Module 5 (Traversing and Travers Computation)

UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.
College of Engineering and Architecture

Dubinan East, Santiago City
LEARNING MODULE
PBSCE 003 LEC - fundamentals of Surveying
MODULE 5: TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE

COMPUTATION
Engr. Claudette Mine A. Lumibao
this module is for the exclusive use of the University of La Salette, Inc. Any form of reproduction, distribution, uploading, or posting
online in any form or by any means without the written permission of the university is strictly prohibited. 1
MODULE 5: TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
This Module will explain the concepts of Traversing and illustrate how to balance a traverse
using Compass Rule and Transit Rule, Traverse Area by DMD and DPD Method.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of module 5, you should have achieved the following:
1. compute for the latitudes and departures of each course and balance these quatities by
employing compass rule and transit rule;
2. determine the total closure in latitude and departure; and
3. determine the area of the given traverse using Double-Parallel Distance (DPD) and Double-
Meridian Distance (DMD) method.
Preassessment: Recall your knowledge on Plane Geometry by answering the following
questions:(Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper to be submitted as schedule)
1. The sides of a parallelogram measure 25cm and 40cm. One of its interior angles measures 78°.
If the consecutive midpoints of the sides are connected, find the area of the figure thus formed.
2. The diagonals of a parallelogram measure 48m and 70m. If they intersect at an angle of 51°,
find the area of the parallelogram.
COMPASS SURVEYS
The method of compass surveying is one of the most basic and widely practiced methods of
determining the relative location of points where a high degree of precision is not required.
Such surveys, which employ a magnetic compass, are performed by traversing.
To better understand compass surveys, the following commonly used terms are defined.
1. Traverse. A traverse is a series of lines connecting successive points whose lengths and
directions have been determined from field measurements.
2. Traversing. The process of measuring the lengths and directions of the lines of a traverse
for the purpose of locating the position of certain points.
3. Traverse Station. Any temporary or permanent point of reference over which the
instrument is set up. It isusually marked by a peg or a hub driven flush with the ground
and identified by consecutive letters or numbers as the survey progresses. Traverse stations
are sometimes called angle points because an angle is usually measured at such stations.
4. Traverse Lines. Are lines connecting traverse stations and whose lengths and directions are
determined.
The field work involved in most compass surveys is generally divided into two basic
operations, the measurement of angles at traverse stations and the measurement of lengths of
traverse lines. Angular relationships between traverse lines are usually established by
deflection angles, angles to the right, interior angles, and by bearings or azimuths. The angles
measured at traverse stations provide an expression of the difference in the directions of the
traverse lines.
TYPES OF COMPASS SURVEYS
1. Open Compass Traverse. An open compass traverse consists of a series of lines of known
lengths and magnetic bearings which are continuous but do not return to the starting point or
close upon a point of known position. Such a traverse is usually run for preliminary or
exploratory purposes as in route surveys. An open traverse is generally avoided since they offer
way of checking the field measurements for errors and mistakes. Also, there are no arithmetic
checks available since the figure formed by the surveyed lines do not close; the angles cannot
be summed up to known geometrical conditions.
2. Closed Compass Traverse. A closed compass traverse consists of a series of lines of known
lengths and magnetic bearings which forms a closed loop, or begin and points whose positions
have been fixed by other surveys of higher precision.
Since a closed traverse provides checks on the measured angles and distances, they are used
extensively in construction surveys, establishment of control for triangulation work, as well as
in property and topographic surveys. It is customary to begin at some convenient corner when
making a survey enclosing an area, and to take bearings and measure distances in a particular
order (clockwise or counterclockwise) around the field. An excellent advantage of a closed
traverse over an open traverse is the available check on angular measurements. The sum of the
interior angles of a closed traverse is exactly equal to (n-2)180°, where n is the number of sides
of the traverse.
METHODS OF TRAVERSING
In traversing, the methods used in observing angles or directions of traverse lines vary and
include :
1) Interior angles, 3) Deflection angles, and
2) Angles to the right, 4) Azimuths
The length of each traverse line (also called a course) must be observed, and this is usually done
by the simplest and most economical method capable of satisfying the required precision of a
given project.
ANGLE MISCLOSURE
The angular misclosure for an interior-angle traverse is the difference between the sum of the
observed angles and the geometrically correct total for the polygon. The sum, of the interior
angles of a closed polygon should be:
 Int. Angle  n  2180

where n is the number of sides, or angles, in the polygon.
Misclosures result from the accumulation of random errors in the angle observations.
For example:
What is the angular misclosure of a five-sided polygon traverse with observed angles of
83°07’23”, 105°23’01”, 124°56’48”, 111°51’31”, 114°41’27”.
Solution: Balancing Angles
Applying an average correction to each angle where observing conditions were approximately
the same at all stations. The correction for each angle is found by dividing the total angular
misclosure by the number of angles.
 Int.Angle  53959'18" (Observed Sum)
 Int. Angle  n  2180  540 (Geometric Sum)
AngleMiscl osure  53959'18"540  00'42"
To balance the observed interior angles,

 00'42"
Correction   00'8.4" (Correction is to be added to each interior angle)
5
Adjusted angles:
83°07’23” + 0°0’8.4” = 83°7’22.2”
105°23’01” + 0°0’8.4”= 105°23’9”
124°56’48” + 0°0’8.4”= 124°56’37.2”
111°51’31” + 0°0’8.4”= 111°51’27”
114°41’27” + 0°0’8.4”= 114°41’24.6”
  5400'0"
TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
Measured angles or directions of closed traverses are readily investigated before leaving the field.
If specifications have been satisfied, the traverse is then adjusted to create perfect “closure” or
geometric consistency among angles and lengths; if not, field observations must be repeated until
adequate results are obtained.
The usual steps followed in making elementary traverse computations are:
(1) adjusting angles or directions to fixed geometric conditions,
(2) determining preliminary azimuths (or bearings) of the traverse lines
(3) Calculating departures and latitudes and adjusting them for misclosure,
(4) Computing rectangular coordinates of the traverse stations, and
(5) calculating the lengths and azimuths (or bearings) of the traverse lines after adjustment.
After balancing the angles, the next step in traverse computation is calculation of either
preliminary azimuths or preliminary bearings. This requires the direction of at least one course
within the traverse to be either known or assumed.
For some computational purposes an assumed direction is sufficient, and in that case the usual
determining the other directions.
After balancing the angles and calculating preliminary azimuths (or bearings), traverse closure is
checked by computing the departure and latitude of each line.
Latitude of any line - is the projection on a north and
south lines. It may be called as north or positive
latitude and south or negative latitude.
LAT  l cos  (+)northing&(–)southing
Departure of any line - is the projection on the east
and west line. West departure is sometimes called
negative departure and East departure is sometimes
called
DEP  l sin  (+)eastings &(–)
ERROR OF CLOSURE
In any closed traversed, there is always an error. No survey is geometrically perfect, until
proper adjustment are made. For a closed traversed, the sum of the north and south latitudes
should always be zero.
The linear error of closure (LEC) is usually a short line of unknown length and direction
connecting the initial and final stations of the traverse. It is approximately determined by
plotting the traverse to scale, or more exactly by computing the hypothenuse of a right triangle
whose sides are the closure in latitudes and the closure in departures, respectively. This quantity
reflects the algebraic sum of all the accumulated errors of measurement both in angles and
distances when running the traverse. The length of the linear error of closure and the angle that
this line makes with the meridian is determined by the following equations
C
LEC  C L2  C D2 and Tan   D
CL
Where:
LEC = linear error of closure
C L = closure in latitude or the algebraic sum of north and south latitudes

C D = closure in departure or the algebraic sum of the east and west departures
 = bearing angle of the side of error
If the linear error of closure is excessive, it indicates that a mistake has been committed during
the field measurement or in plotting and computing the traverse data. The first step then would
be to check all the calculations to make sure that the mistake is not in the calculations
themselves. The field work should either be checked or repeated if after a recomputation the
error of closure still does not come within the expected limits.
LEC
RP 
D
Where:
RP = relative precision
LEC = linear error of closure
D = total length or perimeter of the traverse.
For Example:
1. LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES. Given in the tabulation below are notes for an open
traverse. Determine the latitude and departure of each course and tabulate observed and
computed values accordingly.
COURSE DISTANCE(l) BEARING COURSE DISTANCE BEARING
AB 550.30m N28°10’E DE 631.22m N50°00’E
BC 395.48m S69°35’E EF 340.05m S25°05’E
CD 462.70m S27°50’E FG 275.86m Due East
Solution:
a) Determining Latitudes: LAT  l cos  b) Determining Departures: DEP  l sin 
Lat ab  550.30 cos 2810'  485.13m Lat ab  550.30 cos 2810'  259.76m
Lat bc  395.48 cos 6935'  137.96m Lat bc  395.48 sin 6935'  370.64m
Lat cd  462.70 cos 2750'  409.17 m Lat cd  462.70 sin 2750'  216.04m
Lat de  631.22 cos 5000'  405.74m Lat de  631.22 sin 5000'  483.54m
Lat ef  340.05 cos 2505'  307.98m Lat ef  340.05 sin 2505'  144.16m
Lat fg  275.86 cos 9000'  0.00 Lat fg  275.86 sin 9000'  275.86m
Note: In the above calculations, north latitudes and east departures considered plus; south
latitudes and west departures minus.
2. ERROR OF CLOSURE. In a given closed traverse the sum of the north latitudes exceeds the
sum of the south latitudes by 2.74m and the sum of the west departure exceeds the sum of the
east departure 3.66m. Determine the linear error of closure and the bearing side of error.
Solution:
C L   NL   SL  2.74 M
C D   ED   WD  3.66
LEC  C L2  C D2  2.74 2   3.66 2  4.57 m (Linear error of closure)
 C D   3.66   3.66
Tan      1.335766
 C L   2.74   2.74
  5311' (therefore, the bearing of the side of error is S53°11’E)

TRAVERS ADJUSTMENT
For any closed traverse, the linear misclosure must be adjusted (or distributed) throughout the
traverse to “close” or “balance” the figure. There are several elementary methods available for
traverse adjustment, but the most commonly used are:
1. The Compass Rule (Bowditch method) - rule adjusts the departures and latitudes of traverse
courses in proportion to their lengths
2. The Transit Rule - No sound theoretical foundation since it is purely empirical; best suited for
surveys where traverse sides are measured by stadia or subtense bar method
Compass Rule (Bowditch method)
Each course is adjusted using the following formulas:
CD
CorrDEP  ( LengthOfCo urse)
D
C
CorrLAT  L ( LengthOfCo urse)
D
Transit Rule
Each course is adjusted using the following formulas:
CD
CorrDEP  ( DEPofCours e)
 DEP
CL
CorrLAT  ( LATofCours e)
 LAT
For Example:
1. COMPASS RULE. Given in the accompanying tabulation are the served data fo travers
obtained from a transit-tape survey, latitudes, and departures of each course. Balance the
departures and latitudes using the compass rule, and determined the adjusted length and bearing
of each course.
COMPUTED COMPUTED
COURSE DISTANCE BEARING LATITUDE DEPARTURE
(+) N (-) S (+) E (-) W

AB 495.86m N05ᵒ30’E 493.57 47.53
BC 850.62m N46ᵒ02’E 590.53 612.23
CD 855.45m S67ᵒ38’E 325.53 791.09
DE 1,020.87m S12ᵒ25’E 996.99 219.51
EF 1,117.26m S83ᵒ44’W 121.96 1,110.58
FA 660.08m N55ᵒ09’W 377.19 541.7
SUMS 5,000.13m 1,461.29 -1,444.48 1,670.36 -1,652.28
 NL  SL  ED  WD
a. Determine total closure in Latitude and Departure.

C L   NL   SL  1461.29   1444.48  16.81m (total closure in latitude)
C D   ED   WD  1670.36   1652.28  18.08m (total closure in departure)
b. Determine the corrections for Latitudes and Depertures

CL
For Latitudes CorrLAT  ( LengthOfCo urse)
D
CL 16.81
Kl    0.00336
D 5000.13
Corrab  495.85  0.00336  1.67 m Solution check: Sum of latitude corrections =

Corrbc  250.68  0.00336  2.86 CL
Corrcd  855.45  0.00336  2.88m 1.67+2.86+2.88+3.43+3.75+2.22=16.81
Corrde  1,020.87  0.00336  3.43m 16.81=16.81 (check)
Corref  1,117 .26  0.00336  3.75m
Corr fa  660.08  0.00336  2.22m
CD
For Departures CorrDEP  ( LengthOfCo urse)
D
CD 18.08
Kl    0.00362
D 5000.13
Corrab  495.85  0.00362  1.79m Solution check: Sum of latitude corrections =
Corrbc  250.68  0.00362  3.08m 1.79+3.08+3.09+3.69+4.04+2.39=18.08
Corrcd  855.45  0.00362  3.09m 18.08=18.08 (check)
Corrde  1,020.87  0.00362  3.69m
Corref  1,117 .26  0.00362  4.04m
Corr fa  660.08  0.00362  2.39m
c. Adjust the Latitudes and Departures

For Latitudes (Adj Lat = Computed Lat  Corr )
Lat 'ab   439.3  1.67   491.90m Solution check: Algebraic Sum of Adjusted
Lat 'bc   590.53  2.86   587.67 m Latitudes=0.00
Lat 'cd  325.53  2.86   328.41m +491.90+587.67-328.41-1000.42-
125.71+374.97=0.00 (check)
Lat 'de  996.99  3.43  1,000.42m
Lat 'ef  121.96  3.75  125.71m
Lat ' fa   377.19  2.22   374.97 m
Note: Since the sum of north latitudes exceeds the sum of south latitudes, latitude corrections are
subtracted from the corresponding north latitudes and added to corresponding south latitudes to
determine the adjusted latitudes.
For Departures
Dep 'ab   47.53  1.79   45.74m Solution check: Algebraic Sum of adjusted
Dep 'bc   612.23  3.08  609.15m Departments=0.00
Dep 'cd   791.09  3.09   788.00m +45.74+609.15+788.00+215.82-114.62-
544.09=0.00 (check)
Dep 'de   219.51  3.69   215.82m
Dep 'ef  1,110 .58  4.04   1,114 .62m
Dep ' fa  541.70  2.39   544.09m
Note: Since the sum of east departures exceeds the sum of west departures, the departure
corrections are subtracted from the corresponding east departures and added to corresponding
west departure to determine the adjusted departures.
Tabulated Soution
ADJUSTED ADJUSTED
CORRECTION
COURSE LATITUDE DEPARTURE
LAT DEP (+)N (-)S (+)E (-)W

AB 1.67 1.79 491.9 45.74
BC 2.86 3.08 587.67 609.15
CD 2.88 3.09 328.41 788
DE 3.43 3.69 1000.42 215.82
EF 3.75 4.04 125.71 1114.62
FA 2.22 2.039 374.97 544.09
SUMS 16.81 18.08 1454.54 -1454.54 1658.71 -1658.71
d. Determine Linear Error of Closure, Bearing of the Side of Error, and Relaitve Error of
Closure.
LEC  C L 2  C D 2   16.812   18.082  24.69m

 C D   18.08
Tan     1.075550
 C L   16.81
  4705' (Bearing os Side of Error = S47°05’W)
LEC 24.69 1 1
RP     say
D 5000.13 202.52 200
e. Determine the adjusted length and bearing of each course
Determining the Adjusted Length of Each Course L'  Lat '2  Dep'2
Dep '
Determing the Adjusted Bearing of Each Course Tan  
Lat '
ADJUSTED ADJUSTED ADJUSTED ADJUSTED
COURSE COURSE
LENGTH BEARING LENGTH BEARING
AB 494.02m N05°19,E DE 1023.43m S12°10,E
BC 846.42m N46°02'E EF 1121.69m S83°34'W
CD 853.70m S67°23'E FA 660.78m N55°26'W
2. TRANSIT RULE. Using the previous example, balance the departures and latitudes using the
transit rule, and determined the adjusted length and bearing of each course.
CD
a. Determining the Correction for Latitude: CorrLAT  ( LATofCours e)
 LAT
CD
b. Determining the Correction for Departure: CorrDEP  ( DEPofCours e)
 DEP
Lat '  ComputedLa t  Corr
c. Determining Adjusted Latitude and Bearing:
Dep '  ComputedDe p  Corr
ADJUSTED ADJUSTED
CORRECTION
COURSE LATITUDE DEPARTURE
LAT DEP (+)N (-)S (+)E (-)W

AB 2.86 0.26 491.71 57.27
BC 3.42 3.33 587.11 608.9
CD 1.88 4.31 327.41 786.78
DE 5.77 1.19 1002.76 218.32
EF 0.70 6.04 122.66 1114.62
FA 2.18 2.95 375.01 544.09
SUMS 16.81 18.08 1452.83 -1452.83 1661.27 -1661.27
(  NL   SL  0.00 ) (  ED   WD  0.00 )
d. Determine the adjusted length and bearing of each course
Determining the Adjusted Length of Each Course L'  Lat '2  Dep'2
Dep '
Determing the Adjusted Bearing of Each Course Tan  
Lat '
ADJUSTED ADJUSTED AZIM ADJUSTED ADJUSTED AZIM
COURSE COURSE
LENGTH FROM NORTH LENGTH FROM NORTH
AB 492.98m 05°30' DE 1026.25 167°43'
BC 85.854 46°03' EF 1123.34 263°44'
CD 852.19 112°36' FA 661.27 304°33'
AREA COMPUTATION
AREA BY DOUBLE-MERIDIAN DISTANCE METHOD
Computation of D.M.D.
1. D.M.D. of the first course is equal to the departure of that course,
2. D.M.D. of any other course is equal to the DMD of the preceding course, plus the departure
of the preceding course plus the departure of the course itself.
3. D.M.D. of the last course is numerically equal to the departure of the last course but opposite
in sign.
Computing Area by D.M.D. Method:
1. Compute the latitudes and departures of all courses.
2. Compute the error of closure in latitudes and departures.
3. Balance the altitudes and departures by applying either transit rule or compass rule.
4. Compute for the D.M.D. of all courses,
5. Compute the double areas by multiplying each D.M.D. by the corresponding latitude.
6. Determine the algebraic sum of the double areas.
7. Divide the algebraic sum of the double area to obtain the area of the whole tract
Double Area(2A) =D.M.D. x Latitude
AREA BY DOUBLE-PARALLEL DISTANCE METHOD
Computation of D.P.D.:
1. D.P.D. of the first course is equal to the latitude of that course.
2. D.P.D. of any other course is equal to the D.P.D. of the preceding course, plus the latitude of
the preceding course, plus the latitude of the course itself.
3. D.P.D. of the last course is numerically equal to the latitude of the last course but opposite in
sign.
Double Area = D.P.D. x Departure.
For Example:
Determine the area of the given traverse using DPD and DMD method.
a. Determine the Latitudes and Departures
COMPUTED COMPUTED
COURSE DISTANCE BEARING LATITUDE DEPARTURE
(+) N (-) S (+) E (-) W

AB 495.86m N05ᵒ30’E 493.57 47.53
BC 850.62m N46ᵒ02’E 590.53 612.23
CD 855.45m S67ᵒ38’E 325.53 791.09
DE 1,020.87m S12ᵒ25’E 996.99 219.51
EF 1,117.26m S83ᵒ44’W 121.96 1,110.58
FA 660.08m N55ᵒ09’W 377.19 541.7
SUMS 5,000.13m 1,461.29 -1,444.48 1,670.36 -1,652.28
 NL  SL  ED WD
b. Determine the Adjusted Latitudes and Departures Using Compass Method

CORRECTION ADJUSTED LATITUDE ADJUSTED DEPARTURE
COURSE
LAT DEP (+)N (-)S (+)E (-)W
AB 1.67 1.79 491.9 45.74

BC 2.86 3.08 587.67 609.15
CD 2.88 3.09 328.41 788
DE 3.43 3.69 1000.42 215.82
EF 3.75 4.04 125.71 1114.62
FA 2.22 2.039 374.97 544.09
SUMS 16.81 18.08 1454.54 -1454.54 1658.71 -1658.71
c. Determine the area of the given traverse using DPD and DMD method
DMD:
DMD AB  DEPAB DPD AB  LAT AB
DMDBC  DMD AB  DEPAB  DEPBC DPDBC  DPD AB  LAT AB  LATBC
DMDCD  DMDBC  DEPBC  DEPCD DPDCD  DPDBC  LATBC  LATCD
DMDDE  DMDCD  DEPCD  DEPDE DPDDE  DPDCD  LATCD  LATDE
DMDEF  DMDDE  DEPDE  DEPEF DPDEF  DPDDE  LATDE  LATEF
DMDFA  DMDEF  DEPEF  DEPFA DPDFA  DPDEF  LATEF  LATFA
DPD:
COURSE ADJUSTED LATITUDE ADJUSTED DEPARTURE DMD 2A (DMD x Lat) DPD 2A (DPD x Dep)
AB 491.9 45.74 45.74 22,499.51 491.9 22,499.51

BC 587.67 609.15 700.63 411,739.23 1571.47 957,260.95
CD -328.41 788 2097.78 -688,931.93 1830.73 1,442,615.24
DE -1000.42 215.82 3101.6 -3,102,902.67 501.9 108,320.06
EF -125.71 -1114.62 2202.8 -276,913.99 -624.23 695,779.24
FA 374.97 -544.09 544.09 204,017.43 -374.97 204,017.43
SUMS 0 0 -3,430,492.42 3,430,492.42
Therefore:
2 x AREA = +3,430,492.42 sq.m
AREA = 1,715,096.28 sq.m
OMITTED MEASUREMENTS
Sometimes it is not possible or practical to determine field observation the length or direction
of a line. These missing quantities be determined analytically to obtain a complete set of notes
for the traverse as long as they do not exceed two in number. However, the practice of omitting
measurements for one or more sides of a closed traverse and solving for then is not a desirable
one and should be avoided. The trouble with such calculations is that it tends to throw all
possible errors and mistakes into the computation of the lengthsor directions.
The following are some of the more common types of omitted measurements:
1. Omitted Measurements Are in One Side
1ST CASE: Length and Bearing of One Side Unknown
2. Omitted Measurements Involving Two Sides
1ST Case: Length of One Side and Bearing of Another Side Unknown
2ND CASE: Lengths of Two Sides Unknown
3RD CASE: Bearings of Two Sides Unknown
3. Omitted Measurements Involving Two Non-Adjoining Sides
1ST CASE: Length of One Side and Bearing of Another Side Unknown
2ND CASE:Lengths of Two Sides Unknown
3RD CASE: Bearings of Two Sides Unknown
For Example:
1. OMITTED DATA ARE IN ONE SIDE.
LATITUDES DEPARTURES
LINE LENGTH BEARING
(+)N (-)S (+)E (-)W
AB 733.75m N76°18'E 173.78 712.87

BC 598.23 N23°20'W 549.3 236.95
CD 415.05 S61°35'W 197.51 365.04
DE 511.38 N57°00'W 278.52 428.88
EF 395.06 S32°45'W 332.26 213.72
FA unknown unknown - -
SUMS 101.6 -529.77 712.87 -1244.59
 NL  SL  ED WD
1st Solution:
C L   NL   SL  100.60   529.77   471.83m
C D   ED   WD  712.87  (1244.59)  531.72m
2
L fa  C L  C D2  (471.83) 2  (531.72) 2  710.88m (Length of line FA)
 C D  (531.72)
Tan  fa    1.126931
 C L  (471.83)
 fa  4825' (Therefore the bearing of line FA is S48°25’E)
2nd Soution:
 Lat  
Lat ab  Lat bc  Lat cd  Lat de  Lat ef  Lat fa  
173.78  549.30  197.51  278.52  332.26  Lat fa  
471.83  Lat fa  
Lat fa  471.83
 Dep  
Depab  Depbc  Depcd  Depde  Depef  Dep fa  
712.87  236.95  365.04  428.88  213.72  Dep fa  
 531.72  Dep fa  
Dep fa  531.72
Therefore:
2
L fa  C L  C D2  (471.83) 2  (531.72) 2  710.88m (Length of line FA)
 C D  (531.72)
Tan  fa    1.126931
 C L  (471.83)
 fa  4825' (Therefore the bearing of line FA is S48°25’E)
2. OMITTED MEASUREMENTS INVOLVING TWO SIDES. Given the following sketch and
tabulated data for a closed traverse in which the length of DE and the bearing of EA have not
been observed in the field. Determine these unkown quatities.
LINE LENGTH BEARING
(+)N (-)S (+)E (-)W
AB 1084.32 S75°48'E 265.99 1051.19

BC 1590.51 S15°18'W 1534.14 419.69
CD 1294.74 S68°06'W 482.92 1201.31
DE unknown N28°39'W -
EA 1738.96 unknown - -
SUMS 0 -2283.05 1051.19 -1621
Solution:
a. Determining Length and Bearing of the Closing Line.
C L   NL   SL  0.00   2283.05  2283.05m
C D   ED   WD  1051.19  (1621.00)  569.81m
2
Lda  C L  C D2  (2283.05) 2  (569.81) 2  2353.08m (Length of closing line DA)
 C D  (569.81)
Tan  da    0.249583
 C L  (2283.05)
 da  1401' (Therefore the bearing of line FA is N14°01’E)
b. Determining Bearing of Line DE and Length of Line EA

D  2839'1401'  4240'
By Sine Law:
DA EA

SinE SinD
SinE 
DASinD  2353.08 sin 4240'  0.917076
EA 1738.96
E  6630'
Since the sum of interior angles od ADE should equal to 180°
A  180  D  E   180  4240'6630'  7050'
About station E
  180  E  2839'  180  6630'2839'
  8452' (Therefore the bearing of line EA is N84°52’E)
By Sine Law
DE EA

SinA SinD
1738.96 Sin7050'
DE   2423.62m
Sin 4240'
3. OMITTED MEASUREMENTS INVOLVING TWO NON-ADJOINING SIDES. Given the
following data for a closed traverse for which the lengths of the non-adjoining sides BC and
EF have not been measured in the field. Determine the unkown quantities.
LINE LENGTH BEARING
(+)N (-)S (+)E (-)W
AB 620.06 S92°30'E 27.05 619.47

BC unknown N30°30'E -
CD 691.56 S42°45'E 507.83 469.43
DE 688.48 S60°40'W 337.28 600.21
EF unknown N74°05'W - -
FA 412.35 N07°02'E 409.25 50.49
SUMS 409.25 -872.16 1139.39 -600.21
Notes:
1. the first step is to plot the traverse to scale based oN the given data.
2. The next step is to draw an equivalent transformed figure such that the sides with unkown
quatities are made adjoining.
Solution:
a. Plotting the transvers to scale
b. Drawing an equivalent transformed figure.
c. Determine the length and bearing of the closing line
 NL  409.25m  ED  1139 .39m

 SL  872.16m  WD  600.21m
C L   NL   SL  409.25   872.16   462.91m
C D   ED   WD  1139 .39  (600.21)  539.18m
2
L fa  C L  C D2  (462.91) 2  (539.18) 2  710.63m (length of the closing line)
 C D  (539.18)
Tan  fa    1.164762
 C L  (462.91)
 CL  4921' (Therefore the bearing of line FA is N49°21’W)
d. Determining lengths of sides BC and EF

1  3030'4921'  7951'
2  7405'4921'  2444'
3  18000'3030'7405'  7525'
Solution check: 1  2  3  180

By Sine Law:
BC EF 710.63 BC EF 710.63
   
Sin2 Sin1 Sin3 Sin2 Sin1 Sin3
710.63Sin2 710.63Sin1
BC   307.22m EF   722.80m
Sin3 Sin3
Summary:
 The usual steps followed in making elementary traverse computations are:
(1) adjusting angles or directions to fixed geometric conditions,
(2) determining preliminary azimuths (or bearings) of the traverse lines
(3) Calculating departures and latitudes and adjusting them for misclosure,
(4) Computing rectangular coordinates of the traverse stations, and
(5) calculating the lengths and azimuths (or bearings) of the traverse lines after adjustment.
 Compass Rule (Bowditch method)  Transit Rule

Each course is adjusted using the following Each course is adjusted using the following
formulas: formulas:
CD CD
CorrDEP  ( LengthOfCo urse) CorrDEP  ( DEPofCours e)
D  DEP
C
CorrLAT  L ( LengthOfCo urse) CD
D CorrLAT  ( LATofCours e)
 LAT
 Area by double-meridian distance method
Computation of D.M.D.
1. D.M.D. of the first course is equal to the departure of that course,
2. D.M.D. of any other course is equal to the DMD of the preceding course, plus the departure
of the preceding course plus the departure of the course itself.
3. D.M.D. of the last course is numerically equal to the departure of the last course but opposite
in sign.
Double Area(2A) =D.M.D. x Latitude
 Area by double-parallel distance method

Computation of D.P.D.:
1. D.P.D. of the first course is equal to the latitude of that course.
2. D.P.D. of any other course is equal to the D.P.D. of the preceding course, plus the latitude of
the preceding course, plus the latitude of the course itself.
3. D.P.D. of the last course is numerically equal to the latitude of the last course but opposite in
sign.
Double Area = D.P.D. x Departure.
Reference
Elementary Surveying 3rd edition, Juny Pilapil La Putt, BSCE, AGP, MS
Elementary Surveying, An Introduction to Geomatics, Charles D. Ghilani and Paul R Wolf
Surveying for Civil and Geodetic Licensure Exam, Besavilla

Module 5 (Traversing and Travers Computation)

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Module 5 (Traversing and Travers Computation)

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UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC.

College of Engineering and Architecture

PBSCE 003 LEC - fundamentals of Surveying

MODULE 5: TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE

Engr. Claudette Mine A. Lumibao

 Int. Angle  n  2180

 Int.Angle  53959'18" (Observed Sum)

 Int. Angle  n  2180  540 (Geometric Sum)

AngleMiscl osure  53959'18"540  00'42"

To balance the observed interior angles,

C L = closure in latitude or the algebraic sum of north and south latitudes

LEC  C L2  C D2  2.74 2   3.66 2  4.57 m (Linear error of closure)

  5311' (therefore, the bearing of the side of error is S53°11’E)

(+) N (-) S (+) E (-) W

SUMS 5,000.13m 1,461.29 -1,444.48 1,670.36 -1,652.28

a. Determine total closure in Latitude and Departure.

C D   ED   WD  1670.36   1652.28  18.08m (total closure in departure)

b. Determine the corrections for Latitudes and Depertures

Corrab  495.85  0.00336  1.67 m Solution check: Sum of latitude corrections =

c. Adjust the Latitudes and Departures

LAT DEP (+)N (-)S (+)E (-)W

LEC  C L 2  C D 2   16.812   18.082  24.69m

  4705' (Bearing os Side of Error = S47°05’W)

LAT DEP (+)N (-)S (+)E (-)W

(+) N (-) S (+) E (-) W

SUMS 5,000.13m 1,461.29 -1,444.48 1,670.36 -1,652.28

b. Determine the Adjusted Latitudes and Departures Using Compass Method

AB 1.67 1.79 491.9 45.74

SUMS 16.81 18.08 1454.54 -1454.54 1658.71 -1658.71

AB 491.9 45.74 45.74 22,499.51 491.9 22,499.51

SUMS 0 0 -3,430,492.42 3,430,492.42

AB 733.75m N76°18'E 173.78 712.87

SUMS 101.6 -529.77 712.87 -1244.59

 fa  4825' (Therefore the bearing of line FA is S48°25’E)

 fa  4825' (Therefore the bearing of line FA is S48°25’E)

AB 1084.32 S75°48'E 265.99 1051.19

SUMS 0 -2283.05 1051.19 -1621

 da  1401' (Therefore the bearing of line FA is N14°01’E)

b. Determining Bearing of Line DE and Length of Line EA

AB 620.06 S92°30'E 27.05 619.47

SUMS 409.25 -872.16 1139.39 -600.21

b. Drawing an equivalent transformed figure.

c. Determine the length and bearing of the closing line

 NL  409.25m  ED  1139 .39m

 CL  4921' (Therefore the bearing of line FA is N49°21’W)

d. Determining lengths of sides BC and EF

Solution check: 1  2  3  180

 Compass Rule (Bowditch method)  Transit Rule

 Area by double-parallel distance method

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