MEC241 Fluid Mechanics

[PART 1] Chapter 2: Pressure and Fluid Statics (3 hours)

CO2: PO2 Analyze the basic principles of fluid mechanics to solve

engineering problems in fluid statics and dynamics.
*Please do not hesitate to ask any questions.

By: MiqdadKOS UiTM PG

Content & Objectives
2.1 Pressure at a point
2.2 Pressure variation in static fluid
2.3 Manometric pressure
2.4 Hydrostatic forces on plane and
curve surfaces
2.5 Buoyancy and stability
• Understand the concept of pressure.
• Determine the variation of pressure
in a fluid at rest.
• Calculate pressure using various kinds
of manometers.
• Determine forces subjected/exerted
by a fluid at rest on a plane or curved
submerged surfaces.
• Analyse the stability of floating and
submerged bodies.
2.1 Pressure at a point
• By definition, pressure is the normal The different types of pressure are:
force subjected by a fluid per unit • Atmospheric pressure, Patm – pressure
area. exerted by the weight of the atmosphere, at
sea level Patm = 101.325kPa
• By equation, • Absolute pressure, Pabs – Actual pressure at
a given position
Where;
F = Force, N • Gage pressure Pgage – The difference
A = Area, m2 between the absolute pressure and the local
atmospheric pressure.
• Unit for pressure is N/m2, or Pascal • Vacuum pressure, Pvac – Pressure below
(Pa) atmospheric pressure

Where;
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
2.1 Pressure at a point
Pressure at a point: • Even though pressure at a point is the
• Pressure at any point in a fluid is the same same in all direction. Moving the point
from one location to another might given
in all directions.
a different pressure value.
• Since pressure has no direction, it is a
scalar quantity. • In a fluid, a given pressure point can be
moved in either the horizontal or vertical
direction.
how is
Pressure is a scalar quantity,
that sir?
not a vector; the pressure at a
point in a fluid is the same in
all directions.
2.2 Pressure variation in static fluid
Horizontal direction
• In the horizontal direction, pressure at two
different point is equal if it is at the same level
and the same type of fluid.
Why?
Vertical direction
• In the vertical direction, pressure at two
different point are different from one another.
Why?
• Because pressure increases with depth. The
deeper the point moves into the fluid, the higher
the pressure.

A Increase in pressure can be determine

Pbelow = Pabove + ρgh

• As a result of pressure remaining constant,
pressure increase in a confined space is constant h P = P + ρgh
B A
and is also known as Pascal’s Law
Where, ρ = fluid density (kg/m3)
B
h = height (m)
2.2 Pressure variation in static fluid
But what if multiple fluid is involve?

When multiple fluids are involved,

each fluid density must be taken into
account with respect to each height.

Using the same concept:

Pbelow = Pabove + ρgh

P1 = Patm + ρ1gh1 + ρ2gh2 + ρ3gh3

Why is this so?

2.2 Pressure variation in static fluid
Example: Step 1: Draw the schematic diagram
Figure below shows a tank of oil with one side open
to the atmosphere and the other side sealed with
air above the oil. The oil has a specific gravity of Step 2: Write the required equations
0.90. Calculate the gauge pressure at points A, B, C,
D, E, F, and the air pressure in the right side of the
tank. 𝑃𝐴 = 0 kPa (gage pressure)

𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝐵

𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐵 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝐶

𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃𝐵
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑃𝐴
𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑃𝐸 − 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝐸
2.2 Pressure variation in static fluid
Step 3: Determine the required properties
SG = 0.9;
ρ = SG(ρw) = 0.9(1000) = 900 kg/m3
g = 9.81 m/s2
EXERCISE
Figure below shows a segmented tank containing
various fluids. Water surface at point B is open to
the atmosphere (Patm = 96kPa). For the given fluid
heigh and specific gravity, estimate the pressure at
point A, C, D, and E.

Step 4: Substitute and solve

𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝐵 = 0 + 900 9.81 3 = 26.5𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃𝐷

𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐵 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝐶 = 26.5 + 900 9.81 3 = 53𝑘𝑃𝑎

Answers:
𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑃𝐸 − 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝐸 = 0 − 900 9.81 1.5 = −13.2kPa PA = 90.114kPa
PC = 99.924kPa
PD = Pc = 99.924kPa
PE = 111.696kPa
2.3 Manometric Pressure
• Pressure measuring devices are called manometers.
• Manometers may consist of single or multiple liquid
columns which can either be arranged vertically or
inclined.
• Manometers with vertical liquid columns is known as U-
tube manometers.
• Manometers with inclined liquid columns is known as
Inclined tube manometer.
• Liquid filled inside the columns can also be single or of Inclined tube manometer
multiple types of fluids.
Inclined tube manometers are normally used to measure
very small pressure reading as tilting the liquid column
allows of easier reading for the manometer.

single U-tube manometer

multiple U-tube manometer
2.3 Manometric Pressure
• Besides measuring pressure readings, Solving problems involving manometers require the
manometers can also be used to determine the formulation of what is called the Manometric Equation.
pressure difference (∆P) between two pipes or
Steps to write the Manometric Equation:
vessels.
• This is done by placing the manometers between
1. Identify two pressure points of interest (a start
the pipes or vessel. and a finish)
• Pressure points chosen should have the
necessary information to begin with.
2. The starting pressure point is then move until it
reaches the pressure point at the finish.
• The pressure point can either move across
(horizontal) or along (vertical) the liquid
columns.
• If its convenient to move across (horizontal)
Determine the pressure difference please do so accordingly.
2.3 Manometric Pressure
Moving in the horizontal direction will result in no change in pressure.

PA (start)
Moving in the vertical
direction (downwards)
will increase the (+ρgh)
pressure by ρgh) (+ρgh)

???
PB (finish)
Moving in the vertical
direction (upwards) will
(+ρgh) decrease the pressure by
ρgh) (-ρgh)

𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ𝑤 + 𝜌𝑚 𝑔ℎ𝑚 − 𝜌𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑔ℎ𝑔𝑙𝑦 + 𝜌𝑜 𝑔ℎ𝑜 = 𝑃𝐵

2.3 Manometric Pressure
Example #1 Step 1: Draw the schematic diagram

Step 2: Write what is required/equation

Manometric equation:

𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ𝑤 + 𝜌𝑜 𝑔ℎ𝑜 − 𝜌𝑚 𝑔ℎ𝑚 = 𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚

2.3 Manometric Pressure
Example #1 Step 3: Determine the required properties
-
Step 4: Substitute and solve

𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ𝑤 + 𝜌𝑜 𝑔ℎ𝑜 − 𝜌𝑚 𝑔ℎ𝑚 = 𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚

𝑃1 + (1000)(9.81)(0.1) + (850)(9.81)(0.2)
− 13,600 9.81 0.35) = 85,600Pa
𝑃1= 130kPa
2.3 Manometric Pressure
Example #2 Step 1: Draw the schematic diagram
- not required
Step 2: Write what is required/equation
Manometric equation:

𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ𝑤 −𝜌𝑓 𝑔ℎ𝑓 − 𝜌𝑜 𝑔ℎ𝑜 = 𝑃𝐵

2.3 Manometric Pressure
Example #2 Step 3: Determine the required properties
ρw = SG(1000)= (1)(1000)=1000kg/m3
ρf = SG(1000)= (13.6)(1000)=13,600kg/m3
ρoil = SG(1000)= (0.96)(1000)= 960kg/m3
hf = 0.1 sin 30° = 0.05m
Step 4: Substitute and solve

𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ𝑤 −𝜌𝑓 𝑔ℎ𝑓 − 𝜌𝑜 𝑔ℎ𝑜 = 𝑃𝐵

𝑃𝐴 + 1000 9.81 0.07 − (13,600)(9.81)(0.05)

− 960 9.81 (0.05) = 3,5000Pa
𝑃𝐴 = 9,954.98Pa / 9.955kPa
2.3 Manometric Pressure
Example #3 Step 1: Draw the schematic diagram
The pressure difference between an oil pipe and
water pipe is measured by a double fluid
Step 2: Write what is required/equation
manometer as shown in the figure below. For
the given fluid heights and specific gravities, Manometric equation:
calculate the pressure difference PB – PA. 𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ𝑤 −𝜌𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑔ℎ𝑔𝑙𝑦 + 𝜌𝑜 𝑔ℎ𝑜 = 𝑃𝐵
Glycerine,
SG= 1.35 Oil,
Water, SG= 0.98
Step 3: Determine the required properties
SG= 1
60cm 10cm ρw = SG(1000)= (1)(1000)=1000kg/m3
15cm ρgly = SG(1000)= (1.35)(1000)=1350kg/m3
20cm ρoil = SG(1000)= (0.98)(1000)= 990kg/m3

Mercury,
SG= 1.85
2.3 Manometric Pressure
Step 4: Substitute and solve
𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ𝑤 −𝜌𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑔ℎ𝑔𝑙𝑦 + 𝜌𝑜 𝑔ℎ𝑜 = 𝑃𝐵
𝑃𝐴 + 1000 9.81 0.6 − 1350 9.81 0.25
+ 90 9.81 (0.1) = 𝑃𝐵
𝑃𝐵 − 𝑃𝐴 = 3,536.5Pa / 3.5365kPa
Exercise #1
A multi-fluid manometer is used to measure the
pressure difference between point A and B as
shown in the figure below. The angle ϴ is 60°.
Calculate the pressure difference (PA - PB) if h1 =
12cm, h2 = 5cm, h3 = 8cm, h4 = 5cm, and h5 = 4cm.
Answers: PA – PB = -10.57kPa
 2.3 Manometric Pressure
Exercise #2

Answers: ρf = 10,030kg/m3 , Px = 123.946kPa

End of [PART 1] Chapter 2
NEXT: [PART 2] Chapter 2 Pressure & Fluid Statics