpugy;akhd nksytp
gh&f; mtHfsplk; ,t;tha;thsdhy; ghHf;f Kbe;jJ.
mNjNghd;W 24> A+]{g; xOq;if> rPdq;Nfhl;il>
NgUtisapy; mike;Js;s NgUtiyapd; jiy
tuhfTk; fz;zpakpf;f MypkhfTk; ,Ue;j V. rP. V.
vk;. `dPgh Mypk; mtHfspd; E}y; fsQ;rpaj;jpy;
,e;jj; jg;]HP > gj;`{y; fhPk; gP jg;]hP py; FHMdpy;
msPk; vd;w ngahpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mNjNghd;W
fe;jsha;> jk;gyfhkk;> ,y. 591> rpwh[; efiur;
Nrh;ej
; `]dhh; nyg;ig vd;gthplkpUe;J KjypU
ghfq;fis ,izj;j xU jdpg;gpujp vdf;Ff;
fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ. 163> ,uz;lhk; FWf;Fj; njU>
nfhOk;G 11,y; mike;Js;s gp. v];. Nf. A+.
gy;yhf;F nyg;ig epWtdj;jpYs;s E}y;
fsQ;rpaj;jpYk; ,jd; xU gpujp cz;L. ,jd; NkYk;
xU gpujp nfhOk;G> gphp];ly; tPjpapy; mike;Js;s
m`;kj; `{ird; khf;fhd; khf;fhH QhgfhHj;j E}y;
epiyaj;jpy; cz;L. Nkw;$wg;gl;l jfty;fspy; ,Ue;J
,e;jj; jg;]HP gy ,lq;fspYk; Fwpg;ghf ,yq;ifapy;
gutyhf fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjidg; Ghpe;J
nfhs;syhk;. Vida jg;]PHfistpl rpwpJ gpe;jpajhf

mike;jpUe;jJk; KOikahff; fhzg;gLtJk;
Vidatw;NwhL xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ tphpthdjhff;
NfhHit nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJk; ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
vdyhk;.
 gj;`{H u`Pk; gP jg;]hP py; FHMdpy; fhPk;

(‫)فتح الرحيم في تفسير القرآن الكريم‬
E}`; nyg;ig Mypk; ,g;D mg;Jy; fhjpH vd;w
Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l jg;]HP MrphpaNu jdJ jg;]i P ur;
rpwpJ RUf;fpaikj;J gj;`{H u`Pk; vd;w ngahpy;
ntspaPL nra;jhH. 1304,y; gk;ghapy; gjpf;fg;gl;l 288
gf;fq;fs; nfhz;l (MW [{];cfs;) xU gFjpNa
jw;NghJ fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.171
,Nj ngahpy; ,t;tha;thsDf;F fhay;gl;lzk; Gjpa

re;ijj; njUitr; NrHe;j kH`_k; nksytp mg;Jy;
fhjH kp];gh`p> mtHfspd; tPl;by; ,Ue;J xU gpujp
fpilj;jJ. mJTk; Kjy; ghfk; khj;jpuNk
fhzg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; mj;jg;]i
P u vOjpatH
go;Yy;yh`; `gPg; K`k;kj; ,g;Dy; Mypk;
m\;n\a;f; ]jf; K`k;kj; ,g;uh`Pk; my; gf;hP vd;w
GJ}`hJH u`;khdpa;ah gP jg;]hP p fyhkpH
ug;ghdpa;ahtpd; MrphpauhthH. mjd; KfTiuapy; ,J
njspthff; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mr;rplg;gl;l Mz;L
Tayka Shu’ayb, Arabic, Arwi, and Persion in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu,
171
PP.278

`p[;hp 1304 vd;Nw Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jj; jfty;
Kykhf jg;]hP pd; ngaUk;> ntspte;j Mz;Lk;
xd;whf ,Ug;gjdhy; jg;]HP Mrphpahpd; ngahpNyNa
vq;Nfh FsWgb NeHe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,t;tha;thsDf;F Neubahff; fpilj;j ,e;jj;
jftiy v];. vr;. vk;. n[kPy; mtHfSk;
cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;whHfs;.172
 u`;kJy; kd;dhd; myy; Kjmy;ypkPd kpdy; tpy;jhd;

(‫)رحمة المنان على المتعلمين من الولدان‬
,yq;ifiar; NrHe;j Riykhd; ,g;D K`k;kj;
vd;ghH NkYs;s jg;]i
P u vOjp ntspapl;lhH. `p[;hp.
1315 / fp.gp. 1897 mstpy; ,J nfhOk;gpy; mr;rplg;
gl;lJ.173
,e;E}y; fk;gisiar; NrHe;j m\;n\a;f; V.v];. e[Pg;

%ykhf ,t;tha;thsDf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngw;wjhFk;.
mjd; Kd; ml;il fpope;jpUg;gjdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l
Mz;ilAk; ,lj;ijAk; mwpa Kbatpy;iy. ,jpy;
KO ~mk;k| [{];cf;fhd tpsf;fKk; ~#wJy;
ghjp`h|Tf;fhd tpsf;fKk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

173 Tayka Shu’ayb, Arabic, Arwi, and Persion in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu,PP.278

 my; kdhgpcy; mjk gP jg;]uP p mk;k
(‫)المنافع األتم في تفسير عم‬
~mk;k| [{];cf;fhd ,e;jj; jg;]i P u vOjpathpd;
ngaH ,e;E}ypy; vq;FNk Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy;
,jidg; gjpg;gpj;jtHfs; `h[p vk;. V. \h`{y; `kPJ
md;l; ]d;]; vdTk; nrd;id> jpUty;ypf;Nfzp>
\h`{y; `kPjpa;ah mr;rfj;jpy; mr;rplg;gl;ljhfTk;
,j;jg;]hP py; Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd.
,e;E}y; ,e;j Ma;thsDf;F VwhT+iur; NrHe;j

m\;n\a;f; v];.V.vk;. esPk; %ykhf fpilf;fg;
ngw;wjhFk;.
 my; [th`pU]; ]yPkh (‫)الجواهر السليمة‬

E}`; gpd; mg;Jy; fhjpH (Nuh the Junior) mtHfs;
gj;`{y; k[Pj; gP `jP]pe; egpa;apy; `kPj; vd;w `jP];
tpsf;f E}ypd; xU gFjpapy; my; [th`pU]; ]yPkh
vd;w ehkj;jpd; fPo; #wJy; ghjp`h> #wJy; m/yh>
#wJy; fh\pah Mfpatw;NwhL #wJy; iyypypUe;J
filrp mj;jpahak; tiuAs;s midj;J #whf;
fSf;Fk; jdpahd tpsf;fk; xd;iw vOjpAs;shHfs;.
,e;E}y; fhyp> Nrhiyiar; NrHe;j my; kj;u]Jy;
]htpa;aJy; kf;fPa;ah mwGf; fyhrhiyapy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J `p[;hp 1295,y; `]dp
mr;rfj;jpy; mr;rplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 jg;]HP #wJy; m];H (‫)تفسير سورة العصر‬
,yq;if> fpof;F khfhzk;> rk;khe;Jiwiar; NrHe;j
K`k;kJ mG+gf;fH gpd; K`k;kJ ,g;wh`Pk; Mypk;
mtHfspd; #wJy; m];H vd;w jdpaj;jpaha
tpsf;fNk ,JthFk;. ,e;E}y; gw;wpa
tpsf;fnkhd;wpid Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fof
Kd;dhs; KJepiy tphpTiuahsH vk;. I. vk;. mkPd;
mtHfs;> NgUtis> esPkpa;ah ,];yhkpa ntspaPl;Lg;
gzpafj;jpd; Kj;jpq;fs; ntspaPlhd ~,];yhkpa
rpe;jid| [_iy-nrg;lk;gH> 2000Mk; ,jopy;
vOjpAs;shH.174
 jg;]N
P u mHtp : [{];c mk;kaj;
,g;ngaH nfhz;l my;FHMd; tpsf;fj;ij
,uhkehjGuk; g. nt. fhjpH Kiàj;jPd; Mypk;
]h`pg; ntspapl;lhH. ,J `p[;hp 1330Mk; Mz;by;
ntspte;jJ.175
 JuUj; jgh]PH (‫)درر التفاسير‬

]apj; K`k;kj; Mypk; ]h`pg; vd;ghH Nkw;$wg;gl;l
jg;]i
P u cUthf;fpdhH. ,J `p[;hp 1342Mk;
Mz;bNyNa gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.176
174 mkPd;> vk;.I.vk;> ,];yhpa rpe;jid> [_iy-nrg;lk;gH> 2000> “jg;]PH

#wJy; m];H”> gg. 29-37

`jP]; Jiw Mf;fq;fs;
,];yhkpa mwpQHfs; `jP]; njhlHghd gy;NtW

E}y;fis mwGj; jkpopy; vOjpAs;sdH. mtw;iwf;
fPo;tUkhW gl;bayplyhk;.
❖ nghpa `jP]; khiy

\hk; \p`hFj;jd
P ; typ (`p. 1044-1121 / fp.gp. 1634-
1709) mtHfs; ,jidj; njhFj;Js;shHfs;. n\a;f;
]jfJy;yh`;tpd; ,isa rNfhjuuhd ,tH mHtpapd;
Muk;gfhy> Kd;Ndhb vOj;jhsuhff; fUjg;gL
fpd;whH. ,thpd; ,e;jj; njhFg;gpy; 1219 `jP];fs;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.177 fyhepjp vk;. V. vk;. Rf;hp
mtHfs; ,jidg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ> '1119
`jP];fis ,uz;lbahff; nfhz;l nra;As;fspd;
mikg;gpy; nkhopngah;j;J> nghpa `jP]; khiy vDk;
E}iyj; njhFj;jhH"178 vd;fpd;whH. ,e;j E}ypy;
mlq;fpAs;s `jP];fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; xU
Kuz;ghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpy; 1219 my;yJ 1119
vd;w njhifahd `jP];fs; vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sd
vdyhk;.
PP.281,282
ghuk;ghpak;> g. 27

❖ rpd;d `jP]; khiy
,e;j `jP]; njhFg;igAk; \hk; \p`hGj;jPd; typNa
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shH. ,jpy; 608 `jP];fs; fhzg;gL
fpd;wd.179 mjpy; 118 `jP];fs; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf
fyhepjp vk;. V. vk;. Rf;hp njhptpf;fpd;whH.180 ,q;Fk;
`jP];fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; NtWghL cz;L.
❖ m`;]Dy; kth,s; t m];aDy; kyhgps;

(‫)أحسن المواعظ وأزين المالفظ‬
,J ,khKy; m&]; vd miof;fg;gLk; khg;gps;is
nyg;ig Mypk; mtHfspd; `jP]; njhFg;ghFk;.
,jpy; 380 `jP];fs; ftpijaikg;gpy; mHtp nkhopapy;
nkhop khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;E}y; `p[;hp 1290
/ fp.gp. 1873,y; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thf;fj;jpw;F
Nkyjpf tpsf;fq;fSk; tphpTiufSk; nra;ag;gl;L
fyhepjp ijf;fh RIg; mth;fspdhy; `p[;hp 1371 /
fp.gp.1951,y; nrd;idapy; cs;s k[Pjpa;ah mr;rfj;jpy;
mr;rplg;;gl;lJ.
❖ nks,sJk; Ki]adh t Kyg;gsJk; K`];]dh

(‫)موعظة مزينة وملفظة محسنة‬
,JTk; mHtpf;F nkhop ngaHf;fg;gl;l khg;gps;is
nyg;ig MypKila E}yhFk;. ,jpy; 53
179 Tayka Shu’ayb,Arabic, Arwi, and Persion in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu, PP.282
180
ghuk;ghpak;> g. 27

`jP];fSf;fhd f]Pjhf;fs; cz;L. ,J `p[;hp 1371
/fp.gp. 1951,y; fyhepjp RIg; mtHfspdhy; ntspaplg;
gl;lJ.181
❖ \{mGy; <khd; (‫)شعب االيمان‬

fkhYj;jPd; Mypk; Gythpd; ~\{mGy; <khd;| vd;gJ
NkYnkhU `jP]; nkhopngaHg;G E}yhFk;. ,J
mG+gf;fH m`;kj; ,g;Dy; `{i]Dy; ig`fP
(kuzk; `p. 458 / fp.gp. 1065) mtHfspd; ~\{mGy;
<khd;| vd;w %y E}iy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
nkhopkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.182 `p[;hp 999Mk; Mz;by;
,jid ~ek;gpf;ifapd; fpisfs;| vd;w ngahpy;
[khYj;jPd; GytH jkpo; nra;jhH. ,e;E}y;
Mapuj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ntz;ghf;fspdhYk; tpUj;jg;
ghf;fspdhYk; MdJ. ,e;j E}Yf;F ,d;ndhU
rpwg;Gk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;E}y; jkpo; ypgpapYk; mwG
ypgpapYk; Vffhyj;jpNy vOjg;gl;lJ.183
❖ gj;`{y; k[Pj; gP `jP]pd; egPa;apy; `kPj;

(‫)فتح المجيد في حديث النبي الحميد‬
,isa E}`; vd miof;fg;gLk; E}`; ,g;D mg;jpy;
fhjpH NkYs;s ngahpy; `jP]; E}nyhd;iwj;
njhFj;J nkhop ngaHj;Js;shH. 1077 `jP]f
; spd;
181 Tayka Shu’ayb,

Arabic, Arwi, and Persion in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu, PP.282

nkhopngaHg;G ,jpYz;L.184 ,e;E}ypd; xU gpujp fhyp>
Nrhiyapy; cs;s my;kj;u]J]; ]htpaj;Jy;
kf;fPa;ah mwGf; fy;Y}hp E}yfj;jpy; fhzf;
fpilf;fpwJ.
❖ eg`hJy; ,j;hpa;ah gP \u`py; tpj;hpa;ah

)‫(نفحات العترية في شرح الوترية‬
,isa E}`; vd;gtNu ,e;j `jP]; nkhopngaHg;G
E}iyAk; vOjpdhH.
❖ e];`{y; `jP]; t gj;`{y; k[Pj; (‫)نزح الحديث وفتح المجيد‬

E}`; ,g;D mg;jpy; fhjpH vd;gtNu ,e;E}iyAk;
Mf;fpdhH. ,J vk;. V. \h`{y; `kPJ md;l; ]d;];
epWtdj;jpduhy; 1983,y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;>
,e;j ntspaPl;by; Gj;jfhrphpaH ngaH Fwpg;gplg;
gltpy;iy.185
❖ mHg<d `jP]{k; ciuAk;

40 `jP];fisAk; mtw;wpw;fhd ciu tpsf;fq;
fisAk; cs;slf;fp> RkhH 21 gf;fq;fspy; jdJ
ifnaOj;jpyhd xU rpW E}iy frhtj;ij Mypk;
mtHfs; mwGj; jkpopy; vOjpdhHfs;.186
& 283
& 283
186 e[pKj;jPd;> V.vk;> f]htj;ij Mypk; GytH> g. 93

gpf;`; Jiw Mf;fq;fs;
,];yhkpa \hPM rl;lj;jpl;lq;fSld; njhlHghd gy

Mf;fq;fs; mwGj; jkpopy; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;jifa
Mf;fq;fs; ,d;Wk; ,yq;if> njd;dpe;jpahtpYs;s
K];ypk; tPLfspy; ngz;fspdhy; thrpf;fg;gLtijf;
fhzyhk;. mtw;iwf; fPo;tUkhW njhFj;Jf; $wyhk;.
❖ kfhdp (‫)مغاني‬
,yq;if K];ypk;fspd; rpe;jidapYk; tho;f;if
apYk; mghpkpj nry;thf;ifg; gjpj;j> mwGj; jkpopy;
vOjg;gl;l \hPMj; Jiw E}y;fspy; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ
~kfhdp| vDk; E}yhFk;. ,e;E}iy vOjpatH
khg;gps;is nyg;ig Mypk; vd toq;fg;gl;l nra;apj;
K`k;kj; ,g;D n\a;F m`;kJ nyg;ig Mypk;
MthH. ,e;E}iy mtH vOJtjw;F Kd;G \hPMr;
rl;ljpl;lq;fs; gw;wp gj;`{j; ijahd;> gj;`{y; kjPd;
Kjyhk; \hPM rl;l E}y;fis ntspapl;bUe;jhH.187
❖ kp/wh[{y; MhpgPd; gP jH[kjp kpd;`h[py; MgpjPd;

(‫ )معراج العارفين في ترجة منهاج العابدين‬vOjpa ,e;E}y; ,khk;
f];]hypapd; E}ypd; mHtp nkhopngaHg;ghFk;. \hgp<
kj;ìgj; jOtpa ,e;E}iy nrd;id \h`{y; `kPJ
md;l; ]d;]; ];jhgfj;jpdh; gjpg;gpj;Js;sdH.

❖ my; gj;`{H ug;ghdp gpy; gpf;`pd; E/khdp
(‫( الفتح الرباني في الفقه النعماني‬
Nkw;$wg;gl;l `dgP kj;ìgj; jOtpa rl;l E}iy>
fPof;fiuf;F mz;ikapYs;s KJFsj; J}iur;
NrHe;j K`k;kj; ,g;wh`Pk; ,g;D `]d; nyg;ig
vd;gtH nkhop ngaHj;Js;shH. ,tH rpq;fg;G+hpy; cs;s
K];ypk; mHtpg; ghlrhiyapd; mjpguhfTk;
nraw;gl;lhH. ,jd; kpf mz;ika kPs;gjpg;ghdJ `p.
1340 / fp.gp. 1921,y; ntspte;jJ.
❖ j];fpaJy; fthjpH gP jH[kjp]; ]th[pH

(‫)تزكية الخواطرفي ترجمة الزواجر‬
Nkw;gb E}y; ,g;D `[H my; i`jkp (kuzk; `p.
974 / fpgp. 1566) vd toq;fg;gLfpd;w ,g;D `[H my;
kf;fp cila ~m];]th[pH| vd;w gpugykhd E}ypd;
mwGj; jkpohf;fkhFk;.188
❖ fpjhGy; K`HuH (‫)كتاب المحرر‬

,khk; whgp<Aila ~fpjhGy; K`HuH| vd;w E}Yk;
mwGj; jkpopy; nkhop ngaHf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}y; 500
gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,e;E}Yk; ehk; 4MtJ
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s E}Yk; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfshfNt
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nkhop ngaHg;ghshpd; ngaH
188Tayka Shu’ayb, Arabic, Arwi, and Persion in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu,
PP.284 & 285

fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,e;E}y;fs; \hgp< kj;ìgr;
rhHe;jitahFk;.
❖ gj;`{y; K<d; (‫)فتح المعين‬

kf;J}k; i]Dj;jPd; my; k/ghp mtHfspdhy; (kuzk;
`p. 982/fp.gp 1574) vOjg;gl;l> ,e;jpah> ,yq;if>
kNy\pah> ,e;NjhNd\pah Nghd;w ehLfspy;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;w> \hgp< kj;ìg cs;slf;fpa
~gj;`{y; K<d;| vd;w E}Yk; K`papj;jPd; mg;Jy;
fhjphpd; kfd; m`;kj; K`;apj;jPd; mtHfshy;
mHtpf;F nkhopkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;E}y; `p.
1384/fp.gp. 1964,y; nrd;idapy; gpuRhpf;fg;gl;lJ.189
❖ gjhth Myk;fPhp (‫)فتاوى عالمكيري‬

gpugy;akhd nkhfyha kd;dH mTuq;f]Pg; (`p. 1028-
1119/fp.gp. 1618-1707) mtuJ Md;kPfj; jiytuhd
n\a;f; ]jfJy;yh`; mtHfspdJk; NtW gy tl
,e;jpa mwpQHfspdJk; MNyhridapd; Nghpy; \hPMr;
rl;lq;fisj; njhFj;j fpue;jk; xd;iwj; njhFf;f
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhH. mtuJ Ml;rpg;
gpuNjrj;jpy; tho;ej
; ngUk;ghd;ikahd K];ypk;fs;
`dgp kj;`gpidg; gpd;gw;wp te;jjhy;> ,e;jf; fpue;jk;
`dgp kj;ìg ikag;gLj;jpajhf mika Ntz;Lk;
vdj; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. rpwe;j `dgp mwpQuhd
PP.284 & 285

n\a;f; ep]hKj;jPd; vd;gthpd; nghWg;gpy; `p.
1073/fp.gp. 1662,y; xU rl;lf;fiy mwpQH FohKk;
epakpf;fg;gl;ldH. n\a;f; ]jfJy;yh`; ,f;FOTf;
fhd gpujhd MNyhrfuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lNjhL mtuJ
kfd; fhopAy; Fohj; K`k;kj; nyg;ig mf;FOtpd;
XH cWg;gpduhfTk; nraw;gl;lhH.
fLk; ciog;G> ngUk; nrytpdj;Jld; vl;L tUlq;fs;

fle;jJk; ek;gfkhd ~gjhth Myk;fPhp| ntspaplg;
gl;lJ. ,e;E}iy ney;ypf;Fg;gj;ijr; NrHe;j mg;JH
u`;khd; (kuzk; `p. 1346/fp.gp. 1927) mtHfspdhy;
mHtpapy; nkhop khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,tH gpuhkzg;
GNuhfpjuhf ,Ue;J ,];yhj;ij Vw;wtH. ,e;j mg;JH
u`;khd; gy;NtW E}y;fis nkhopngaHg;gjD}lhf
mHtp ,yf;fpaj;Jf;F kjpg;Gkpf;f Nritfisr;
nra;Js;shH. ,tH ,];yhj;ij Vw;wJk; nrd;id
apYs;s ~kj;u]Nj A+]{gpa;ah|tpy; gapd;W> gl;lk;
ngw;W ntspNawpdhH. mjidj; njhlHe;J gue;j
mwpTs;s mwpQuhf khwpdhH.190
❖ gthhpFy; `pjhah yprh`pgpy; gpjhah

)‫(بوارق الهداية لصاحب البداية‬
go;y; ,g;Dy; nfs]; mytpapd; ,e;E}y; `p[;hp
1295,y; mr;rplg;gl;lJ. mJ `p[;hp 1370,y; kPs
PP.284 & 285

mr;rplg;gl;Ls;sJ. nrd;id> jpUty;ypf;NfzpapYs;s
k[Pjpa;ah mr;rfNk ,jid mr;rpl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; xU
gpujp esPkpa;ah ,];yhkpa E}yfj;jpy; fhzg;gL
fpd;wJ.
,it jtpu njhOif mlT> m`;fhKy; K];ypkPd;

\hgp<a;ah> m`;fhKy; K];ypkPd; `dgPa;ah Nghd;w
E}y;fSk; gpf;`; Jiw rhHghf vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.
gpd;ida ,U E}y;fSk; [hkpM esPkpa;ahtpd; E}y;
epiyaj;jpy; cz;L.
mj;NjhL> gpf;`; Jiwapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpia

ikakhf itj;J vOjpa E}y;fSk; ntspte;Js;sd.
mtw;iwAk; mtjhdpg;Nghk;.
❖ ]yhJy; K]hgpH (‫)صالة المسافر‬

m];kpahd; Mypk; vdg;gLfpd;w nksytp K`k;kj;
`{ird; (kuzk; `p. 1343 / fp.gp. 1924) gpuahzj;
njhOif gw;wpa Nkw;gb E}iy vOjpdhH. ,tH
gs;sg;gl;biar; NrHe;jtuhthH. ,e;E}y; `dgp
kj;ìgr; rhHe;J vOjg;gl;ljhFk;.191
191
PP.284 & 285

❖ my; <oh`; gp ,y;kpe; epfh`; (‫)االيضاح في علم النكاح‬
NgUtisiar; NrHe;j m. f. ,];khapy; vd;gtH
1901,y; Nkw;$wg;gl;l jiyg;gpy; ,];yhkpa tpthf
tpjpfs; gw;wpa xU jdp E}iy vOjp ntspapl;lhH.192
❖ jf;F \{&j;
~jf;F \{&j;| vdg;gl;l ,e;E}y; ]yhj;Jy; mHfhd;
khiyapd; nkhopngaHg;ghFk;. fhay; gl;lzj;ijr;
NrHe;j \hk; iedh nyg;ig Mypk; rh`pg; ,jid
vOjpdhH. `h[p vk;. V. \h`{y; `kPJ md;l; ]d;];
epWtdk; ,jid ntspapl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; Kfthp 194>
nfa;]H njU> nfhOk;G vdg; gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j
E}iy nrd;id> \h`{y; `kPjpa;ah mr;rfk;
mr;rpl;Ls;sJ. mr;rpl;l tUlk; ,e;E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;
gltpy;iy. ,e;E}ypd; xU gpujp [hkpM esPkpa;ah
,];yhkpa E}y; epiyaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,it jtpu> fPof;fiu ijf;fh rh`pg; mtHfs; 40

jiyg;Gfspy; rpwpa ftpijaikg;gpy; E}y;fisj;
njhFj;Js;shHfs;. mtw;Ws; njhOif khiy> ]fhj;
khiy> ]jfh khiy> Nehd;G khiy> `[;[{ khiy
Nghd;wit gpf;`; fiy njhlHghditahFk;.193 fhypiar;
NrHe;j vr;. vr;. N[. Nf. ghth vd;gtH 1905,y; ePH
Fbg;gjd; rl;lq;fis cs;slf;fp> xU E}iy
192
193
PP.165

ntspapl;lhH. kiyahsk; jpUtde;jGuj;jtuhd ngUkhs;
Jiw itj;jpaH m. K`k;kJ fz;Z ,aw;wp> nfhOk;G
K];ypk; Nerd; mr;Rf; $lj;jpy; gjpg;gpj;j 50 flikfs;
gw;wpg; NgRk; fk;]d
P ; ghpy khiy vDk; ghly; E}Yk;
,];yhkpa rl;ljpl;lq;fs; gw;wpNa NgRfpd;wJ. nfhOk;G
`]uj; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l nra;aJ K`k;kJ MypKk;
njhOif> Nehd;G> `[; gw;wpa tpjpfslq;fpa E}y;fis
vOjp ntspapl;Ls;shHfs;.194
mfPjh Jiw Mf;fq;fs;
,];yhkpa ek;gpf;iff; Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wpAk; gy mwGj;

jkpo; E}y;fs; ntspte;Js;sd. mtw;iwf; fPo;tUkhW
gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;lyhk;.
❖ kP]hd; khiy
,];yhk; gw;wpa jtwhd fUj;Jf;fis ePf;fp>
cz;ikahd ,];yhkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis kf;fs;
kj;jpapy; Kd;itg;gjw;fhf ,yq;ifapy; vOjg;gl;l
kpfg; gioa mwGj; jkpo; E}y;fspy; kPjhd; khiyAk;
(kP]hd; khiy) xd;whFk;. ,jid NrF K];jgh
,g;D ghth Mjk; mr;nra;yhdp vDk; ,yq;ifaH
fp.gp. 1868,y; Nfhu;it nra;jhH. ,yq;if K];ypk;fs;

cz;ikahd ,];yhj;ij mwpahjjhy;>
~gpj;mj;Jf;fs;| mtHfisg; ghohf;fp tpl;ld. ,e;epiy
ePbg;gpd; K];ypk;fis ,dq;fhz Kbahj epiy
Njhd;Wk;. mjdhy;> ~gpj;mj;|Jf;fis ePf;fp jt;`Pij
epiyehl;l ,e;E}iyj; jhk; vOjpajhf E}yhrphpaH
Fwpj;Js;shH. njhq;fy; ntz;gh vDk; ghtifia
cs;slf;fpa 148 ghly;fisf; nfhz;l ,e;j kPjhd;
khiyiaf; Nfhit nra;j K];jghtpd; kfd;
K`k;kj; vd;gtH fp.gp. 1898,y; mjw;F xU tphpTiu
vOjpAs;shH. r%fj;jpy; epytpa ,];yhj;Jf;F
khw;wkhd nraw;ghLfis tpsf;fpf; fhl;Ltjhf
,t;tpsf;fTiu E}Yk; mike;jpUe;jik Nehf;fj;
jf;fJ.195
❖ [k;`{J khiy
nra;F Kfpaj;jPdpg;D nra;F Riykhdy; fhjphpa;apy;
rpj;jPfP vd;gtH Nkw;gb ngahpy; ghly; E}iyf; Nfhit
nra;jhH. njhq;fy; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l ghly; tifiar;
NrHe;j ,f;ftpij E}ypy; 75> 77Mk; ghly;fspy;
,iwtidg; gw;wpa ,];yhkpa fUj;Jf;fSf;F
Kuz;gl;l fUj;Jf;fisf; $wpAs;shH. nakd;
Njrj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,yq;if te;J> Nffhiy
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s kLy;Nghit vDk; fpuhkj;jpy;
FbNawp tho;ej ; mg;Jy;yh`; gpd; ckH my;ghjpg;
my;akdp (kuzk; 1892) ,f;Nfhl;ghl;il tpkHrpj;J>

~mr;nra;Yy; thhpJ gP ,/uhfpy; kMdpJ| vDk;
jiyg;gpy; xU E}iy vOjp ntspapl;lhH.196
❖ ,shKy; gth,j; gP epohkpy; mfh,j;

)‫(عظام الفوائد في نظام العقائد‬
k`;%j; jPgpAila ,e;E}y;> ,khk; f];]hyp>
K`pa;apj;jPd; ,g;Dy; mwgp Nghd;w gpugy;akhd
vOj;jhsHfspd; E}y;fis ikag;gLj;jpa nkhop
ngaHg;ghFk;. ,e;E}y; Kg;jp K`k;kj; jkPk;
mtHfspdhy; `p[;hp 1329/fp.gp. 1911,y; nrd;id>
k[Pjpa;ah mr;rfj;jpy; mr;rpl;L ntspaplg;gl;lJ.197
,ijj;jtpu fPof;fiu ijf;fh ]h`pg; typ mtHfs;

`fPfj; khiy> k/hpgh khiy> t]Pa;ah khiy> jf;th
khiy vd;w jiyg;Gf;fspy; E}y;fis vOjp
ntspapl;Ls;shHfs;.198

PP.283
PP.283

tuyhw;Wj; Jiw Mf;fq;fs;
,];yhkpa tuyhW njhlHghf te;Js;s mwGj; jkpo;

E}y;fis gpd;tUkhW njhFj;Jf; $wyhk;.
❖ gj;F kp];H - g`drh trd fhtpak; (‫)فتح مصر‬

,J ,yq;ifapy; frhtj;ij vd;Dk; rpw;W}hpy; trpj;j>
K`k;kJ nyg;ig Mypk; rh`pg; mtHfs; mwGj;
jkpopy; ,aw;wpa E}yhFk;. nrd;id ,l;lh ghHj;j
rhujp ehAL mtHfshy; jkJ mr;rpae;jpu rhiyapy;
`p[;hp 1324Mk; tUlk; wgPcy; MfpH khjk;
gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J K`k;kJ (]y;) mtHfspd;
fyPghf;fs; ehy;thpy; ,uz;lhtJ fyPghthd ckH
fj;jhg; (uop) mtHfspd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ>
r`hghf;fis mDg;gp ~kp];H| (vfpg;J) Njrj;ij
ntw;wp nfhz;l rhpj;jpuj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,J
fy;tpapy; rpwe;j my;yhkj;J nra;apjpdh N\a;F
Kfk;kjpg;D K`k;kJy; Km];]{ (u`;) mtHfshy;
mwGg; ghi\apy; ~igj;| vDk; ftpijfshy; NfhHit
nra;jpUe;jijj; jOtp vOjg;gl;ljhFk;.199 ,Nj
jftiy V.vk;. e[pKjPd; mtHfSk; Kd;itf;
fpd;whHfs;.200


❖ `{ird; gilg; NghH
fhis `]d; myp GytH Nkw;nrhd;d Aj;j tuyhw;W
E}iy vOjpdhH. ,J `p[;hp 1337,y; nrd;idapy;
mr;rplg;gl;lJ.
❖ cghGy; mf;ghH gP jH[kjp Yghgpy; mf;ahH

(‫)اباب األخبار في لباب األخيار‬
nrd;idiar; NrHe;j K`k;kj; mg;JH u`;khd;
~YghGy; mf;ahH| vd;w tuyhW> xOf;ftpay; rhHe;j
E}iy Nkw;gb jiyg;gpy; nkhopngaHj;J
ntspapl;lhH.201
❖ GJ}`{\; \hk; (‫)فتوح الشام‬

fhay;gl;lzj;ijr; NrHe;j GytH ehafk; vdg;
gpurpj;jp ngw;w n\a;f; mg;Jy; fhjpH iedh nyg;ig
vd;ghH K`k;kj; ,g;D ckH my;thfpjpapd; (`p. 130-
207/fp.gp. 747-822) ~GJ}`{\; \hik| mwGj; jkpopy;
nkhopahf;fk; nra;jhH.
PP.200> 293> 286 & 287

]PwJe; egp (]y;) njhlHghd Mf;fq;fs;
,Wjpj; J}jH K`k;kj; (]y;) mtHfspd; tho;f;ifr;

rhpjk; gw;wpAk; mwGj; jkpopy; gy E}y;fs; njhFf;fg;
gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iwf; fPo;tUkhW $wyhk;.
❖w]_y; khiy
\hk; \p`hGj;jPd; typ mtHfs; ,g;D `p\hkpd;
(kuzk; `p. 218/fp.gp. 833) gpugy;akhd egp
rhpj;jpuj;ij ~w]_y; khiy| vDk; ngahpy; nkhop
khw;wk; nra;jhH. mHtpg; gpuNjrj;jpy; tho;ej
; vy;yhg;
ngz;fsplj;jpYk; ,e;j Mf;fj;jpd; midj;Jg;
gFjpfisAk; my;yJ xU rpy gFjpfisahtJ
kddkpl;L itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; gof;fk; ,Ue;jJ.202
❖ fpjhG ]Pujp w]_ypy;yh`; (]y;) (‫)كتاب سيرة رسول هللا‬

n\a;f; ]jfJy;yh`; mtHfspd; topfhl;lypd; Nghpy;
mtuJ khztuhd k`;%j; jPg>P fpjhG ]Pwjp
w]_ypy;yh`; (]y;) vd;w ,g;D `p\hKila mwG
E}iy mHtpapy; nkhopngaHg;Gr; nra;jhH.
PP.200, 293, 286 & 287

❖ kth`pGy; kf;fpa;ah (‫)المواهب المكية‬
Nky;gg
; hisaj;ijr; NrHe;j fh[h K`k;kj;
K`;apj;jPdpd; kfdhd> K`k;kj; nfs]; vd;w mHtp
mwpQH> ,khk; [khYj;jPd; RA+jp (`p. 849-911/fp.gp.
1445-1505) gf;Uj;jPDH uh]p (kuzk; `p. 606/fp.gp.
1209)> ,g;D `[;Uy; kf;fp (kuzk; `p. 974/fp.gp. 1566)
Nghd;w mwpQHfsJ egp (]y;) mtHfs; gw;wpa
rhpjq;fisj; njhFj;J> ~kth`pGy; kf;fpa;ah| vd;w
E}iy ntspapl;lhH. ,J `p. 1305/fp.gp. 1887,y;
203
gk;ghapy; gpuRhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
❖ rPwhg; Guhzk;
,khk; ,g;D `p\hKila fpjhG ]Pujp w]_ypy;yh`;
(]y;) vd;w E}ypid k`;%j; jPgP mwGj; jkpopy;
Mf;fpajhf Kd;dH ghHj;Js;Nshk;. ,e;j mwGj; jkpo;
E}iy ikakhff; nfhz;Nl ckWg; GytH (`p. 1052-
1115 / fp.gp. 1642 - 1703) rPwhg;Guhzk; vd;w E}iy
nkhopngaHj;jhH. (,J `p[;hp. 1115/fp.gp. 1703,y;
njhFj;J Kbf;fg;gl;lJ) jkpopy; mike;jpUe;j rPwhg;
Guhzj;ijf; fhay;gl;lzj;ijr; NrHe;j GytH
ehafk;> n\a;f; mg;Jy; fhjpH iedh nyg;ig mwGj;
jkpopy; nkhopngaHj;jhH. ,tH mf;fhyj;jpy;
jiyrpwe;j K];ypk; mwpQuhfTk; mHtpf; ftpQuhfTk;
PP.200> 293> 286 & 287

jpfo;e;jhH. ,tH mHtp> rk];fpujk;> mugp nkhopfspy;
ghz;bj;jpak; ngw;wpUe;JNjhL fPof;fiu ijf;fh
rh`pGila khztuhfTk; rPluhfTk; fhzg;gl;lhH.
,tH mugp> rk];fpujk;> mHtp nkhopfspy; mjpfkhd
rpwpa ghf;fis cUthf;fpAs;shH.204
❖ jpUegp rhpj;jpuk; - Kghwf; khiy

,yq;ifiar; NrHe;j fjPg; fhjpH \k;Rj;jPd;
my;kf;J}kp vd;ghH ,k;khiyiaf; NfhHit
nra;Js;shH. ,jid `p[;hp 1305Mk; Mz;L>
fhypiar; NrHe;j K`k;kj; \k;Rj;jPd; ,g;D mg;JH
u`;khd; mtHfs; ntspaPL nra;Js;shHfs;. ,jd;
gpujp xd;W ,t;tha;thsDf;Ff; fpilj;jJ.
❖ jpUKbapwf;fpd `jP];
Nkw;gb jiyg;gpy; nrd;id> `h[p vk;. V. \h`{y;
`kPJ md;l; ]d;]; epWtdj;jpdH egp rhpij
njhlHghd xU E}iy ntspapl;Ls;sdH. ,e;E}y;
\h`{y; `kPjpa;ah> nrd;id mr;rfj;jpy;
mr;rplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; MrphpaH gw;wpNah
mr;rplg;gl;l Mz;L gw;wpNah ,e;E}ypy; ve;jf; Fwpg;Gk;
,y;iy. ,jd; xU gpujp esPkpa;ah E}yfj;jpy; cz;L.
204 Tayka Shu’ayb, Arabic, Arwi, and Persion in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu, P.200>
293> 286 & 287

Vida egpkhHfspd; rhpijfs; njhlHghd
Mf;fq;fs;
egp (]y;) mtHfsJ tho;tpidg; gw;wpa mwGj; jkpo;

Mf;fq;fs; vOjg;gl;lJ NghyNt Vida egpkhHfs;
gw;wpAk; mHtpapy; gy E}y;fs; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. mit
fPo;tUkhW:-
❖f]]{y; md;gpah (‫)قصص األنبياء‬

gpurpj;jp ngw;w mwG mwpQuhd mG+ ,];`hf; m`;kj;
,g;D K`k;kj; mj;j/ygp (kuzk; `p. 422/fp.gp. 1030)>
~my; muh,];| vd;w ngahpy; egpkhHfspd;
tuyhWfisj; njhFj;J xU E}iy vOjpAs;shH.
,e;j E}iy ,isa E}`; vdg;gl;l E}`; ,g;D
mg;jpy; fhjpH mHtpapy; nkhop ngaHj;jhH. ,jD}lhf
,tH ,j;Jiwf;Fg; ngUk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;shH.
,t;thf;fk; ~f]]{y; md;gpah| vdg;gLfpd;wJ.205
❖ f]]{y; md;gpah (‫)قصص األنبياء‬

vk;. V. \h`{y; `kPJ md;l; ]d;]; epWtdj;jpdH 28
egpkhHfspd; tho;f;if rhpjq;fis cs;slf;fp
~f]]{y; md;gpah| vd;w ngahpNyNa mHtpapy; xU
E}iy ntspapl;Ls;sdH. mtHfsJ xOq;F Kiwg;gb
PP.200> 293> 286 & 287

mtHfs;> nkhop ngaHg;ghshpd; ngaiu E}ypy;
gpuRhpg;gjpy;iy.
❖ f]]{y; md;gpah (‫)قصص األنبياء‬:-

gioafhl;ilr; NrHe;j [hd; K`k;kj; nyg;ig XH
mwpQuhfTk; nfhil ts;syhfTk; epfo;e;jtH.
,tUk; ~f]]{y; md;gpah| vd;w E}iy mHtpapy;
nkhop ngaHj;jNjhL NtW gy E}y;fisAk;
vOjpAs;shH.206
Nkw;$wg;gl;l jfty;fspd; gb %d;W ntt;Ntwhd mwGj;

jkpo; mwpQHfs; ~f]]{y; md;gpah| vd;w xNu ngahpy;
%d;W E}y;fis cUthf;fpAs;sikia mtjhdpf;f
Kbfpd;wJ.
206Tayka Shu’ayb, Arabic, Arwi, and Persion in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu, PP.
200> 293> 286 & 287

VidNahH njhlHghd Mf;fq;fs;
egp (]y;) mtHfs;> Vida egpkhHfs; gw;wpa [Ptpa

rhpijfs; jtpu r`hghf;fs;> jhgpCd;fs;> ,iwNerHfs;>
Vida mwpQHfs; gw;wpa Mf;fq;fSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iwf; fPo;tUkhW njhFj;Jf; $w
KbAk;.
❖ gj;U khiy
Nfhl;lhW GytH RiykhDy; fhjphp K];ypk;fSf;Nf
nrhe;jkhd mwGj; jkpopy; ,aw;wpa xU rpW E}y; gj;U
khiyahFk;. mG+ [`;ypd; ngUk; gilapd; rthiyj;
Jr;rnkd kjpj;J> ,];yhj;jpw;fhf capiu
mHg;gzpf;fj; jahuha; ,Ue;j 313 gj;U r`hghf;
fspdJk; jpUehkq;fisf; $wp> my;yh`;tpd;
mUisf; NfhUk; ,e;E}y;> ,d;Wk; fy;`pd;id
Nghd;w fpuhkq;fspy; ty;Nyhdpd; cjtpia ehb
ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;gj;U khiy ~e[;K\; \{ùh|
ftpkzp vk;.rp.vk;. RigH mtHfshy; jkpo;g;gLj;jg;
gl;bUf;fpwJ.207 ,J 1936,y; mwGj; jkpopy; te;jJ.208
❖ fdfhgpN\f khiy
uh[ nfk;gPuk; vd;w Chpy; tho;ej
; fdf ftpuhaH>
,khk; `{ird; (uop) mtHfSila tPurhpijiaf;
207 Gth[p> V.V.vk;> (Ed)> khj;jis khtl;l K];ypk;fs;> gg. 187>188

208 md];> vk;.v];.vk;> (Ed)> fz;b khtl;l K];ypk;fs;> g. 166

$Wk; Nkw;gb E}iy ,aw;wpdhH. ,e;E}y; `p[;hp
1058,y; ,aw;wg;gl;lnjd;gH.209
❖ jiy ghj;jp`h
ngUkhdhH (]y;) mtHfspd; jpUg; Gjy;tp ghj;jpkh
ehafpahH (uop) mtHfspd; kPJ ghlg;gl;l 'jiy
ghj;jp`h" <oj;jpy; thOk; K];ypk;fs; kj;jpapy; Gfo;
ngw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.210
❖ f]]{y; xsypah (‫)قصص األولياء‬

fhay; gl;lzk; E}`{ nyg;ig ,g;D mg;jpy; fhjpH
Mypk; `p[;hp 1299,y; ,iw NerHfspd; tuyhw;iwj;
njhFj;J> f]]{y; xsypah (mTypahf;fspd; rhpij)
vd;w E}iy cUthf;fpdhH.211
❖ kth`pG]; n]a;d; (‫)مواهب الزين‬

,khKy; m&]; jdJ jahhpg;ghd ~kth`pG];
n]a;d|; vd;w E}iy mtH mHtpapy; nkhop
ngaHj;jhH. fPof;fiuapYs;s gufhj; mr;rfk; ,jid
mr;rpl;Ls;sJ.212
209 nghd;Dj;Jiu> v];> ,];yhKk; jkpOk;> g. 08 & 40

210 nghd;Dj;Jiu> v];> ,];yhKk; jkpOk;> g. 08 & 40
212 Tayka Shu’ayb, Arabic, Arwi, and Persion in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu, PP.
288> 289 & 290

❖ fdPkJ]; ]hypfPd; (‫)غنيمة السالكين‬
khg;gps;is nyg;ig Mypkpd; NkYnkhU E}yhd
,jidAk; fPof;fiuapYs;s gufhj; mr;rfk;jhd;
mr;rpl;Ls;sJ.
❖ g`;[Jy; m];uhH (‫)فتح األسرار‬

ò;uj; mg;Jy; fhjpH [Pyhdp (`p. 470-561 / fp.gp. 1077-
1165) mtHfspd; tho;f;ifr; rhpjkhd jH[kJy;
g`;[h vd;w mwgp Mf;fj;ij g`;[Jy; m];uhH vd;W
mwGj; jkpopy; nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j %y
E}ypd; Mrphpahpd; ngaH \j;jh nesgp (kuzk; `p.
713 / fp.gp. 1313) vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j E}y; nfa;Nwhtpy;
`p. 1304 / fp.gp. 1886,y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,jid
nkhop khw;wk; nra;j n\a;f; ]jfJy;yh`;tpd; ,e;j
Mf;fNk jkpo; ehl;by; kpf Muk;gj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l
mHtp Mf;fk; vdyhk;.213
❖ K`;apj;jPd; khiy
Nkw;$wg;gl;l ò;uj; mg;Jy; fhjpH [Pyhdpapd;
tho;f;if tuyhW gw;wpa E}iyNa \hk; \p`hGj;jPd;
typ mtHfs; mHtp ftpijfspy; nkhopngaHj;J>
K`;apj;jPd; khiy vd;W ngahpl;Ls;shH.
PP.288, 289 & 290

❖ jg;hP[{y; fhjpH gP kdhfpgp\; n\a;f; mg;Jy; fhjpH
(‫)تبريج القادر في مناكب الشيخ عبد القادر‬
mNwgpahitr; NrHe;j ,khk; K`;apj;jPd; ,Hghjp vd;w
gpugy;akhd mwpQH mg;Jy; fhjpH [PyhdpAila
tho;f;if tuyhw;iwj; njhFj;J> Nkw;$wg;gl;l
ngahpy; ntspapl;Ls;shH. ,jid mHtpf; ftpijfspy;
K`k;kj; ]jfJy;yh`; ,g;D K`k;kj; nyg;ig
,g;D m`;kj; mg;ahj; vd;gtH nkhopngaHj;Js;shH.
❖ K`;apj;jPd; Guhzk;
,yq;if> aho;g;ghzj;jpd; gpurpj;jp ngw;w ftpQuhd
gj;Uj;jPd; vd;gtH ò;uj; mg;Jy; fhjpH [Pyhdp
mtHfspd; tho;it ~jH[kJy; g`;[h|tpd;
mbg;gilapy; K`;apj;jPd; Guhzk; vDk; ngahpy;
njhFj;jhH.214
❖ eg`hJy; md;gH gP kdhfpgp Fj;gpy; mf;gH

(‫)نفحات العنبر في مناكب قطب األكبر‬
,isa E}`; mtHfs;> ,khk; mGy; `]d; myp
m\;\hjpyp (`p. 593-656/fp.gp. 1196-1258) mtHfspd;
tho;f;ifr; rhpijia nkhop ngaHj;Js;shH.
gy;NtWgl;l mNwgpa mwpQHfspd; ftpij> ciueil
Mf;fq;fis ikakhf itj;J ,r;rhpijia
cUthf;fpdhH. Nkw;gb E}ypd; kPJ mHtp K];ypk;fs;
PP.288, 289 & 290

Fwpg;ghf \hJypa;ah jhPf;fhitg; gpd;gw;WNthH caH
kjpg;G itj;Js;sdH.
❖ `pjhaJ]; ]hypfPd; (‫)هداية السالكين‬

,khk; \hjpypapd; tho;f;ifr; rhpjj;jpd; NkYnkhU
nkhopngaHg;G E}y; ,JthFk;. ,jid nkhopahf;fk;
nra;jtH jkpo;ehL> ehfg;gl;bzj;ijr; NrHe;j
K`k;kj; ,];khaPy; vd;gtuhthH. ,thpd; je;ij
fPof;fiuf;F mUfhikapYs;s mgpuhkk; vd;w
efuj;ijr; NrHe;j K`k;kj; kjPdh nyg;ig MthH.
,e;E}y; nrd;id> fhjphpa;ah mr;rfj;jpy; `p.
1316/fp.gp. 1898,y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.215
❖ mj;JuU gP `pfhahjpy; FuH my; Kyf;fg; gp f]]py;

xsypah (‫)الدرر في حكاية الغرر الملقب في قصص األولياء‬
n\a;f; K`k;kj; ,g;wh`Pk; ghPJj;jPd; mj;jhH (`p.
513-627/fp.gp. 1119-1229) vd;gtH ~jj;fpuJy; xsypah|
vd;w gpugy;akhd E}iy vOjpdhH. ,e;E}y; mwGj;
jkpopy; ,isa E}`; mtHfspdhy; nkhopkhw;wk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. mt;tbg;gil E}iytpl Nkyjpfkhfg;
gy tplaq;fis ,izj;J> mj;JuU gP `pfhahjpy;
FuH my;Kyf;fg; gp f]]py; xsypah vdg;
ngahpl;Ls;shH. ,J gk;ghapy; `p. 1299/fp.gp. 1881,y;
mr;rplg;gl;L> ntsplg;gl;lJ.
288, 289 & 290
❖ jd;gP`{y; KhPjPd; (‫)تنبيه المريدين‬
,yq;ifapd; gpurpj;jp ngw;w Gytuhd mUs;thf;fp
mg;Jy; fhjpH Mypk; (`p. 1283-1337/fp.gp. 1886-1918)
NkYs;s E}iy cUthf;fpdhH. ,J fp.gp. 1911,y;
mr;rplg;gl;lJ.216
❖ i]J}d; fp];]h> gPtp kHakpd; rhpj;jpuk;> jkPKy;

md;]hhpapd; rhpij
,e;j %d;W Mf;fq;fisAk; mk;G+H> Ngl;iliar;
NrHe;j thio mg;Jy; fhjpH rh`pg; vd;ghH Nfhu;it
nra;jhH. mHtp nkhop ngaHg;G E}y;fshd ,tw;Ws;
Kjyhtjd; kpf mz;ika gjpg;G 1905,y; epfo;e;jJ.
,uz;lhtJ E}y; 1923,y; gpuRhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,g;Gj;jfq;fs; midj;Jk; nrd;id> \h`{y; `kPj;
md;l; ]d;]; epWtdj;jpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.217
❖ m\;n\a;f; `]d; ,g;D c];khDy; kf;J}kp (typ)

mtHfs; Nghpyhd tho;j;Jg;gh
,iw NerH m\;n\a;f; `]d; ,g;D c];khDy;
kf;J}kp mtHfspd; ngahpy; mwGj; jkpopy;> frhtj;ij
Mypk; GytH mtHfs; xU tho;j;Jg; ghit
ghbAs;shH. n\a;f; `]d; mtHfs; mOj;fikf;F
mUfhikapYs;s jHfh efhpy; ey;ylf;fk;
288,,289 & 290
288, 289 & 290

nra;ag;gl;Ls;shHfs;. ,tH `p[;hp 1200,y; (fp.gp. 1785)
gpwe;J `p[;hp 1283,y; ,iwab NrHe;jhHfs;. ,tH
frhtj;ij Mypkpd; neUq;fpa Nerj;Jf;Fhpa
218
tuhthH.
mwG - jkpo; mfuhjpfs;
K];ypk; kf;fspilNa mwG nkhop ngw;wpUe;j

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fhuzkhf mjd; gapw;rp ,d;wpaikahj
njhd;whf ,Ue;J te;jJ. mwG nkhopg; gapw;rp
tsHr;rpaila Ntz;Lk; vd;w Fwpf;NfhSld; mwG
mfuhjpfs; jkpo; NgRk; K];ypk; kf;fspilNa mwGj;
jkpopy; Njhd;wyhapd.219 ,j;jifa mwGj; jkpo; mfu
Kjypfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
❖fh%]; mHtp - mwG-jkpo; mfuhjp

nrd;idiar; NrHe;j `fPk; K`k;kj; mg;Jy;yh`;
]h`pg; mtHfshy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l mfuhjpNa Kjy;
mwG-jkpo; mfuKjypahFk;. ,J fh%]; mHtp - mwG-
jkpo; mfuhjp vd;W ngahplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J mwG
neLq;fzf;fpd; ehd;fhtJ vOj;jhd ~jh| (‫)ث‬
tiuANk vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; Kjy; ghfk; `p[;up
218 e[pKj;jPd;> V.vk;> f]htj;ij Mypk; GytH> g. 93-95


1321/fp.gp. 1903,y; ntspte;jJ.220 ,jd; mikg;G
kw;iwaij tpl khWgl;bUf;fpwJ. Kjypy; mwGr;
nrhy;Yk; mjd; fUj;Jk; mjd; mbr;nrhy;Yk; (jhJk;)
thpirf; fpukkhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;
rpwg;gk;rk; vd;dntdpy; mwGr; nrhy; mwG vOj;jpYk;
mjd; cr;rhpg;Gj; jkpopYk; mjd; mbr;nrhy; mwG
vOj;jpYk; jug;gl;Ls;sikNa MFk;. xt;NthH mwGr;
nrhy;Yf;Fk; gy fUj;Jf;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. gy
rQ;rpiffshf ntspte;J> gpd;dH mit xd;W
NrHf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mwG nkhopapy; ghz;bj;jpak;
ngw;NwhUk; ngw tpUk;GNthUk; gadilAk;
Nehf;fj;Jld; ntsplg;gl;lJ ,t;tfuhjp vd;W
,jidg; gw;wp ntspaplg;gl;l xU fUj;Jf;
221
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
❖ mj;J`;gJ]; ]kjpa;ah gP jH[kjp my;ghspy;

mwgpa;ah (‫)التحفة الصمدية في ترجمة ألفاظ العربية‬
rpq;fg;G+hpy; mike;jpUe;j ,e;jpa mHtpg; ghlrhiyapd;
mjpguhf ,Ue;j nksytp K`k;kj; ,g;wh`Pk; (,g;D
`{ird; nyg;ig) vd;gtH Kjd; Kjyhf
KOikahd mwG-mHtp mfuKjypia `p. 1336 / fp.gp.
1917,y; jahhpj;jhH. ,J ,U gFjpfshf ntspaplg;
gl;lJ. Kjy; gFjp 32 gf;fq;fisAk; ,uz;lhk; gFjp
290, 291

425 gf;fq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.222 ,jpy; mwGr; nrhw;
fSf;fhd jkpo;f; fUj;Jf;fs; mwG vOj;Jf;fspNy
vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. nghJthf K];ypk; kf;fspilNa
toq;Fk; mwGj; jkpo; eilapNy ,t;tfuhjp
mike;Js;sJ. ,t;tfuhjpia cUthf;fpatH
KJFsj;J}iur; Nrh;e;jth;. mq;fpUe;j kj;u]J
kd;gcy; `]dhj; vd;Dk; mwGf; fy;Y}hpapy;
Nghjdhrphpauhff; flikahw;wpatH. ,tH `]d;
nyg;ig Mypkpd; Gjy;tH. Nky;gg
; hsaj;ijr; NrHe;j
k`;%j; nyg;ig vd;gtH mr;Rf;fhf ,jidg; gpujp
nra;Js;shH. ,t;tfuhjp `p[;hp 1331MtJ tUlk;
wgPcy; mt;ty; khjk; ,Ugj;njhd;gjhk; jpfjp
mjhtJ 1913Mk; Mz;L khHr; khjk; Vohk; jpfjp
nts;spf;fpoik epiwTw;wJ.223
mwG - mwGj; jkpo; mfuhjpapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s

xt;Nthu; vOj;ijAk; mwpKfk; nra;J itf;ifapy;>
mt;ntOj;ijg; gw;wpa tptuj;ij ,t;tfuhjpapd;
MrphpaH je;Js;shH. my;FHMdpNy ,t;twG vOj;J
vj;jid jlitfs; vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gijAk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mypg; vd;Dk; mwG
mhpr;Rtbapd; vOj;ijg; ghHg;Nghk;. ,e;j mypg;
vd;Dk; Kjy; vOj;J gjpd;%d;W #wj;J
(mj;jpahaq;)fspy; Kjy; vOj;jhf tUfpwJ.
291
223 citR> k.K> jkpo; ,yf;fpa mwGr; nrhy; mfuhjp> g. 16>17>18 & 19

my;FHMdpNy mike;Js;s mwG vOj;Jf;fspd;
njhif 3>35>992 vd;Wk; mtw;Ws; mypg; vd;Dk; Kjy;
vOj;jpd; vz;zpf;if 48>970 vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l
,t;tfuhjpapd; MrphpaH> mypgpd; Fzk; neUg;G
vd;Wk; mjw;Fr; rkdhd vz; xd;W vd;Wk;
tptupf;fpd;whH. ,Nj Nghd;W mhpr;Rtbapy; cs;s
vy;yh vOj;Jf;fisAk; tUzpf;fpwhH. ,e;j mfuhjp
,aw;wg;gl;ljd; Fwpf;Nfhs; mwGj; jkpo; thrpf;Fk;
gps;isfs; mwG eilapd; gof;fj;ijg; ngwr;
nra;tNj vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. ,t;tfuhjp ,uz;L
ghfq;fshyhaJ. xU njhFjpahf ntspaplg;
gl;Ls;sJ.224
,t;tpuz;L jfty;fspYk; ntspapl;l Mz;L `p.

1331/fp.gp. 1913 vd;Wk; `p. 1336/fp.gp. 1917 vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. NgUtis rPdf;Nfhl;ilj; jiy
tuhf ,Ue;j> `dPgh Mypkpd; E}w; NrHf;ifapy;
,t;tfuhjp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpy; gjpg;ghz;L `p.
1336 vd;Nw Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;J. gjpg;ghrphpaH K`k;kj;
`{ird; ,g;D fhjpH uhTj;jH vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gNjhL ,t;tfuhjp nrd;id> \h`{y;
`kPjpa;ah mr;rfj;jpy; mr;rplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tifapy;
cz;ikahd Mz;L `p. 1336/fp.gp. 1917 Mf ,Uf;f
KbAk;. rpy Ntisfspy; ,J ,uz;lhtJ gjpg;ghf

,Ue;J `p.1331 / fp.gp.1913,y; Kjw;gjpg;G ntspte;
jpUf;fTk; $Lk;.
❖ fh%Ry; mwgp t mHtp (‫)قاموس العربي وأروي‬

Nkw;nrhd;d mfuhjp ,yq;ifapy; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;tfuhjp ,uz;L ghfq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. Kjypy;
mwGr; nrhw;fs; mwG vOj;jpYk; gpd;dH mwGr;
nrhy;ypd; jkpo;f; fUj;J mwG vOj;Jf;fspYk;
jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd; MrphpaH i]aJ ah]Pd;
nksyhdh vd;gtuhthH. ,thpd; KOg;ngaH i]apJ
ah]Pd; ,g;D i]apJ K`k;kJ `]dpa;Ay;
`h\pkpa;ap vd;gjhFk;. ,tH ,yq;ifapy;
njd;khfhzj;jpy; cs;s typfhkk; vd;Dk; efhpy;
,Uf;Fk; typg;gpl;b vd;Dk; Ciur; NrHe;jtH. ,tH
XH Md;kPf Qhdp. ,tUila Md;kPff; nfhs;if
fisg; gpd;gw;WNthH jkpofj;jpYk; cs;sdH.225 ,tH
`p. 1307-1386 / fp.gp. 1889-1966 fhyg; gFjpapy;
tho;ej
; tH. ,tH jdJ mfuhjpia `p. 1356/fp.gp.
1937,y; ntspapl;lhH.226
,j;jifa XH mfuhjpia ,aw;wpajw;fhd fhuzj;ij

,t;tfuhjpapd; MrphpaH ,t;thW $WfpwhH. “Rj;jkhd
jkpopy; mwgp fw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;glhjjhy; mwgp
mwpQHfs; mNefhpd; E}y;fspd; jkpo; nkhopngaHg;Gf;

fspy; ngUe;jtWfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mj;NjhL mwgp
thf;fpaq;fspd; Rj;jkhd fUj;Jf;fSk; kiwgl;L
tpLfpd;wd. jj;Jt> G+j> ngsjPf rhj;jpuq;fSk;>
rhpj;jpuk;> thdrh];jpuk;> G+kp rh];jpuk;> VNfr;Rtu
thjk;> itj;jpak;> jHf;fk;> fiy> ,yf;fpak;> Ie;jpuk;>
u]hadk; Kjyhd Kf;fpa mwpTfSk; kj;wrhf;
(mwGf; fy;Y}hp)fspy; Nghjpa mstpy; fw;Wf;
nfhLf;fg;glhky; ,Ue;jjhy; mit fspy; fhzg;gLk;
tpNr\r; nrhw;fspy; rpy mHj;jkw;wdtha;g;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld; ,t;twpT fSk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gL
fpd;wd. ,f;fhuzq;fshy; mwG gh\h Qhdk;>
,aw;wywpT> ,];yhkpa jj;Jt Nghjid> rhjid>
mD\;lhdk; ,itfs; kpf kpff; Fiwe;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wik fz;$L. Mjyhy; vk;khy; $ba
gpuahirapd; Nghpy; Nkw;nfhz;l Fiwfspy; xU
rpytw;iwahtJ rkhspg;ghd; Ntz;b mwpTtif
tpfw;gq;fshy; Ngjg;gLk; mHj;jq;fis mwGr;
nrhw;fSf;Fr; Rj;jkhd jkpopy; mwgp ypgpapy;
vOJtJld; GjpaitAk; Gjpjha; Eioe;jdTkhd
mNef mwGr; nrhw;fspd; mHj;jq;fSk; ,jpy;
tiuag;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; jkpo; K];ypk;fspd; mwG
mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; mwGj; jkpOf;Fk; Gj;Japuspg;gJld;
,];yhkpa fiyAk; mgptpUj;jpaila VJthfpd;wJ.
ehsiltpy; ,jidj; jkpo; ypgpapy; ntspaplTk;
fUjpAs;Nshk;.”227

,jid mr;rpLtjw;fhf mwG ypgpapy; vOjpatH
nrd;idiar; NrHe;j k`;%j; nyg;ig vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.228
❖ #gp Nfhdh n\a;f; mg;Jy; fhjpH

(kuzk; `p. 1357/fp.gp. 1938) vdg;gl;l #gp ò;uj;
NkYk; xU mfuhjpia cUthf;fpdhH. ,tH mjpuhk;
gl;lzj;ijr; NrHe;jtH.
❖ mHtp - mwG mfuhjp

fPof;fiuiar; NrHe;j NkYnkhU mHtp mwpQuhd
K`k;kj; K`;apj;jPd; jdpj;Jtkhd XH
mfuKjypiaj; jahhpj;jhH. ,J mHtp - mwG
mfuKjypahFk;. ngUk;ghYk; vy;yhj; jkpo;r;
nrhw;fisAk; mHtpapy; vOjp> mtw;Wf;F mwG
nkhopapy; fUj;Jf;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.229
❖ nksytp K`k;kj; Ry;jhd; u`;khdp

ghopy; vd;w jpUr;rpapd; ngUk;ghY}iur; NrHe;j
mwpQH> 810 gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l XH mfuhjpia
ntspf; nfhz;L te;jhH. jpUr;rp> [hkpM md;thUy;
cY}k;> 1992,y; ,jid ntspapl;L itj;jJ.230

291 & 292
291 & 292

mwGj; jkpo;r; rQ;rpiffs;
mr;R ,ae;jpu rhiyfspd; mwpKfj;jpd; gpd;dNu jpdrhpg;

gj;jphpiffSk; thu ,jo;fSk; khj rQ;rpiffSk;
gy;NtW ehLfspYk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. fp.gp. 19Mk;
E}w;whz;by; jkpo; cyF fpwp];jtHfspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F
cl;gl;bUe;jjhy; fpwp];jtHfNs Kjypy; jkpopy;
gj;jphpiffis ntspapl;ldH. 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
Muk;gj;jpy; muRk; fpwp];jtg; ghjphpkhUk; kl;LNk mr;R
,ae;jpu rhiyfis itj;jpUf;Fk; chpikiag;
ngw;wpUe;jdH. fp.gp. 1835 Kjy; jhd; ,e;jpa RNjrpfs;
mr;R ,ae;jpur; rhiyfis itj;jpUf;Fk; mDkjpiag;
ngw;wdH. ,jd; gpd;dNu RNjrpfspd; mgpyhirfSf;F
,iaghd E}y;fSk; gj;jphpiffSk; ,e;jpahtpYk;
,yq;ifapYk; ntspte;jd.231
,yq;ifapy; rpq;fs nkhopapy; 1832Mk; Mz;bYk;

jkpopy; 1841Mk; Mz;bYk; Kjd; Kjy; gj;jphpiffs;
gpuRhpf;fg;gl;ld. K];ypk; r%fj;jpy; XH mq;fkhf
,ize;J tho;ej ; mNj Ntis jkJ jdpj;Jtj;ijg;
Ngzpg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j ,yq;if tho; kyha;
K];ypk;fs; 1869,y; myhkj; yq;fhGhp vDk; gj;jphpifia
kyha; nkhopapy; nfhOk;gpy; gpuRhpj;jdH. ,it jj;jk;
r%f Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf cjTtijf; fz;l ,yq;if
K];ypk;fspy; rpyUk; jkpopy; gj;jphpiffisg; gpuRhpf;f

yhapdH. ,tw;Ws; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJ> thg;G kiuf;fhH
iee;j kiuf;fhH vd;gtuhy; fp.gp. 1873 Nk khjk; 3Mk;
jpfjp ntspaplg;gl;l Gjpdhyq;fhhp vDk; ,johFk;. rpy
khjq;fs; kl;LNk capH tho;ej ; ,g;gj;jphpif Njhd;wp 9
tUlq;fspd; gpd; fp.gp. 1882 brk;gH 21Mk; jfjp K];ypk;
Nerd; vDk; gj;jphpifia vk;.]p. rpj;jpnyg;ig fz;bapy;
gpuRhpj;jhH. jkpopy; Kjw;gj;jphpif Njhd;wp 32
tUlq;fSf;Fg; gpd; Gjpdhyq;fhhpAk; 41 tUlq;fSf;Fg;
gpd; K];ypk;fspd; Kjw;gj;jphpif vd;W nghJthf
toq;fptUk; K];ypk; NerDk; Njhd;wpAs;sd.232
❖ myhkj; yq;fhGhp
,e;j rQ;rpif Jthd; ghgh A+D]; vd;w kyha;
K];ypkpdhy; nfhOk;gpy; 1869Mk; Mz;L ntspaplg;
gl;lJ. ,Jjhd; Kjy; mHtpg; gj;jphpifahFk;.
,yq;if Rtbf; $lj;jpy; ,jd; xU gpujp
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. [dhg; ]hy;jPd; ,jd; Kjy;
gf;fj;jpy; MrphpaH jiyaq;fj;ij vOjpAs;shH.
,J mwGj; jkpo; ,jo; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lhYk; kyha;

kf;fspd; Fuyhf ,J ntspte;Js;sjhy; mJ mHtp
nkhopahf ,Uf;f epahakpy;iy. vkf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;w
myhkj; yq;fhGhpapd; Kw;gf;fj;ij mtjhdpf;Fk;
NghJ> mJ mwG vOj;Jf;fspy; mike;jpUg;gijAk;
mwGj; jkpopd; thrfq;fis mq;F fhzKbahk

ypUg;gijAk; czHfpNwhk;. ,e;jtifapy; mJ mwG
nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l kyha; nkhopahf my;yJ [htp
nkhopahf mike;jpUf;f ,lk;ghLz;L.
❖ m[hapGy; mf;ghw; (‫)عجائب األخبار‬

,e;j mwGj; jkpo; rQ;rpif nrd;idapypUe;J 1870,y;
thuhe;j gj;jphpifahf ntspte;jJ.233 ,J 1908,y;
ntspte;jjhf m.kh. rhkp Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.234 vkf;Ff;
fpilj;Js;s ,e;jr; rQ;rpifapd; Kd; ml;ilapy;
`p[;hp 1323 ]gH 21/fp.gp. 1905 Vg;uy; 27 vdj; jpfjp
Fwpf;fg;gl;bUg;gNjhL ,t;tpjioj; Fwpg;gjw;F fpjhg;
1> ek;gH 20 my;yJ 30 (njspthf ,y;iy) vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;L> thuj;Jf;nfhU Kiw gpuRhpf;fg;gLk;
vdTk; gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Neub Mjhuj;jpd; %yk;
,J epr;rakhf 1908,w;F Kd;G gpuRukhfpAs;sJ
vd;gJ njspthfpd;w mNj Ntis ,J 1870Mk;
Mz;bypUe;J njhlHe;J ,aq;fpajh vdTk; cWjp
nra;a Kbatpy;iy. thuj;Jf;nfhU Kiw vdf;
$wg;gl;Ls;sjhy; xU thuj;Jf;F XH ,yf;fk; vdf;
fzf;fpl;Lg; ghHj;jhYk; xU tUlj;jpw;F 52
,yf;fq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. fpjhg; 1 vdg;
Nghlg;gl;Ls;sjhy; mjw;F Kd;ida fpjhGfs;
,y;iy vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ. ,jdbg;gilapy;
ghHf;Fk; NghJ ,e;j rQ;rpif 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd;

Muk;gj;jpNyNa ntspaplg;gl;bUf;f KbAk; vdj;
njhpfpwJ.
❖ K];ypk; Nerd;
,g;gj;jphpif ,yq;ifapd; nfhOk;gpy; 21-12-
235
1882,ypUe;J ntspte;Js;sJ. Mdhy; K];ypk;
Nerd; Rj;jj; jkpopy;jhd; gpuRhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sijf;
fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. K];ypk;fs; mwGr; nrhw;
fisf; fye;J vOJtJ mHtp vd;w fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;
,e;jg; gj;jphpif mwGj; jkpopy; ntspaplg;gl;ljhff;
fUjg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. vdpDk; ,t;tha;tsdpd; fUj;Jg;
gb ,J mwGj; jkpo; gj;jphpifad;W.
❖ f\;GH uhd; md; fy;gpy; [hd; (‫)كشف الران عن قلب الجان‬

,e;j thuhe;j mHtpg; gj;jphpif nfhOk;gpypUe;J
1889,y; xt;nthU jpq;fl; fpoikAk; ntspte;jJ.
,jidf; fhay; gl;lzj;ijr; NrHe;j i]apj;
K`k;kj; `]d; ,g;D K`k;kj; ,g;wh`Pk; ]h`pg;
my; fhjphp ntspapl;lhH. ,Nj ngahpy; ,e;j
rQ;rpifAk; mr;Rf; $lKk; ,yq;ifapYk; jkpo;
ehl;bYk; 1889-1890fspy; fhzg;gl;ld.236 m.kh. rhkp
,e;j ,jo; gw;wpf; $Wifapy; '1889,y; ,yq;ifapy;
ntspte;j ~f];GHuhd;| vd;w ,jo; mwGj; jkpopy;
ntspte;jJ. ,Nj ,jo; fhay;gl;lzj;jpYk; mr;rpl;L

ntspaplg;gl;lJ. (muGj; jkpo; tsHr;rpapy;
fhay;gl;lzj;jpd; gq;if ,J cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ)"
vd;fpd;whH.237 ,e;j thug;gj;jphpif rpj;jphpf;
ifnaOj;jpy; mofhf vOjg;gl;L> fy;yr;R %yk;
gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.238
rpNu\;l tphpTiuahsuhd vk;.I.vk;. mkPd; mtHfs; 1870

- 1915 tiuAKs;s fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;if K];ypk;
r%fj;jpy; gpd;tUk; mwGj; jkpo; gj;jphpiffs;
gpuRhpf;fg;gl;ljhff; $Wfpd;whH.
❖ Gjpdhyq;fhhp - 1873
❖ K];ypk; Nerd; - 1882
❖ rHt[d Nerd; - 1886
❖ f\;Gw;whd; md; fy;gpy; [hd; - 1890
❖ irGs; ,];yhk; - 1890
❖ Qhd #hpad; - 1891
❖ ,];yhk; kpj;jpud; - 1894
❖ m];]t;thG - 1900
❖ K];ypk; ghJfhtyd; - 1901
❖ kp];ghFy; ,];yhk; - 1906
❖ K];ypk; - 1909
❖ [th`pUs; m/yk; - 1910
❖ ,yq;if K];ypk; - 1914 239

238 `]d;> nra;apJ> v];.V> ,];yhkpa jkpo; ,yf;fpar; nrhw;nghopfs;>
g. 29>30

mwGr; nrhw;fs; fye;J mwG ypgpapYk; jkpo; ypgpapYk;
vOjg;gLtij mwGj; jkpo; vdf; nfhz;Nl ,e;jg;
gl;bayhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ vd;gijf; fUj;jpw;
nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
',tw;iwj; njhlHe;J ,yq;ifapYk; jkpo; ehl;bYk;

20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy; gy gj;jphpiffSk;
rQ;rpiffSk; ntspte;jd"240 vd ijf;fh RIg; Mypk;
mtHfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whHfs;.
nghJthd Mf;fq;fs;
NkNy tpsf;fpathW Jiw rhHe;j gy;NtW Mf;fq;fis

mwGj; jkpopy; mwpQHfs; ntspapl;lNjhL NtW gy
jiyg;GfspYk; mtHfs; ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fis ntspf;
nfhz;L te;jdH. xU Fwpg;gpl;l Jiw rhHe;j mjpf
E}y;fs; ,y;yhj gl;rj;jpy; mit ,e;jg; nghJthd
Mf;fq;fSf;Fs; cs;thq;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd vd;gijf;
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;f.
❖ itj;jpaf; Fwpg;Gfs; mlq;fpa E}y;

frhtj;ij Mypk; GytH mtHfs; ghku kf;fSk;
gbj;Jg; gad; ngWk; tpjj;jpy; E}YUtq;fis muGj;
jkpopy; vOjpAs;shHfs;. mt;thW MFkhd m];khf;
fs;> rpy itj;jpa Kiwfs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; mlq;fpa

ifE}nyhd;W mtHfshy; ifnaOj;jpy; vOjg;
gl;Ls;sJ. ,J mstpy; rpwpjhd 504 gf;fq;fs;
mlq;fpa ifalf;fkhd XH VlhFk;. ,e;E}ypy;
Nkw;$wpa Fwpg;Gfisj; jtpu gy rd;khHf;fr;
rl;lq;fs; njhlHghd tplaq;fSk; ,tHfshy; $wg;
gl;Ls;sd.241
Nkw;$wg;gl;l E}ypy;> rpy ,lq;fspy; rpq;fs

nkhopapYk; rpy Fwpg;Gfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. rpq;fs
nkhop ,q;F mugp ml;ruq;fspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jd; %yk; rpq;fs nkhop mwpTk; goikahd rpq;fs
itj;jpa KiwiaAk; frhtj;ij Mypk; mtHfs;
mwpe;J gad;gLj;jpAs;shH vd;gij ,f;Fwpg;Gfs;
242
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. mNj Neuk; rd;khHf;f mwpTk;
mwGj; jkpo; nkhopawpTk; ftpij ,yf;fpawpTk;
epuk;gg; ngw;wpUe;j ,t;twpQH> mwGj; jkpiog;
Nghd;Nw mwGr; rpq;fsj;ijf; ifahs Kide;
jpUg;gij ,q;F ehk; Kidg;Gg;gLj;jpg; ghHf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
❖ jpg;G khiy
fPof;fiu ijf;fh rh`pg; typ mth;fspd; mNef
E}y;fSs; ,JTk; xd;whFk;. itj;jpaj;Jiw rhHghd
E}yhf ,e;j jpg;G khiy mike;Js;sJ.243
241 e[pKj;jPd;> V.vk;> f]htj;ij Mypk; GytH> g. 95 & 96

242 e[pKj;jPd;> V.vk;> f]htj;ij Mypk; GytH> g. 95 & 96

❖ ,g;D eghj;jhtpd; Fj;ghf;fs;
frhtj;ij Mypk; mtHfs; gpugy;ak; tha;ej; ,g;D
eghj;jh mtHfspd; Fj;ghg; gpurq;fq;fis muGj;
jkpopy; nkhopkhw;wk; nra;J mtw;Wf;F tpsf;fKk;
NrHj;Js;shHfs;. ,tw;wpy; [{k;M Fj;ghf;fSk; ,U
ngUehl;fSila Fj;ghf;fSk; mlq;fpAs;sd.
,t;thW 48 Fj;ghf;fisf; nfhz;l rpW rpW
ifNaLfshf ,tw;iwj; njhFj;J frhtj;ij Mypk;
mtHfs; toq;fpdhHfs;. mit mugpapYk; muGj;
jkpopYk; mtuJ ifnaOj;jpy; vOjg;gl;bUe;jd.
mjpy; muG %yg;gFjp rptg;G epw ikapdhYk; muGj;
jkpo; thf;fpaq;fSk; tpsf;fq;fSk; fUepw
ikapdhYk; gphpj;jwpe;J thrpf;ff; $baitahf
vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.244
❖ Fj;gh jH[kh
,isa E}`; vdg;gLfpd;w E}`; ,g;D mg;jpy; fhjpH
vd;gtUk; Fj;ghf;fis mwGj; jkpopy; nkhop ngaHj;J
vOjpAs;shHfs;245 vd v];.vr;.vk;. n[kPy; njhptpf;
fpd;whH.
❖ kjPdJe; E`h]; (‫)مدينة النحاس‬

Nkw;gb ngahpy; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;l xU ehtiy khg;gps;is nyg;ig


Mypk; mtHfs; `p[;hp 1275/fp.gp. 1858,y; mwGj;
jkpopy; vOjpdhHfs;. ,J jkpo; NgRk; kf;fshy;
Kjypy; vOjg;gl;l ehty; vd;w ngUikiag; ngW
fpd;wJ. ,jw;F Kd;G K];ypNkh K];ypky;yhjtNuh
jkpopy; xU ehtiy vOjpaJ fpilahJ. jpdkdp
vd;w gpugy;akhd jkpo;j; jpdrhpapd; jkpo;kdp vd;w
gFjpapy; 28-12-1991,y; jkpo; nkhopapy; Kjd;Kjypy;
ntspte;j ehty; 1879,y; vOjg;gl;l gpujhg KjypahH
rhpj;jpuk; vd;gjhFk; vd vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kiyahsj;jpy; Kjy; ehty; ,e;J Nyfh vd;gjhFk;
vdTk; mJ Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,j;jfty; gpioahd
jhFk;.246 ,e;j kjPdJe; E`h];> ghf;fpH na]Pj; ,g;D
kypf; mH - jhaP vd;ghH ghurPf nkhopapy; vOjpa
ehtiyj; jOtp vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. khg;gps;is Mypkpd;
,e;E}y; `p[;hp 1318> fp.gp. 1900Mk; Mz;lstpy;
K`k;kj; Riykhd; vd;guhy; ,yq;ifapy;
gpuRhpf;fg;gl;lJ. muGj; jkpopy; vOjg;gl;l ,e;ehtiy
vk;.Nf.<. nksyhdh vd;ghH 1979Mk; Mz;L jkpopy;
ntspapl;lhH.247
104 & 786
ghuk;ghpak;”> g. 28

❖ epohKy; mf;ah]; gP jH[kjpy; kP]hd; ty; m[;dh];
(‫)نظام األقياس في ترجمة ميزان األجناس‬
,yf;fzk; rhHe;j gy E}y;fSk; mHtpapy;
nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kP]hd;> m[;dh]; vd;w
gpugy;akhd nrhy;ypyf;fz E}y;fs; Nkw;gb jiyg;gpy;
nkhopahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,J nrd;id>
\h`{y; `kPj; md;l; ]d;]; ];jhgfj;jpduhy;
mr;rpl;L> ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ntspaPl;lfj;jpd;
kuGf;fpiaa ,e;E}ypy; nkhopngaHg;ghshpd; ngaH
Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.248
❖ mHtp iggps;
fpwp];jt gpurhuf; FOtpdH Vwj;jhs xU E}w;whz;L
fhykhf iggpis mHtpapy; nkhop ngaHf;fj;
jFjpahd xU K];ypikg; ngWtjw;F gy;NtW
Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;ldH. ,J ,g;gFjp
K];ypk;fspd; jha;nkhopahd mHtpapd; rpwg;ghd
,lj;ijAk; gutyhfg; Ngrg;gl;l me;j nkhopapy;
mjpfhu G+Htkhd E}y;fSk; vOjg;gl;ld vd;gijAk;
mJ K];ypk;fs; kj;jpapy; ngUikf;Fhpajhf ,Ue;jJ
vd;gijAk; epWTfpd;wJ. mtHfspd; 100 tUl
vj;jdj;ijj; njhlHe;J 1926Mk; Mz;by; mHtp
nkhopapy; iggps; nkhopngaHg;G ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,e;j
Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;w VHthbiar; (jpUney;Ntyp
PP.293, 103, 104 & 291

khtl;lk;) NrHe;j xU K];ypik mtHfs; thliff;F
vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhHfs;.249
❖ e[hJy; mdhk; gP ieypy; kuhk; (‫)نجاة األنام في نيل المرام‬

nksytp K`k;kj; ,g;wh`Pk; ,g;D `{ird; nyg;ig
vd;w nghpahHjhd; Kjy; mHtp fiyf; fsQ;rpaj;ijj;
njhFj;jhH. 666 gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l ,f;fiyf;
fsQ;rpak; e[hJy; mdhk; gP ieypy; kuhk; vd
mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.250
ehk; NkNy tpghpj;j mwGj; jkpopyhd Mf;fq;fs; gw;wpa

tpsf;fq;fis ikakhf itj;J ehk; fPo;tUk;
mtjhdq;fisg; ngwKbAk;.
❖mwGj; jkpiof; iff;nfhz;l mHtpg; gpuhe;jpa

mwpQHfs; mjid khHf;f tptfhuq;fNshL khj;jpuk;
RUf;fpf; nfhz;ljhfj; njhpatpy;iy. mtw;NwhL
kdpj tho;f;ifapd; Vida gFjpfisAk; mtHfs;
njhl;bUf;fpwhHfs;. kdpjdpd; fw;gdh uridf;F
tpUe;jspf;Fk; ehty; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; mtHfs;
<Lgl;Ls;shHfs;. ,e;jtifapy; jg;]HP > `jP];> gpf;`;>
mfPjh> tuyhW> tho;f;ifr; rhpijfs;> itj;jpak;>
mwgpyf;fzk; Nghd;w E}y;fisg; gilj;Jk;
PP.293, 103, 104 & 291
PP.293, 103, 104 & 291

nkhopngaHj;Jk; gzpGhpe;j mt;twpQHfs;> ehty;>
fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> iggps;> mfuhjp> rQ;rpif vd;w
,yf;fpa> fy;tpapay; tbtq;fspYk; ftdk;
nrYj;jpAs;sdH. ,J mt;twpQHfspd; gue;j
ghHitiaAk; mwGj; jkpo; nghJkf;fsplj;jpy;
tpahgpj;jpUe;j jd;ikiaAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
❖mwGj; jkpo; Mf;fq;fis mwpQHfs; Kd;itf;Fk;

NghJ mf;fhyj;jpy; nry;thf;NfhL ,Ue;j ,yf;fpa
tbtj;ijNa mtHfs; ifahz;ldH. 19Mk;
E}w;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; ciueilia tpl nra;As;
KiwNa nra;jpfisg; ghpkhWk; Clfkhfr; nraw;
gl;lJ. ,jdhy;jhd; K];ypk;fs; mHtpapy; Mf;fpa
Mf;fq;fSk; nra;As; tbtpy;> khiyfshfTk;
njhq;fy; ghl;LfshfTk; ntz;ghf;fshfTk; fhtpaq;
fshfTk; mike;Js;sd. ,tw;iwg; gyUk; kdg;ghlk;
nra;jpUf;Fk; msTf;F ,k;Kiwik nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;jpAs;sJ.
❖K];ypk; mwpQHfs; jkJ Mf;fq;fSf;Fg; ngahpLk;

NghJk; jhk; nkhopngaHj;j E}y;fSf;Fg; ngahpLk;
NghJk; vJif> Nkhidapy; mike;j> Xireak;
nfhz;l mofpa ngaHfisNa njhpT nra;Js;sijf;
fhzyhk;. cjhuzkhf : gthhpFy; `pjhah
yp]h`pgpy; gpjhah> eg`hJy; ,j;hpa;ah gP \u`py;
tpj;hpa;ah> jg;u[
P py; fhjpH gP kdhfpgp\; n\a;f; mg;jpy;
fhjpH> u`;kJy; kd;dhd; myy; Kjmy;ypkPd kpdy;

tpy;jhd; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,J mwG
nkhopapd; jhf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l xU tpisthFk;.
,Nj kuG mwG E}yhrphpaHfshy; ,d;Wtiu iff;
nfhs;sg;gl;L tUtij vk;khy; fhzKbAk;.
❖rpy mwGj; jkpo; E}y;fspy; mjid vOjpathpd; ngaH

Ntz;Lnkd;Nw vOjhJ jtph;f;fg;gl;bUg;gij
mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. jd;dlf;fk; fhuzkhfTk;
gpugy;ak; fUjhj kdg;ghd;ikapdhYk; jdf;F
my;yh`; je;j mwpTr; nry;tj;ij gpwUf;F mspf;Fk;
flikia kpfj; J}a;ikahfr; (,f;yh];) nra;a
Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpdhYk; ,e;j eilKiw
,lk;ngw;wpUf;fyhk;. mf;fhyj;jpy; ,J gy
E}y;fspYk; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l xU nghJ kughfj;
njhpfpwJ. ,e;epiy fhuzkhf nghJkf;fs;
me;E}Yf;F toq;Ffpd;w kjpg;G Fiwtila
VJthtNjhL kf;fsq;fPfhuKk; rpyNghJ fpilf;fhkw;
Nghfyhk;. Fwpg;gpl;l xU vOj;jhsH MjhuG+Htkhf>
jukhf vOJfpd;wtH vd;w kdg;ghd;ik
nghJkf;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ mtuJ Mf;fj;jpw;F
ed;kjpg;G cUthf KbAk;.
nkhop ngaHg;ghsHfspd; ngaHfSk; gy E}y;fspy;

jtpHf;fg;gl;bUg;gij vk;khy; fhzyhk;. Fwpg;ghf
vk;.V. \h`{y; `kPJ md;l; ]d;]; epWtdjpduhy;
ntspaplg;gl;l ngUk;ghyhd nkhop ngaHg;G E}y;fspy;
nkhopngaHg;ghsdpd; ngaH fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. me;

epWtdj;jpdH ,jid xU nfhs;ifahfNt
itj;jpUe;jdH vdj; njhpfpwJ.
nkhopngaHg;ghsH me;E}ypd; cz;ikahd gilg;ghsp

my;yH vd;gjdhYk; gpugy;ak; fUjhkYk; ,e;epfo;T
,lk;ngw;wpUf;fyhk;. vdpDk; nkhopngaHg;ghshpd;
mwpTj;juk;> KjpHr;rp> nkhop tsk;> ,U nkhopg;
Gyik> ek;gfj; jd;ik vd;gtw;iw mthpd; ngaiu
ntspg;gLj;Jtjd; ClhfNt nghJkf;fshy; Ghpe;J
nfhs;syhk;. XH Mf;fj;ij nkhopkhw;wk; nra;jtiu
mjd; nkhopngaHg;ghsH vdf; Fwpg;gpLtjhy;
me;E}ypd; cz;ikahd gilg;ghsp mtuy;yH vd;w
njspT kf;fSf;F fpilj;JtpLk;.
❖rpy Jiwfspy; mwGj;jkpo; mwpQHfs; Kd;Ndhb

fshfj; jpfo;fpd;whHfs;. ehk; Kd;G tpsf;fpaJ
Nghd;W ehty; Jiwapy; mHtp mwpQHfNs Kjypy;
<Lgl;ldH vd;gij mwpaf; $bajhf cs;sJ.
❖mwGj; jkpo; Mf;fq;fSs; ,iwNerHfs; njhlHghd

E}y;fs; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. njd;dpe;jpag;
gpuNjrk; xsypahf;fspd; mgpkhdpfs; epiwe;j ,lk;
vd;gjdhYk; mwGj; jkpio tsHg;gjpy; ,iw
NerHfspd; rPlHfNs $Ljyhf <Lgl;bUe;jjdhYk;
,e;epiy Njhd;wpapUf;fyhk;.

crhj;Jizfs;
01. mg;Jy; fhPk; m\;\Hfhtp> (1998). my; Ka];]Uy;

KgPj; gP m`;fhkpj; j[;tPj;> Fitj;: kf;jgJy;
kdhhpy; ,];yhkpa;ah.
02. mg;Jw; w`Pk;. (1976). ,];yhkpa fiyf;

fsQ;rpak;> Kjyhk; njhFjp> nrd;id: AdptHry;
gg;sp\H]; md;l; Gf; nry;yH];.
03. mg;Jy; `kPJ> M.fh. (1978). jH[{kJy; FHMd;

gpmy;jgpy; gahd;> nrd;id: ghftp gg;sp\H];.
04. md];> vk;. v];. vk;. (Ed.) (1996). fz;b khtl;l

K];ypk;fs;> nfhOk;G: K];ypk; rka> fyhrhu
mYty;fs; jpizf;fsk;> fyhrhu> rka tptfhu
mikr;R.
05. mkPd;> vk;.I.vk;. (2000). ,yq;if K];ypk;fspd;

tuyhWk; fyhrhuKk; 1870-1915> n`k;khjfk:
my;`]dhj; gjpg;gfk;.
06. m]P];> V.vk;.V. (n.d.) mwGj; jkpo; vq;fs; md;Gj;

jkpo;.
07. citR> k.K. (1983). jkpo; ,yf;fpa mwGr; nrhy;

mfuhjp> kJiu: fhkuhrH gy;fiyf; fofk;.

08. cit];> vk;. vk;. (1974). ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
jpUr;rpj; jpUg;gk;> nfhOk;G: midj;Jyf
,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; fUj;juq;F kfh
ehL ,yq;iff; fpis
09. fjpiuNtw;gps;is> eh. (1992). jkpo; nkhop

mfuhjp> jkpo; - jkpo; mfuhjp. New Delhi: Asian
Educational Service.
10. rhkp> m.kh. (1994). jkpopy; ,];yhkpa ,jo;fs;>

nrd;id: etkzp gjpg;gfk;.
11. Rf;hp> vk;.V.vk;. (1997). “mwGj;jkpopd; gz;ghl;Lg;

ghuk;ghpak;”> mk;rk; ,d;lHne\dy;> nfhOk;G:
mk;rk; ,d;lHne\dy; (gpiu) ypkpll;> gg.24-28.
12. Rf;hp> vk;. V. vk;. “mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw;wKk; mjd;

gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;ghpaKk;”> nfhOk;G: jpdfud;
thukQ;rhp> 01.11.1992.
13. nghd;Dj;Jiu> v];. (1975). ,];yhKk; jkpOk;.

nfhOk;G: muR gjpg;gfk;.
14. kzit K];jgh> (1991). ,];yhkpa fiyf;

fsQ;rpak;> nrd;id: kPuh gjpg;gfk;.
15. e`pah> V.vk;. (1991). m]P]{k; jkpOk;> epe;jT+H:

,f;u/ ntspaPl;lfk;.

16. e[pKjPd>; V.vk;. (2000). f]htj;ij Mypk; GytH>
fy;`pd;id: jkpo; kd;wk;.
17. `]d; nksyhdh> v];. V. v];. (1968). ,];yhkpa

jkpo; ,yf;fpar; nrhw;nghopTfs;> nfhOk;G: muR
ntspaPL.
18. n[kPy;> v];.vr;. vk;. (Ed.) (1997). mk;ghiu khtl;l

K];ypk;fs;> nfhOk;G: K];ypk; rka> fyhrhu
mYty;fs; jpizf;fsk;> fyhrhu> rka
mYty;fs; mikr;R.
19. Mahroof, M.M.M. (1993). “Arabic Tamil in South India

and Sri Lanka: Language as Mimicry”, Islamic Studies,
Quarterly Journal, vol-32, Number 2, Summer 1993,
Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, International
Islamic University, pp. 169-189
20. Shu’ayb ‘Alim, (1993). Arabic, Arwi and Persian in

Sarandib and Tamil Nadu, Madras: Imamul Arus Trust.

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Arabic Tamil and Arabic Tamil Articles

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fyhepjp v];.vk;.vk;. k]h`pu;

r%ftpay; Ma;TfSf;fhd khztu; Ma;T kd;wk;

 Mrpupau; : fyhepjp v];.vk;.vk;. k]h`pu;

 gf;fq;fs; : (X) + 174

 Kjw;gjpg;G : brk;gh; 2018

 ntspaPL : r%ftpay; Ma;TfSf;fhd

 mr;Rg;gjpg;G : n[]h fpwgpf;];> kUjKid

 tpiy : &gh. 400.00

njd; fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; ,];yhkpa fw;iffs;

K];ypk;fspd; fyhrhu> gz;ghl;L tho;tpy; kpff; fhj;jpu

nghJthf Nehf;Fkplj;J mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw;wk;> tsh;rr

gy;NtW rpukq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L> jfty;fisj; jpul;b>

fyhepjp vk;.V.vk;. Rf;hp

“mwGj; jkpOk; mwGj; jkpo; Mf;fq;fSk;” vd;w ,e;E}y;

,e;Nehf;fq;fis epiwT nra;tjhfj;jhd; ,e;E}y;

,g;Gj;jfj;jpw;F mzpe;Jiu toq;fpa vd; md;Gf;Fhpa

2. mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw;wKk; tsHr;rpAk; ...................................... 24

3. mwGj; jkpopd; tPo;r;rp................................................................... 73

4. mwGj; jkpopy; jkpo; ,yf;fzj;jpd; gad;ghL ........................ 83

5. mwGj; jkpio kPz;Lk; vOr;rp ngw itg;gjw;fhd

6. mwGj; jkpopd; xypngaHg;G Kiwik ......................................... 94

crhj;Jizfs; ................................................................ 172

ehk; Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf; nfhz;l mwGj; jkpo; vd;w nkhop

01) jkpio mwG ypgpapy; vOJjy; mwGj;

,t;tiutpyf;fzj;ij $wtUk; kzit K];jgh>

mwGj; jkpOk; mwGj; jkpo; Mf;fq;fSk; 1

,t;tiutpyf;fzk; njhlHghf tpsf;f tUfpd;w

2 fyhepjp v];.vk;.vk; k]h`ph;

mwGj; jkpOk; mwGj; jkpo; Mf;fq;fSk; 3

,t;tiutpyf;fzj;ij V.vk;.V. m]P];> vk;.I.vk;.

,t;tiutpyf;fzj;ij tpsf;ftUk; NguhrphpaH

4 fyhepjp v];.vk;.vk; k]h`ph;

jkpopy; mwGr; nrhw;fisr; NrHj;J vOJk;

'jkpo; mr;Rf; $lq;fs; gutyhfpa NghJ K];ypk;fs;

mwGj; jkpOk; mwGj; jkpo; Mf;fq;fSk; 5

jkpo; vOj;jpy; mwGr; nrhw;fs; fye;J vOjg;gl;lij

6 fyhepjp v];.vk;.vk; k]h`ph;

,t;tpU tiutpyf;fzq;fisAk; Ma;T nra;j

mwGj; jkpOk; mwGj; jkpo; Mf;fq;fSk; 7

• mwGj; jkpopd; Njhw;w> tsHr;rpf; fhy fl;lq;fspy;

• jkpo; nkhopia mwG vOj;Jf;fspy; vOJtJ K];ypk;

8 fyhepjp v];.vk;.vk; k]h`ph;

• jkpo; nkhopapy; gy;NtW nkhopfisAk; NrHe;j Ntw;W

• K];ypk;fspd; jdpj;Jtj;ijg; NgZfpd;w tifapy;>

mwG vOj;Jf;fspy; vOjg;gl;l mwGj; jkpio K];ypk;

fyhepjp ijf;fh \{Ig; Mypk; mtHfs; ,J gw;wpf;

10 fyhepjp v];.vk;.vk; k]h`ph;

,t;thW mwGj; jkpo; Vd; ~mHtp| vd miof;fg;gl;lJ

• m.kh. rhkp gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;whH. 'mugpapy;

mwGj; jkpOk; mwGj; jkpo; Mf;fq;fSk; 11

• nfhLe;jkpo; ehLfspy; mUth ehLk; xd;W.

12 fyhepjp v];.vk;.vk; k]h`ph;

• ,jid NtNwhU tifapy; tpsf;f KidAk; m. kh.

• fyhepjp ijf;fh \{Ig; Mypk; mtHfs; NkYnkhU

mwGj; jkpOk; mwGj; jkpo; Mf;fq;fSk; 13

• mwG nkhopapy; mHtp vd;gJ 'xU kf;fs;

14 fyhepjp v];.vk;.vk; k]h`ph;

• NguhrphpaH vk;. vk;. cit]; gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;whH

mwGj; jkpOk; mwGj; jkpo; Mf;fq;fSk; 15