VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR

PROJECT REPORT
ON

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

STUDENT NAME : SACHIN MEENA

ROLL NO. : 19EVJCE040
BRANCH : CIVIL ENGINEERING
YEAR : 2nd YEAR,3rd SEM.
Properties of Fluids:
● Units of measurement
● Mass density
● Specific Weight
● Specific volume
● Specific Gravity
● Viscosity
● Surface tension
● Capillarity
● Compressibility
● Elasticity
Units of measurement of fluids :
● The system of units of capacity ordinarily used in measuring liquid
commodities, as milk or oil.
● English system: 4 gills = 1 pint; 2 pints = 1 quart; 4 quarts = 1 gallon.
● Metric system: 1,000 milliliters = 1 liter; 1,000 liters = 1 kiloliter (= 1
cubic meter).
Mass density :
● The mass density or density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of a mass of fluid
to its a volume of the fluid.
● Density is called a Mass per unit volume of a fluid.
● This is denoted by symbol ρ (rho) and the unit of mass density is (kg/m3).
● The density of liquid may be constant but the density of gases changes with
the variation of temperature and pressure.
● (The Density of water is 1000 kg/m3) or (we can say 1 g/cm3).
● ρ (rho) = (Mass of Fluid) / (Volume of Fluid)
Specific Weight :
● Weight density or specific density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of the
weight of the fluid to its volume of the fluid.
● Weight density is called Weight per unit volume of a fluid.
● This is denoted by symbol 'w' and the unit of mass density is (N/m3).
● w = (Weight of Fluid) / (Volume of fluid)

=(Mass of fluid) * (Acceleration due to gravity) / (Volume of fluid)

● And we know from the previous formula of Density. So this becomes,

● w=ρ*g
● The value of weight density or specific weight for water is 9.81*1000
N/m3
Specific volume :
● The specific volume of a fluid is defined as the ratio of the volume of fluid to
the mass of fluid. or
● The volume of a fluid occupied by a unit mass or volume per unit mass of a
fluid is called Specific volume.
● The unit of Specific volume is m³/kg and This is commonly applied to Gases.
● Specific Volume = (Volume of fluid) / (Mass of fluid)
● When we divide by volume of fluid to the Numerator and Denominator the
fraction we get is (1) / (ρ)
● Specific volume is the reciprocal of Mass Density as seen from the formula
we got.
Specific Gravity :
● This is defined as the ratio of the Density or weight density of a fluid to density
or weight density of a standard fluid.
● We know the Standard fluid is water so for liquid the water is standard fluid
and For gases, the Standard fluid is taken as Air.
● Most important The specific gravity is called Relative Density. This is denoted
by the symbol 'S' and this is dimensionless because the upper unit and lower
units get canceled.
● S (liquid) = ( Weight Density of liquid)/(Weight Density of water)
● S (Gases) = ( Weight Density of Gases / (Weight Density of Air)
● Weight density of liquid = S * Weight Density of water

= S * 9.81 * 1000 N/m3

● Density of liquid = S * Density of water = S * 1000 kg/m3

Viscosity :
● Viscosity is defined as resistance to flow deformation. It is an internal
resistance between two particles.
● The reciprocal of the viscosity is called the fluidity.
● In Mathematically the viscosity is the measure of internal resistance between
two adjacent fluid particles in motion.
● Unit is 1/s
● dθ/dt, It is rate of angular deformation to the rate of shear strain or strain rate.

● du/dy is the velocity gradient.

Surface tension :
● Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into the minimum
surface area possible.
● Surface tension allows insects (e.g. water striders), usually denser than water,
to float and slide on a water surface.
● Surface tension has the dimension of force per unit length, or of energy per
unit area.
Capillarity :
● Capillary action (sometimes capillarity, capillary motion, capillary effect, or
wicking) is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the
assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity.
● It occurs because of intermolecular forces between the liquid and surrounding
solid surfaces.
Compressibility :
● In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, compressibility (also known as the
coefficient of compressibility or isothermal compressibility) is a measure of the
relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure (or
mean stress) change.
● Mathematically compressibility (β) is defined as the reciprocal of bulk modulus
(K) of elasticity.
● Bulk modulus (K) is defined as the ratio of direct stress to volumetric strain.
● In fluid mechanics our direct stress is hydrostatic stress.
● Therefore, K = -dP/(dV/V) = -VdP/dV ; here 'P' is pressure.
Elasticity :
● The elasticity is often called the compressibility of the fluid.
● The bulk modulus of elasticity of water is approximately 2.2 GN/m2, which
corresponds to a 0.05% change in volume for a change of 1 MN/m2 in
pressure.
● For most purposes a liquid may be considered as incompressible.