FLUID

MECHANICS CHAPTER
01

WEEK 1 & WEEK 2

 Course Outcomes
At the end of this course, students should be able to:

Apply fundamental knowledge of fluid mechanics in civil

engineering. (PO1)

Identify, formulate and analyze complex civil engineering

problems using principles of hydrostatic, hydrodynamics
and dimensional analysis(PO2)
 Syllabus Content
Fluid Properties
1.1 Fluid characteristics

1.2 Density, relative density, specific weight, specific gravity, specific volume, weight, viscosity,
compressibility and bulk modulus, vapor pressure, surface tension and capillary action

Hydrostatics
2.1 Pressure measurement: Absolute and gauge pressure

2.2 Pressure prism: Hydrostatic pressure on plane and curved surface

• Application: hydraulic gate

2.3 Buoyancy: Archimedes’ Principle

• Stability of floating bodies - metacentre and metacentric height
• Application: floating pontoon
 Syllabus Content
Hydrodynamics
3.1 Continuity equation: flow properties (velocity and flow rate)

3.2 Introduction to Fluid kinematic: velocity and acceleration field, Eulerian & Lagrangian flow
description, flow visualizations: streamline, streakline, pathline.

3.3 Fluid dynamic

• Bernoulli/ Energy equation, application for free jet, confined flow, flow measurement
(pitot-tube, venturi meter, orifice, notches), concept of static and dynamic pressure,
stagnation point
• Limitations

3.4 Momentum equation: control volume approach

3.5 Ideal fluid vs real fluid; Inviscid flow vs viscous flow: Introduction to Navier-Stokes
equations, Euler equations, potential flow theory
 Syllabus Content
Hydrodynamics
3.6 Reynold’s number: Laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow, fully developed flow

3.7 Flow over immersed bodies: boundary layer theory, lift and drag

Dimensional Analysis
4.1 Dimensional homogeneity

4.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem

4.3 Dimensionless group

4.4 Modeling and similitude

CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT
Group Project 20%

Test 20%

FINAL ASSESSMENT
Final Exam 20%

Total 100%

Assessment
Recommeded Text
Munson, B.R., Young,
D.F., and Okishi, T.A,
2017

Fundamentals of
Fluid Mechanics,

Global Ed. ,WileyPlus

 Chapter 1
PROPERTIES OF FLUID
 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this week students will be able to:

Differentiate the unit and dimensions use in engineering

fluids (CO1)

Understand various properties of fluids (CO1)

Engineering applications hardly analyse fluids at molecular level

Main concern is the bulk behaviour of fluid because dimensions

involved in engineering problems are very large such that the fluid
particles distance are negligible

It is reasonable to consider fluid as a continuum

Continuum – continuous substance where quantities such as velocity

and pressure can be taken as constant at any section irrespective of
the individual fluid particle velocity or pressure

Continuum Concept
Units and dimensions commonly used in the analysis of fluid
mechanics problems are:

S. I Units (m, kg, s)

c. g. s. Systems of Unit (cm, g, s)

Imperial Units (ft, lb, s)

Units & Dimension

 Length – L

Mass – M

Time - T

Force - F

Example: …….give an equation…….

Commonly used Dimensions

(in terms)
*Fluid is gasses liquid and solid.

By definition : A fluid is a substance which deforms

continuously under the action of shearing forces,
however small they may be

A fluid will not only flow under its own weight it also
incapable of retaining any unsupported shape

Fluid Properties
STATE Solid Liquid Gas

DENSITY High Medium Low

ARRANGEMENT OF
Regular pattern Randomly arranged Randomly arranged
PARTICLES

MOVEMENT OF Vibrates around a Move around Move quickly in

PAERTICLES fixed position each other all directions
ENERGY OF
PARTICLES Low energy Greater energy Highest energy

2D DIAGRAM

Comparison of Solid, Liquid & Gas

DIAMOND JUICE CLOUDS IONIZED NEON GAS

MELTING VAPORIZATION IONIZATION

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

FREEZING CONDENSATION DEIONIZATION

ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY

TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE

States of Matter
In everyday life, four phases of matter exist:
solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.

However, several other states of matter have been

discovered. Some of these other states occur at the
boundary between two states of matter where a
substance doesn't really display the properties of
either state.
DIAMOND Solid
A solid has a defined shape and volume.
Particles within a solid are packed very close
together fixed in an ordered arrangement. The
arrangement may be sufficiently ordered to
form a crystal (e.g., NaCl or table salt crystal,
quartz) or the arrangement may be disordered
or amorphous (e.g., wax, cotton, window glass).
JUICE

Liquid
A liquid has a defined volume but lacks a
defined shape. Particles within a liquid are not
packed as close together as in a solid, allowing
them to slide against each other. Examples of
liquids include water, oil, and alcohol.
CLOUDS

Gas
A gas lacks either a defined shape or volume.
Gas particles are widely separated. Examples of
gases include air and the helium in a balloon.
IONIZED NEON GAS

Plasma
Like a gas, a plasma lacks a defined shape or
volume. However, the particles of a plasma are
electrically charged and are separated by vast
differences. Examples of plasma include
lightning and the aurora.
 Chapter 1
SOME COMMONLY USE
PROPERTIES OF FLUID
Density, r = mass/volume
= m/v
Unit = kg/m3

Density
Specific gravity, SG

Density of fluid
=
Density of water at 4˚C

= rf / 1000

Specific Gravity (SG)

Specific weight, g

= Density x acceleration due to

gravitational force
= rg
Unit = N/m 3

Specific Weight
Weight, W

= Mass x acceleration due to

gravitational force
= mg
Unit = N

Weight
Pressure, P = Force / Area
= F/A
or P = gh

(where h = depth , piezometer height)

Unit = N/m 2

Pressure
Specific volume, Vs = 1 / Density
= 1/r
Unit = m /kg
3

Specfic Volume
Dynamic viscosity, m = t / (dV/dy)
Where:
t = shear stress
m = Dynamic viscosity
dV = change of velocity
dy = change of height/depth
Unit = Ns/m 2

Dynamic Viscosity
 Kinematics viscosity,

n = m / r

UNIT = m /s
2

Kinematics Viscosity
Bulk Modulus of elasticity (E or K) expresses the
compressibility of the fluids.

Elasticity (E,K)
= change of pressure / (- volumetric strain)
= dP / -(dV/V)
where
K,E = modulus of elasticity
dP = change of pressure
dV = change of volume
V = original volume

Bulk Modulus of Elasticity

All liquids tend to evaporate or vaporize (projecting
molecules into the space above their surfaces)

In equilibrium condition, vapor pressure is called

saturation pressure

Molecules which moves above the surfaces of liquid

exert pressure (which is called vapor pressure) in the
confined space

Vapor Pressure
Surface tension, s = DP r / 2

Where :
r = radius of the droplet
DP = pressure within the droplet of liquid

Surface Tension
The height above which the liquid column rises can be determined from the consideration
of forces acting on the liquid column.

For a vertical equilibrium,

upwards force = downwards force
2 r sCos  = r2h g h

Therefore, height of liquid rises, h = 2 sCos  / g r

Where: s = surface tension

r = radius
 = angle of deflection

For water,  = 00

Capillarity
For mercury,  = 1400
Table Properties of Water
 End of Chapter 1

THANK YOU