DJJ20073 FLUID MECHANICS

CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION OF
FLUID
SESSION 2 2022/2023
 SUBTOPICS:

• 1.1 EXPLAIN FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

• 1.2 EXPLAIN TYPES OF PRESSURE
• 1.3 EXPLAIN THE PRESSURE IN FLUID
1.1 FLUID CHARACTERISTICS
What is ‘FLUID’

A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously under the

action of shearing forces, however small they may be.
Conversely, if a fluid is at rest, there can be no shearing
Forces acting and, therefore, all forces in the fluid must be
perpendicular to the planes upon which they act.
Fluid Deformation

At rest
 3 major states (phases) of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
Since liquids and gases have some common characteristics that
are different than solids, they have been classified as fluids

Gas Liquid Solid

***See the molecules patterns..

Characteristics of gases, liquids and solids
1.2 TYPES OF PRESSURE

Pressure

Atmospheric Gauge Absolute Vacuum

 1. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, PATM
• Pressure due to weight of atmosphere or air above the surface of
earth,
• The air is compressible, therefore the density is different at different
height.
• So, atmospheric pressure is measured by the weight of column of
liquid that it can support.
• Atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 101.325 kN/m2, which is
equivalent to a head of 10.35 m of water or 760 mm of mercury
approximately, and it decreases with altitude.
Proof of existence of atmospheric pressure
 II. GAUGE PRESSURE, PG
• It is the pressure, measured with the help of a pressure measuring
instrument, in which the atmospheric pressure is taken as datum; in
other words the atmospheric pressure at the gauge scale is marked
zero.
• The gauge pressure can be either positive or negative depending on
whether the pressure is above atmospheric pressure (a positive value)
or below atmospheric pressure (a negative value).
 Bourdon gauge reading
+ve -ve
Example of pressure measuring tools
 III. ABSOLUTE PRESSURE, PABS
• It is the pressure equal to the algebraic sum of the atmospheric and
gauge pressures.

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE = GAUGE PRESSURE + ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

P =P + P
ABS G ATM

all the pressure must be in similar unit to use this formula

 IV. VACUUM PRESSURE, PV
• In a perfect vacuum which is a completely empty space or;
• A region of space in which there is no matter. The pressure is zero.
• Measured pressure below atmospheric is called vacuum, usually
measured as negative pressure
• Aplication: vacuum cleaner, food industries, medical applications
Example :
Relationship between these pressures
 Pabs (A) = Patm + Pgauge +ve (C)

Pabs (D) = Patm + Pvacuum (B)

Pabs (D) = Patm + Pgauge -ve (B)

Take note: Patm =101.325 kN/m2 @ 101325 N/m2

@ 1.013 bar
Calculate:

Determine the pressure of air in a cylinder if the atmospheric

pressure is 101.3 kN/m² and absolute pressure is 885.7 kN/m².
Answer must be in kN/m², N/m² & bar

ans: 784.4 kN/m2 784.4 x 103 N/m2 7.84 bar

SOLVE:
EXERCISE : 1.1 & 1.2 (page 18)
PRESSURE IN FLUID
• PRESSURE = FORCE (F) / AREA (A)
Units : pascal (pa) or N/m2
1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 0.1 Mpa =100kpa
Pressure in fluid
• A liquid in a container exerts forces against the walls and
bottom of the container
• Acts perpendicular to ALL surfaces (like a normal force)
• Pressure increases vertically downward.
• Pressure constant horizontally
 For a liquid in a container, the pressure the liquid exerts
against the bottom of the container is the weight of the
liquid divided by the area of the container bottom.

P = weight of liquid in the cylinder

area of the cylinder base
𝜔𝐴ℎ
P= = 𝝎𝐡
𝐴
** 𝝎=ρg (density x gravity acceleration)

Specific weight, 𝝎 = Weight

P = ρgh
Volume ◦ ρ = density
𝝎=W
V ◦ g = gravity
So, W = 𝝎 V
W=𝝎Ah ◦ h = depth beneath the water
 Exercise:
1. A diver is working at a depth of 20 m below the
surface of the sea. How much greater is the pressure
intensity at this depth than at the surface? Take into
consideration density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and
gravity acceleration is 9.81m/s2

(ans : 196.2 kN/m2)

1. Determine the absolute pressure of air in the compressor cylinder if the pressure gauge is
5500N/m² (assuming the atmospheric pressure is 101.3kN/m² )
2. Determine the water pressure at the depth of 900cm below under the water
level in pascal unit.
3. Calculate pressure and force on an inspection surface 0.65 m diameter located on the bottom of
a tank when it is filled with oil of density 890 kg/m3 to a depth of 7 m
Solve the problems..
i. EXERCISE 1.3 & 1.4 (PAGE 23)
Tutorial No: 1- 15 (page 25 & 26)