MOMENTUM TRANSFER

(CHE-1005)

By
Dr. Dharmendra Kumar Bal
Assistant Professor (Sr.)
School of Chemical Engineering
Email: dharmendrakumar.b@vit.ac.in
Cabin no: SMV-108
• System: Something of fixed mass and identity.

• Control volume: Fixed region in space.

• Fluid: Fluids are substances which undergo

continuous deformation even under action of very
small shear force.
 Properties of Fluids
1. Density or Mass Density:
It is defined as the ratio of the mass of a fluid to its volume. It is denoted as ρ.
ρ= Mass of fluid/Volume of fluid=m/v
2. Specific weight or Weight Density:
It is the ratio of weight of fluid to its volume.
It is denoted as w, where, w = Weight of fluid/Volume of fluid
w = (Mass of fluid x Acceleration due to gravity)/Volume of fluid
= (Mass of fluid x g)/Volume of fluid = ρ x g
3. Specific volume:
It is defined as the volume of a fluid occupied by unit mass of fluid.
Sp.volume = Volume of fluid/ mass of fluid
= 1/(mass of fluid/Volume of fluid) = 1/ ρ
4. Specific gravity:
It is defined as the ratio of the weight density of the fluid to weight density of a
standard fluid. It is denoted as s.
s (liquids) = density of liquid/ density of water
s (gases) = density of gas/ density of air
 For liquids the mass density, the specific weight and specific volume
vary only slightly with variation of temperature and pressure (since
the molecules are arranged compactly)

 For gases, these properties vary greatly with variation of either

temperature, or pressure, or both (since the molecular spacing in
gases changes considerably on account of pressure and temperature)
 Compressibility
• Compressibility of any substance is the measure of its change in
volume under the action of external forces.
• The normal compressive stress on any fluid element at rest is
known as hydrostatic pressure p and arises as a result of
innumerable molecular collisions in the entire fluid.
• The compressibility of a liquid is expressed by its bulk modulus of
elasticity.

Where dV and dP are the changes in the

volume and pressure respectively, and V is the initial volume
• The negative sign because increase in pressure would
decrease the volume
• Since dV/V is dimensionless, E is expressed in the units of
pressure
• For a given mass of a substance, the change in its volume and
density satisfies the relation
∆m = 0 ∆(ρV) = 0
• Thus we have
• Values of E for liquids are very high as compared with those of
gases (except at very high pressures). Therefore, liquids are
usually termed as incompressible fluids though, in fact, no
substance is theoretically incompressible with a value of E as ∞.
• The bulk modulus of elasticity for water and air at atmospheric
pressure are approximately 2 x 106 kN/m2 and 101 kN/m2
respectively
• It indicates that air is about 20,000 times more compressible than
water. Hence water can be treated as incompressible.
• If the change in density is less than 5% it can considered as
incompressible (Ma<0.3).
• Variation of the density with pressure depends on the
thermodynamic process that it undergoes.
• So proper definition of bulk modulus should mention the type of
thermodynamic process which it undergoes.
Compressible fluid
• For gases another characteristic parameter, known as
compressibility K, is usually defined , it is the reciprocal of E
 Viscosity
• Viscosity is the property of a fluid, due to cohesion and interaction
between molecules, which offers resistance to shear deformation.
• Different fluids deform at different rates under the same shear stress.
• Fluid with a high viscosity such as syrup, deforms more slowly than
fluid with a low viscosity such as water.
• In a flow of fluid, when the fluid elements move with different
velocities, each element will feel some resistance due to fluid friction
within the elements.
• Therefore, shear stresses can be identified between the fluid elements
with different velocities.
 Causes of Viscosity in Fluids
• The causes of viscosity in a fluid are possibly attributed to two factors:

 (i) intermolecular force of cohesion

 (ii) molecular momentum exchange

• For Newtonian fluids, the coefficient of viscosity depends strongly on

temperature but varies very little with pressure.

• For liquids, molecular motion is less significant than the forces of

cohesion, thus viscosity of liquids decrease with increase in temperature.

• For gases, molecular motion is more significant than the cohesive forces,
thus viscosity of gases increase with increase in temperature.
Viscosity as a function of temperature
Change of Viscosity of Water and Air under 1 atm