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10
KNOWN: Form of the velocity and temperature profiles for flow over a surface.
FIND: Expressions for the friction and convection coefficients.
SCHEMATIC:
(dT/dx )f,x=0 = −
h
kf
(
Ts,1 − T∞ )
(dT/dx )f,x=0 = −
705 W/m 2 ⋅ K
0.62 W/m ⋅ K
( )
15 C = −17, 056 C/m. <
COMMENTS: Note the relative magnitudes of the gradients. Why is there such a large
difference?
PROBLEM 6.12
KNOWN: Boundary layer temperature distribution.
FIND: Surface heat flux.
SCHEMATIC:
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Forms for the local coefficients in the laminar and turbulent regions, hlam =
Clamx-0.5 and htirb = Cturbx-0.2 where Clam = 8.845 W/m3/2⋅K, Cturb = 49.75 W/m2⋅K0.8, and x has units (m).
PROPERTIES: Table A.4, Air (T = 350 K): k = 0.030 W/m⋅K, ν = 20.92 × 10-6 m2/s, Pr = 0.700.
ANALYSIS: (a) Using air properties evaluated at 350 K with xc = 0.5 m,
u x
Re x,c = ∞ c = 5 × 105 u ∞ = 5 × 105 ν x c = 5 × 105 × 20.92 × 10 −6 m 2 s 0.5 m = 20.9 m s <
ν
(b) From Eq. 6.5, the average coefficient in the laminar region, 0 ≤ x ≤ xc, is
1 x 1 1
hlam ( x ) = ∫ h lam ( x ) dx = Clam ∫ x −0.5dx = Clam x 0.5 = 2Clam x −0.5 = 2h lam ( x )
x
x 0 x o x
(1) <
(c) The average coefficient in the turbulent region, xc ≤ x ≤ L, is
xc x
1 xc x 0.5 x 0.8
∫ h lam ( x ) dx + ∫x c h turb ( x ) dx = Clam 0.5 + C turb 0.8
x
h turb ( x ) =
x 0
0 x c
h turb ( x ) =
1
x
2Clam x c0.5 + 1.25C turb x 0.8 − x c0.8
( ) (2) <
(d) The local and average coefficients, Eqs. (1) and (2) are plotted below as a function of x for the range
0 ≤ x ≤ L.
150
Convection coefficient (W/m^2.K)
100
50
0
0 0.5 1
Lmin = =
8
(
−6 2
Re x ν 1×10 15.71× 10 m / s )
u∞ 50 m/s
xc =
Re x,c ν
=
(
5 × 105 15.71× 10-6 m 2 / s )
u∞ 50 m/s
x c = 0.157 m. <
COMMENTS: Note that
x c Re x,c
=
L ReL
This expression may be used to quickly establish the location of transition from knowledge of
Re x,c and Re L .
PROBLEM 6.15
KNOWN: Transition Reynolds number. Velocity and temperature of atmospheric air, water,
engine oil and mercury flow over a flat plate.
FIND: Distance from leading edge at which transition occurs for each fluid.
SCHEMATIC:
ν 5 × 105
x c = Re x,c = ν.
u ∞ 1 m/s
Substituting appropriate viscosities, find
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Incompressible fluid with constant properties, (3)
Negligible body forces, (4) v = 0, (5) T = T(y) or ∂T/∂x = 0, (6) Thermal energy generation occurs
only by viscous dissipation.
ANALYSIS: (a) From the mass continuity equation, it follows from the prescribed conditions that
∂u/∂x = 0. Hence u = u(y).
(b) From Newton’s second law of motion, ΣFx = (Rate of increase of fluid momentum)x,
∂ x ∂ y ∂ x { }
p − p + ∂ p dx dy ⋅ 1 + −τ + τ + ∂ τ dy dx ⋅ 1 = ( ρ u ) u + ∂ ( ρ u ) u dx dy ⋅ 1 − ( ρ u ) u dy ⋅ 1
[ ]
Hence, with τ = µ (∂ u/∂ y ) , it follows that
∂ p ∂ τ ∂ ∂ p ∂ 2u
− + = ( ρ u ) u = 0 =µ . <
∂ x ∂ y ∂ x ∂ x ∂ y2
(c) From the conservation of energy requirement and the prescribed conditions, it follows that
E in − E out = 0, or
pu + ρ u e + u 2 / 2 dy ⋅1 + −k ∂ T + τ u + ∂ (τ u ) dy dx ⋅1
( )
∂ y ∂ y
{
− pu +
∂
∂ x
( pu ) dx + ρ u (e + u / 2) + ∂∂ x ρ u (e + u / 2) dx} dy ⋅1 − τ u − k ∂∂ Ty + ∂∂ y −k ∂∂ Ty dy dx ⋅1 = 0
2 2
∂ (τ u ) ∂
or,
∂ y
−
∂ x
∂
∂ x (
∂ ∂ T
( pu ) − ρ u e + u 2 / 2 + k = 0
∂ y ∂ y )
∂ u ∂ τ ∂ p ∂ 2T
τ +u −u +k = 0.
∂ y ∂ y ∂ x ∂ y2
Noting that the second and third terms cancel from the momentum equation,
2 ∂ 2T
∂ u
µ + k = 0. <
∂ y ∂ y 2
PROBLEM 6.17
KNOWN: Oil properties, journal and bearing temperatures, and journal speed for a lightly
loaded journal bearing.
FIND: Maximum oil temperature.
SCHEMATIC:
µ 2 y y
2
T(y) = T0 + U − .
2k L L
µ 2 1 1 µ U2
Tmax = T ( L/2 ) = T0 + U − = T0 +
2k 2 4 8k
2
10-2kg/s ⋅ m (10m/s )
Tmax = 40 C +
8 × 0.15 W/m ⋅ K
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Incompressible fluid with constant properties, (3)
Couette flow.
3 -5 2 -3
PROPERTIES: Oil (Given): ρ = 800 kg/m , ν = 10 m /s, k = 0.13 W/m⋅K; µ = ρν = 8 × 10
kg/s⋅m.
ANALYSIS: (a) For Couette flow, the velocity distribution is linear, u(y) = U(y/L), and the energy
equation and general form of the temperature distribution are
2 2 2
d 2T du U µ U C
k = −µ = −µ T = − y 2 + 1 y + C2 .
dy 2 dy L 2k L k
2
Considering the boundary conditions dT/dy)y=L = 0 and T(0) = T0, find C2 = T0 and C1 = µU /L.
Hence,
( )
T = T0 + µ U 2 / k ( y/L ) − 1/ 2 ( y/L ) .
2
<
(b) Applying Fourier’s law at y = 0, the rate of heat transfer per unit length to the bearing is
8 × 10−3 kg/s ⋅ m (14.14 m/s )
2
q ′ = − k (π D )
dT
dy y=0
= − (π D )
µ U2
L
(
= − π × 75 × 10 − m
3
) 0.25 × 10 −3 m
= −1507.5 W/m
( )
P′ = 452.5kg/s 2 ⋅ m π × 75 ×10-3m 14.14m/s = 1507.5kg ⋅ m/s3 = 1507.5W/m <
where the shear stress at y = L is
U 14.14 m/s
τ s( y=L ) = µ (∂ u/∂ y )y=L = µ = 8 ×10−3 kg/s ⋅ m 2
= 452.5 kg/s ⋅ m.
L -3
0.25 × 10 m
COMMENTS: Note that q′ = P′, which is consistent with the energy conservation requirement.
PROBLEM 6.19
KNOWN: Conditions associated with the Couette flow of air or water.
FIND: (a) Force and power requirements per unit surface area, (b) Viscous dissipation, (c) Maximum
fluid temperature.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Fully-developed Couette flow, (2) Incompressible fluid with constant
properties.
-7 2 -3
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (300K): µ = 184.6 × 10 N⋅s/m , k = 26.3 × 10 W/m⋅K; Table A-6,
-6 2
Water (300K): µ = 855 × 10 N⋅s/m , k = 0.613 W/m⋅K.
ANALYSIS: (a) The force per unit area is associated with the shear stress. Hence, with the linear
velocity profile for Couette flow, τ = µ ( du/dy ) = µ ( U/L ) .
200 m/s
Air: τ air = 184.6 ×10−7 N ⋅ s/m 2 × = 0.738 N/m 2 <
0.005 m
200 m/s
Water: τ water = 855 × 10−6 N ⋅ s/m 2 × = 34.2 N/m 2 .
0.005 m
With the required power given by P/A = τ ⋅ U,
Air: ( P/A )air =(0.738 N/m2 ) 200 m/s = 147.6 W/m2 <
Water: ( P/A )water = (34.2 N/m 2 ) 200 m/s = 6840 W/m 2 .
2 2
(b) The viscous dissipation is µΦ = µ (du/dy ) = µ ( U/L ) . Hence,
2
N ⋅ s 200 m/s
Air: ( µΦ )air = 184.6 ×10−7 2
4
0.005 m = 2.95 ×10 W/m
3 <
m
2
− N ⋅ s 200 m/s
Water: ( µΦ )water = 855 ×10 6
2
6 3
0.005 m = 1.37 × 10 W/m .
m
(c) From the solution to Part 4 of the text Example, the location of the maximum temperature
corresponds to ymax = L/2. Hence, Tmax = T0 + µ U 2 / 8k and
2
184.6 × 10 -7 N ⋅ s/m 2
( 200 m/s )
Air: (Tmax )air = 27 C+ = 30.5 C <
8 × 0.0263 W/m ⋅ K
2
855 × 10-6 N ⋅ s/m 2 ( 200 m/s )
Water: (Tmax )water = 27 C + = 34.0 C.
8 × 0.613 W/m ⋅ K
COMMENTS: (1) The viscous dissipation associated with the entire fluid layer, µΦ ( LA ) , must
equal the power, P. (2) Although µΦ
1 6water >> 1µΦ6air , k water >> k air . Hence,
Tmax,water ≈ Tmax,air .