Fluid mechanics

Chapter 2
Properties of Fluid

Prepared by : Dr. Hewa Hussein Omar

1
 INTRODUCTION
Any characteristic of a system is called a property.

Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive.

Intensive properties are those that are independent of the
mass of the system, such as temperature, pressure, and
density.
Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the
size—or extent—of the system. Total mass, total volume V,
and total momentum are some examples of extensive
properties.
Main properties of fluids
1-Mass (m), 2- Volume (V), 3-Density (ρ), 4-Viscosity (μ), 5-Temperature (T),
6- Pressure (P),7- Specific Volume (υ), 8-Specific Weight (γ),
9- Specific Gravity(S.G), 10-Surface Tension (𝜎),11- Capillarity, 12-
Vapor pressure (P), 13-Compressibility and Bulk Modules(K)
2
 main properties of fluids cont.
1Mass (m): It is the amount of matter contained in the substance, the principle of
mass conservation is (the mass cannot be created or destroyed). Units of mass [kg].

3
 main properties of fluids cont.
2. Volume (v): is the amount of space occupied by the substance. units of volume [m³].
1m³=1000 liter
3-Density (ρ): it is the mass per units volume it change with pressure and
temperature. Units of density is [kg/m³].
𝑚
𝜌=
𝑉
where
ρ = density [kg/m3], [slugs/ft3]
m = mass [kg], [slugs]
V = volume [m3], [ft3]
Density of water =1000 kg/m³ at
standard conditions.
Density of air =1.2 kg/m³ at standard conditions.
The density of a substance, in general, depends on temperature and pressure. The density of most
gases is proportional to pressure and inversely proportional to temperature. Liquids and solids, on
the other hand, are essentially incompressible substances, and the variation of their density with
4
pressure is usually negligible.
 main properties of fluids cont.
4-Specific Volume (υ):
• Specific Volume (υ): is defined a the measurement of the material relative to it is volume
and mass. It is the reciprocal of the density of material.
Specific Volume is inversely proportional to density.
𝑉 1
𝑣= =
𝑚 𝜌

The standard unit of specific volume is cubic meters per kilogram ( m3 /kg ).

5
 main properties of fluids cont.
5-Specific Weight
•Weight density or specific weight (γ): Specific Weight of a fluid is defined as the weight
per unit volume. It is denoted by γ (the Greek letter Gamma). Its SI unit is N/m3.
𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
[newton's 2ed law] 𝜸=
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
Weight (w)= m.g
𝒎. 𝒈
𝜸=
𝑽

Specific weight is related to density, γ = ρ.g

where,
γ = Specific Weight
ρ = Density
g = 9.81 m/s2 acceleration due to gravity.
The specific weight of fluid varies with temperature 12
 main properties of fluids cont.
6- Specific Gravity
• Relative density (r.d) or specific Gravity (S.G): Specific gravity is
defined as the ratio of the specific weight of the given fluid to the
specific weight of standard fluid (water) at standard temperature and
pressure. It is also known as relative density. It has no unit.

𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 .𝑔 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

= =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 .𝑔 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Example:
ρ of gasoline =721kg/m³ ρ of water is 1000
kg/m³
S.G=?

13
 main properties of fluids cont.
• 7-Temperature (T):
Temperature is the fluid property that gives the measure of
hotness or coolness of a fluid or measure of heat intensity of a
fluid.
It is generally measured using a device called
thermometer. Thermometers are calibrated in various
temperature scales.
• The most common scales of temperatures are :-
i) Celsius Scale (Denoted by °C )
ii)Fahrenheit Scale ( Denoted by °F )
iii)Kelvin Scale ( Denote by K )

-Kelvin scale is predominantly used for scientific

purposes by convections of the International System of Units.
-Kelvin scale is used for scientific purposes as it
does not depend on the properties of a substance.
8
 main properties of fluids cont.
8- Pressure (P):
• Fluid Pressure is most often the compressive stress at some point within a fluid.

• Fluid pressure occurs in two situations:-

i)Open Condition (also called open channel flow) e.g the ocean, a swimming
pool, atmosphere (for gas ), etc.
ii)Closed Condition e.g a water line or gas line

• Units of pressure [pa]

9
10
the properties of an ideal gas at two different states are related to each other by:
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
= 11
𝑇1 𝑇2
Example: 1
A tank is filled with oil whose density is ρ 850 kg/ m³. If the volume
of the tank is V = 2 m³, determine the amount of mass m in the tank.
SOLUTION The volume of an oil tank is given. The mass of oil is to
be determined.
ρ=850 kg/m³ and, V =2 m³
m= ρ V
m = (850 kg/m³)(2 m3) = 1700 kg

12
13
Example

Example
The pressure in an automobile tire depends on the temperature of the air in the tire. When the
temperature is 25oC the pressure is 310 kPa in the tire. If the volume of the tire is 0.025 m3,
determine the pressure rise in the tire when the temperature rise to 50oC. Determine the amount
of air that must bled off to restore pressure to it is original value at tis temperature, assume that
the gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa⋅m3/kg⋅K.

14
Solution

15
main properties of fluids cont.
9- vapor pressure (P)
• The vapor pressure (saturation pressure) of a pure
substance (e.g., water) is the pressure exerted by its
vapor molecules when the system is in phase
equilibrium with its liquid molecules at a given
temperature. Therefore, it is also the pressure at which
a liquid will vaporize for a given temperature.
• units (SI): Pa
• The negative pressure (gauge) at which the liquid start
to boil is called the vapor pressure of that liquid .
• As the temperature increase the vapor pressure
increase till the boiling point is reached for the ambient
pressure.
• the vapor pressure of water at 20°C is 2.34 kPa.
• Water boils at 100 Cº at which temperature the vapor
pressure 1.03 kg/cm² is equal to the atmospheric
pressure. 16
 10- Bulk Modulus(k) or Compressibility and volume expansion 𝛽 :
Fluids usually expand as they are heated or depressurized
and contract as they are cooled or pressurized. But the
amount of volume change is different for different fluids,
and we need to define properties that relate volume changes
to the changes in pressure and temperature. Two such
properties are the bulk modulus of elasticity κ and the
coefficient of volume expansion 𝛽.
• Bulk modulus (k) is defined as the ratio of
change in pressure to the rate of change of
volume due to the change in pressure.

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ∆𝑃
κ=− =−
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 ∆𝑉/𝑉
Fluids, like solids,
• Where ‘-‘ ve sign indicates decrease in compress when the
volume with increase in pressure. It can also applied pressure is
be expressed in terms of change of density increased from P1 to P2.
17
 ∆𝑉 ∆𝜌 ∆𝑃
=− κ= (At constant temperature)
𝑉 𝜌 ∆𝜌/𝜌
• The bulk modulus for liquids depends on both pressure and temperature. A large value of κ
indicates that a large change in pressure is needed to cause a small fractional change in volume,
and thus a fluid with a large κ is essentially incompressible.
The isothermal compressibility of fluid represents the fractional change in volume or density
corresponding to a unit change in pressure. 1
α=
κ
𝑑𝑃
For ideal gas: κ = −υ
𝑑υ
𝑅𝑇 𝑑𝑝 −𝑅𝑇
Pυ = 𝑅𝑇 P= = 2
υ 𝑑𝑣 υ
Then
−𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇
κ = −υ( 2 ) κ= ( ) κ= ( ) κ=𝑃
υ υ 𝑅𝑇/𝑃
Therefore, the coefficient of compressibility of an ideal gas is equal to its absolute pressure,
and the coefficient of compressibility of the gas increases with increasing pressure.
volume expansion 𝛽
The density of a fluid, in general, depends more strongly on
temperature than it does on pressure, and the variation of
density with temperature is responsible for numerous natural
phenomena. To quantify these effects, we need a property that
represents the variation of the density of a fluid with
temperature at constant pressure. The property that provides
that information is the coefficient of volume expansion (or
volume expansivity) β
∆𝑣/𝑣 ∆ρ/ρ
β= = (At constant pressure)
∆𝑇 ∆𝑇
Natural convection over a
A large value of 𝛽 for a fluid means a large change in density woman’s hand.
with temperature
For ideal gas:
1 1
β= ( )
𝑇 𝐾
19
 main properties of fluids cont.
11-Viscosity (μ) is defined as the measure of the resistance of a fluid to gradual deformation by
shear or tensile stress. In other words, viscosity describes a fluid’s resistance to flow. Simply
put, we can say that honey is thicker than water; in turn, honey is more viscous than water.- it
results from cohesion and molecular momentum exchange between fluid layers.
𝑵
Unit of μ = [pa.sec] , sec
𝒎𝟐
-it is affected by temperature but
hardly affected by pressure
(within practical limits).
-viscosity of liquids decreases with the
increase of temperature
-viscosity of gases increase with
increase of temperature.

20
 main properties of fluids cont.
• Special case:
• Two boundaries separated by thin
film or fluid
𝑣
•τ =μ
ℎ

21
22
 main properties of fluids cont.
• 12 Kinematic viscosity
• The ratio of dynamic viscosity to density usually appears and
is named as kinematic viscosity,
• The symbol for kinematic viscosity is nu: ν and its SI units
are m/s2.
𝜇
𝜈=
𝜌

23
Example
The space between two parallel plates kept 3mm apart is filled with an oil of dynamic viscosity
0.2 pa.s. what is the shear stress on the lower fixed plate, if the upper one is moved with a
velocity of 1.5 m/s

Solution
Since the gap between the plate is very small, a linear variation of velocity can be assumed
25
Example
In regions far from the entrance, fluid flow through a circular pipe is one dimensional, and
the velocity profile for laminar flow is given by u(r) = umax(1 − r 2 /R2 ), where R is the
radius of the pipe, r is the radial distance from the center of the pipe, and umax is the
maximum flow velocity, which occurs at the center. Obtain (a) a relation for the drag
force applied by the fluid on a section of the pipe of length L and (b) the value of the drag
force for water flow at 20°C with R = 0.08 m, L = 15 m, umax = 3 m/s, and 𝜇 = 0.0010
kg/m⋅s

26
2-7 Surface Tension

14
14
14
14
14
14
14
 Example:

solution:
d= 0.2mm =0.0002m
ρ= 0.85*10³ kg/m³ ,
h= 41mm =0.041 m
θ= 24°
2𝜎𝑠 𝜌𝑔𝑅ℎ
ℎ= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝜎𝑠 =
𝜌𝑔𝑅 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
0.85 ∗ 103 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.0001 ∗ 0.041
𝜎𝑠 =
2𝑐𝑜𝑠24

𝜎𝑠 = 0.0187 𝑁/𝑚
36