CHE3002 PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

Experiment No : 2 Name: SISAY AMARE

NIGUSSIE
Date : 2/03/2021 Register No:18BCM0149

Experiment – 2a: First Order Dynamics

Aim:

To study the impact of gain (K) and time-constant (τ) on step response of first order system.

Description:

First order systems constitute an important class of dynamic systems: Many physical systems
behave (approximately) as first order systems, e.g. stirred liquid tanks, heat exchangers, etc. In
this lab, the step response of a standard first order system is simulated. A mathematical model
of the first order system is the following differential equation:

τ dy(t)/dt + y(t) = K u(t) (Eq. 1)

where

• K is the gain
• τ is the time-constant

An alternative way of representing this model is by Laplace transforming the differential

equation, and taking the ratio of output to input (in the Laplace domain), to get the transfer
function from input u to output y:

Gp(s) = Y(s)/U(s) = K/( τs+1) (Eq. 2)

Procedure:

a. Impact of gain (K): Set U=2 and τ =1. Adjust K and find the impact of K on the steady
state response? What is the impact of K on the response-time?

b. Impact of time-constant (τ): Set U=2 and K=2. Adjust τ and find the impact of τ on
the stationary response? What is the impact of τ on the response-time? Adjust U up and
down continuously (like a sinusoidal variation) for a small and for a large value of τ.
How does τ influence the "speed" of the system?

c. Impact of step height (U): Set K=2 and T=1. Adjust U and find the impact of τ on the
stationary response? What is the impact of τ on the response-time?

d. Very large time-constant: Set U=1, τ =100, and K=100 (enter these values into the
respective numeric displays) and find the impact.
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Observations and Graphs:

a
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C
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D
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Inference and Conclusions:

From this we can conclude that as K increases for a particular value of

U, the system can reach its ultimate value easily. Therefore as gain
increases for a particular system, it reaches the Ultimate value faster.

Experiment – 2b: Second Order Dynamics

Aim:

To study the impact of gain (K), damping factor (ξ) and natural frequency (ω0) on step
response of second order system.

Description:

Second order systems constitute an important class of dynamic systems: There are
many physical systems which behave (approximately) as second order systems, e.g. U-tube
manometer, stirred liquid tanks with thermal capacities in the liquid and in the heating element,
etc.
The mathematical model of a second order system is
d2y/dt2 + 2 ξ ω0 dy/dt + ω 2 y = ω 2 Ku (Eq. 1)
0 0
where
• K is the gain

• ξ is the damping factor

• ω0 is the natural resonance frequency

An alternative way of representing this model is by Laplace transforming the differential

equation, and taking the ratio of output to input (in the Laplace domain), to get the transfer
function from input u to output y:
CHE3002 PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

Gp(s) = y(s)/u(s) = K ω 02/(s2 + 2 ξ ω 0 s + ω 02) (Eq. 2)

Procedure:

You are required to give a value for the response-time, Tr. It is a convenient parameter to
characterize how quick a dynamic system with respect to its step response. Tr is defined as the
taken for the system to reach the stady state ultimate value (It can be shown that for second
order systems Tr is approximately equal to 1.5/ω0 and also it actually varies with ξ).

1. Impact of K: Set U=1, ξ =0.2, ω0=2. Adjust K.

a. What is the impact of K on the steady state response?

b. What is the impact of T on the response-time, Tr?

2. Importance of z: Set U=1, K=2, ω0=2. Adjust ξ.

a. What is the impact of ξ on the overshoot?

b. What is the impact of ξ on the response-time Tr?

c. What is the impact of ξ on the steady state response?

d. What is the impact of ξ on the stability of the system?

3. Importance of w0: Set U=1, K=2, ξ =0.2. Adjust w0.

a. What is the impact of ω0 on the response-time Tr?

b. What is the impact of ω0 on the steady state response?

c. What is the impact of ω0 on the overshoot?

d. Adjust U up and down continuously (like a sinusoidal variation) for a small and
for a large value of ω0. How does ω0 influence the "speed" of the system?

4. Importance of step height U: Set K=2, ξ =0.2, ω0=2. Adjust U.

a. What is the impact of U on the stationary response?

Observations:
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Graphs:

Draw graphs for all cases and describe them.

2
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3
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Inference and Conclusions:

From this we can conclude that as K increases for a particular value of
U, the system can reach its ultimate value easily. Therefore as gain
increases for a particular system, it reaches the Ultimate value faster.