DJJ2093

FLUID MECHANICS
 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Analyze problems related to the fluid
mechanics and data from the experiments in
relation to the theoretical aspects. (C4, PLO2)
• Organize appropriately experiments in groups
according to the Standard Operating
Procedures. (P4, PLO4)
• 3. Demonstrate team work skill in assigned
task. (A3, PLO7)
 CHAPTER 1:
FLUID AND PROPERTIES
LESSON LEARNING OUTCOMES
 INTRODUCTION
What is Fluid Mechanics???
• A section of applied mechanics, concerned
with the static and dynamics of liquid and
gases
• Deals with the study of the motion of general
behavior of a fluid governed by the law of
conversation of mass, laws of mechanics and
of thermodynamics
 FLUID……………
What is fluid ?????
 a substance which deforms continuously under
the action of shearing forces, however small
they may be.
 if a fluid is at rest, there can be no shearing
forces
 all forces in the fluid must be perpendicular to
the planes upon which they act.

Free body diagram

Particles can move past one Rigid - Particles locked into
another Particles can move past one place
another
 Free surface

k k

(a) Solid (b) Liquid (c) Gas

 PRESSURE

Units : Newton’s per square metre, Nm-2,kgm-1s-2.

(The same unit is also known as Pascal, Pa i.e 1 Pa = 1Nm-2)
Also frequently used is the alternative SI unit the bar,
where 1 bar = 105Nm-2
Atmospheric Pressure, patm
– The pressure due to this atmosphere at the
surface of the earth depends upon the head of the
air above the surface.
– The air is compressible, therefore the density is
different at different height.
– atmospheric pressure is measured by the height
of column of liquid that it can support.
– Atmospheric pressure at sea level is about
101.325 kN/m2, which is equivalent to a head of
10.35 m of water or 760 mm of mercury
approximately, and it decreases with altitude.
 Gauge Pressure, pG
– measured with the help of a pressure measuring
instrument, in which the atmospheric pressure is
taken as datum; in other words the atmospheric
pressure at the gauge scale is marked zero.
– can be either positive or negative depending on
whether the pressure is above atmospheric
pressure (a positive value) if the fluid is in the
state of compression or below atmospheric
pressure (a negative value).
 Absolute Pressure, pA
• It is the pressure equal to the algebraic sum of
the atmospheric and gauge pressures.
 Vacuum, pv
• In a perfect vacuum which is a completely
empty space, the pressure is zero.
 EXAMPLE
• What is the pressure gauge of air in the
cylinder if the atmospheric gauge is 101.3
kN/m2 and absolute pressure is 460 kN/m2 ?

• Calculate the absolute pressure of air in the

compressor cylinder if the pressure gauges is
2500 N/m2
(Assume atmospheric gauge is 101.3 kN/m2 )
LESSON LEARNING OUTCOMES
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
FLUID
Fluid properties are intimately related to fluid
behaviour
viscosity

Mass
Fluid density
compressibility Physical
Properties

Relative Specific Specific

density weight volume
 Viscosity
• Viscosity, µ, is a measure of resistance to fluid flow .In other
words, viscosity can be seen as internal friction to fluid
motion which can then lead to energy loss.
• Different fluids deform at different rates under the same
shear stress. The ease with which a fluid pours is an
indication of its viscosity. Fluid with a high viscosity such as
syrup deforms more slowly than fluid with a low viscosity such
as water. The viscosity is also known as dynamic viscosity.
 Units: N.s/m2 or kg/m/s
 Typical values:
Water = 1.14x10-3 kg/m/s; Air = 1.78x10-5 kg/m/s
 Kinematic viscosity, ν
Definition: is the ratio of the viscosity to the density;
ν =µ/ρ
• will be found to be important in cases in which significant viscous and
gravitational forces exist.

Units: m2/s
Typical values:
Water = 1.14x10-6 m2/s; Air = 1.46x10-5 m2/s;
In general,
viscosity of liquids with temperature, whereas

viscosity of gases with in temperature.

 Fluid Compressibility
• How easily can the volume (density) of a given mass of the
fluid be changed when there is a change in pressure.
• Is the resistance to change in volume.
• Bulk Modulus @ Modulus of Elasticity defined to be the ratio
of the stress (change in pressure) to strain (change in volume
divided by the original volume).

Bulk Modulus @ Modulus of Elasticity, K:

K= -ΔP ΔP = change in Pressure
(ΔV/V) ΔV = change in Volume
V = original volume
 Mass density, ρ
mass, m
ρ=
volume, V

 SI units: kg/m3
Specific gravity or
relative density, s
ωsubs tan ce
s=
ωwater

ρsubs tan ce
s=
ρwater
 Specific volume, v
νρ =
1

volume, V
ν=
mass, m
• SI units: m3/kg
 Specific weight, ω
weight , W
ω=
volume, V

mg
ω=
V
ω = ρg
• SI units:N/m3
• In SI units the specific weight of water is
9.81 x 1000 = 9810 N/m3
 EXAMPLE
E.g. 1 :
What is the mass density, ρ of fluid (in kg/m3) if
mass is 450 g and the volume is 9 cm3.

E.g. 2 :
• What is the specific weight, ω of fluid (in kN/m3) if
the weight of fluid is 10N and the volume is 500 cm2.
E.g. 3
What is the specific gravity of fluid in E.g.2

E.g. 4
What is the specific volume, v of fluid in E.g.1
 EXERCISES!!!!!!!
1. Pressure of a barometer is 480kN/m2.
Calculate absolute pressure of barometer if
the atmospheric pressure is 1.03 bar.
 2. Volume of lubricant oil in a tank is 5.5 m3
and its weight is 50kN.
Calculate the following :-
a)Mass density of oil
b)Specific weight of oil
c)Specific volume of oil
d)Specific gravity of oil
THE END………