AP Phys B

Test Review

Fluid Mechanics
4/29/2008
Overview
 Fluid Mechanics
• Hydrostatics and Fluid Dynamics
• Fluid Pressure
• Pascal’s and Archimedes Principles
• Continuity Equation and Bernoulli’s Equation
Overview
 Thermodynamics

• Heat, Temperature, Energy

• Thermal Expansion
• Ideal Gas Law
• PV Diagrams
• Laws of Thermodynamics
Density and Pressure
 Density: How much matter is present in a
given volume.
m
ρ =
V
• Specific Gravity – ratio to the density of water
 Pressure: Force exerted over a given area in
an object (measured in Pascals [Pa])
F
P =
A
Pressure Measurements
 Absolute vs. Gauge Pressure
 Many different units (Pa, kPa, torr, mbar,
atm….)
• Take care that units are correct when dealing
with pressure.
• When in doubt, convert to Pa!
Variation of Pressure with depth
 The pressure on an
object varies with the
depth the object is
at.
P = P0 + ρg h
Pascal’s Principle
 A change in pressure
applied to an enclosed
fluid is transmitted
undiminished to every
point in the fluid and to
the walls of the
container.
• Hydraulic Press
Archimedes Principle
 An object completely or partially submerged in
a fluid is buoyed up by a force with equal
magnitude to the weight of the fluid displaced
by the object.
• For a floating object
ρobj V flu id
=
ρ flu id V o b je c t
Equation of Continuity
 The “equation of continuity” is nothing more
than an expression of the conservation of
mass for a moving fluid.
A1v1 = A 2 v2
• Av = flow rate

• Volume entering a tube in a given time interval must

be equal to the volume leaving the tube in the same
time interval.
Bernoulli’s Principle
 Swiftlymoving fluids exert less pressure
than slowly moving fluids.