MULTIPHASE FLOW

2020-2021

Dr. Eng. : Mohammed Sayed Mohammed Soliman

 References
1- Frank M. white, Fluid mechanics, 4th edition
2- John F. Douglas, Janusz M. Gasiorek, John A. Swaffield, Lynne B. Jack, Fluid
mechanics, 5th edition
3- Christopher E. Brennen, Fundamentals of Multiphase Flows, California
Institute of Technology Pasadena, California
Chapter 1

Introduction
 Outline

– Course specifications
– Introduction
– System of units
– Properties of fluid
– Applications
 Course specifications
Aim of course:
The purpose of the present course is to make a thorough presentation of the basic techniques
for analyzing one dimensional multiphase flows and to show how they can be applied to a
wide variety of engineering practical problems.

Assessment schedule:
• Assessment 1 End of course Week 15
• Assessment 2 Mid term tests Weeks 6,10
• Assessment 3 Reports Weeks 8,12
 Course specifications

Weighting of assessments:
• Final exam 40%
• Mid term exam 1 15%
• Reports 10%
• Mid term exam 2 15%
• Oral exam 10%
• Other types of assessments 10%
---------------------------------------------------------------
Total 100%
Introduction

Matter

Solid Fluid

Liquid Gas
 Solid Liquid Gas
Intermediate Extremely small Small Large

spacing

Intermolecular Very strong Week Very week

bond
Compression Incompressible incompressible compressible
 Fluid flow

Multiphase Single Phase

Liquid or Gas

Liquid-Solid Liquid-Gas Gas-Solid

 Multiphase flow
The multiphase flow is the flow of two or more distinct phases. One could
classify them according to the state of the different phases as: gas/liquid,
liquid/solid or gas/particle flows.

Horizontal multi-phase flow Vertical multi-phase flow

 Applications of Multiphase flow
• Tubular boiler • Boiling water reactors
• Gas lift pumps • Oil wells
• Oil/gas transportation pipelines • Refrigerators

Gas Lift Pump

Oil/gas transportation pipelines

System of units
Quantity SI British

Length Meter (m ) Foot ( ft )

Mass Kilogram ( kg ) Pound-mass ( Ibm )

Force Newton (N(=kg.m/s2)) Pound- force ( Ibf )

Time Second (s) Second (s)

Temperature Kelvin ( K=oC+273 ) Rankin (R)

Energy Joule ( J (=N.m)) Foot- pound ( ft-Ibf )

Velocity m/s Force N Acceleration m/s2

Specific weight N/m3
Power Watt Energy J
Density kg/m3 Pressure Pa
Unit Prefixes
 Properties of fluid
 Force: The force is defined as the quantity required producing acceleration
of a given mass. Forces are vectors like quantities having magnitude,
direction and point of application.
Newton’s second law:

 Weight: The weight of an object depends on its location, i.e. gravitational

acceleration. Therefore, it is a gravitational force.
Newton’s second law:
Density, (ρ) of a substance is defined as the mass per unit volume
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝜌𝜌 = = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑉𝑉

The specific volume (v) is defined as the volume of unit mass of fluid,
usually quoted in m3/kg. It is the reciprocal of the density.
𝑉𝑉 1
𝑣𝑣 = = 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑘𝑘𝑔𝑔
𝑚𝑚 𝜌𝜌

The specific weight (γ) is defined as weight per unit volume. It is the
weight density.
𝑊𝑊 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∗ 𝑔𝑔
γ= = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝜌𝜌 × 𝑔𝑔 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚3
𝑉𝑉
𝜌𝜌
Specific Gravity, Relative Density: (SG)

Relative density, is defined as the ratio of mass density of a

substance to some standard mass density. For solids and liquids
this standard mass density is the density for water.

𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
𝜌𝜌𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
 Pressure (P)
 The pressure is define as the force exerted by the fluid on unit
area of the boundary.

𝐹𝐹 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∗ 𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌 ∗ 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 ∗ 𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌 ∗ 𝐴𝐴 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝑔𝑔 𝑁𝑁
𝑃𝑃 = = = = = 𝜌𝜌. 𝑔𝑔. ℎ = 𝛾𝛾. ℎ [ 2 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃]
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝑚𝑚
 [Absolute] or [Total Pressure]
Absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure ± gauge pressure

𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ± 𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔 [𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃]

𝐹𝐹
𝑃𝑃𝑔𝑔𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = = 𝜌𝜌 × 𝑔𝑔 × ℎ = γ × ℎ
𝐴𝐴
[𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃]
𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =1 bar = 105 Pa
 Applications
The fundamental difference
between solids and fluids is the
response to the shear stress.

△x
τ △x τ U

△y Solid △y Fluid

G, shear modulus or
modulus of rigidity
Viscosity, Absolute viscosity, Dynamic viscosity μ (Pa.s):
Viscosity is the property of a fluid, due to cohesion and interaction between molecules, which
offers resistance to sheer deformation.
𝜏𝜏
𝜇𝜇 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 [Pa.s]
�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1 Poise (P) = 0.1 Pa.s cP = 0.001 Pa.s

Kinematic viscosity, ν
𝜇𝜇 𝑚𝑚2
𝑣𝑣 = [ ]
𝜌𝜌 𝑠𝑠

1 stoke = 1 cm2/s = 1*10-4 m2/s

Ex. 1. A sample of motor oil is tested in a parallel plate shearing
device as shown in figure with the following results:
τ= 73.7 Pa, the plate separation distance is 12.7 mm, top plate
velocity is 3 m/s.
Determine the viscosity of the fluid and the shear strain.

△x τ U

△y

0.312 Pa.s
236.2 s-1