Fluid Mechanics

Prof. Chidanand Koshti

Associate Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering

12/1/2020 CDK 1
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Mechanics of Mechanics of fluids

Mechanics of deformable bodies
rigid bodies
1.Ideal fluid
2.Viscous fluid
1.Strength of meterials 3.Incompressible
2. Theory of elasticity fluid
Statics Dynamics
3.Theory of plasticity

Kinematics Kinetics

12/1/2020 CDK 2
 FLUID MECHANICS
Branch of science which deals with behavior of fluids in
rest as well as in motion

FLUID KINEMATICS FLUID DYNAMICS

FLUID STATICS
(study of fluid in motion (study of fluid in motion
(study of fluid at
where pressure forces where pressure forces
rest)
are not considered) are considered)

12/1/2020 CDK 3
 SYLLABUS
MODULE-I

Properties of Fluids: Definition of fluid, concept of continuum, Density, Specific Weight,

Specific Gravity, Surface Tension, Capillarity, Compressibility, Vapour pressure. Newton’s law
of viscosity, types of fluid, Rheological diagram, Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity.

Fluid Statics: Pascal’s Law, Pressure at a point, Total Pressure & Centre of pressure for
inclined flat plate. Buoyancy, meta-center and floatation.

12/1/2020 CDK 4
 Fluid Mechanics
Module-I: Properties of Fluids
Prof. Chidanand Koshti
Associate Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering

12/1/2020 CDK 5
 What is a fluid?

solid liquid gas

What is a fluid?
What is a fluid?

 A liquid takes the shape of the

container it is in and forms a free
surface in the presence of gravity
 A gas expands until it encounters the
walls of the container and fills the
entire available space. Gases cannot
form a free surface
 Gas and vapor are often used as
synonymous words
 What is a fluid?
• A fluid is a substance in the gaseous or liquid form
• Distinction between solid and fluid?
– Solid: can resist an applied shear by deforming. Stress is
proportional to strain
– Fluid: deforms continuously under applied shear. Stress is
proportional to strain rate

Solid Fluid
F F V
     
A A h
 Fluid Mechanics

Statics vs Dynamics
 Fluid Statics

Basic Principles:
 Fluid is at rest : no shear forces
 Pressure is the only force acting

What are the forces acting on the block?

 Air pressure on the surface - neglect
 Weight of the water above the block
 Pressure only a function of depth
 Fluid Dynamics
Basic Principles:
 Fluid is in Motion : shear forces present
 Pressure and Dynamic forces
 Properties of Fluids
1. Mass (m)
2. Mass Density or Specific Mass or Density ()
3. Weight Density or Specific Weight ()
4. Specific Gravity or Relative Density (S)
5. Specific Volume (Vs)
6. Viscosity or Dynamic Viscosity ()
7. Kinematic Viscosity ()
8. Compressibility
9. Vapour Pressure
10. Surface Tension ()
 Properties of Fluids
1. Mass (m)
Quantitative Measure of matter contained in a substance.
Unit of mass – kg (kilogram)
2. Mass Density or Specific Mass or Density ()
Density is the mass of the fluid per unit volume.
Mass of fluid, kg
𝝆=
Volume, m3
Unit of density , kg/m3
Density of water (𝝆𝒘 ) = 1000 kg/m3 (at std. temp. 200C and 1 atm)
Density of Air (𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓 ) = 1.205 kg/m3 (at std. temp. 200C and 1 atm)

3. Weight Density or Specific Weight ()

The specific weight is the weight of the fluid per unit volume
Weight of fluid,N 𝒎.𝒈
= = = .g
Volume, m 3 V
Unit , N/m3
Sp.Wt. of water (𝒘 ) = 9810 N/m3 (at std. temp. 200C and 1 atm)
Sp.Wt. of Air (𝒂𝒊𝒓 ) = 11.81 N/m3 (at std. temp. 200C and 1 atm)
 Properties of Fluids
4. Specific Gravity or Relative Density (S)
The specific gravity is the ratio of the density or specific weight of the fluid to
the density or specific weight of water, at a temperature of 4oC.
Density OR Sp.Weight of liquid
𝑺=
Density o𝐟 𝐖𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫

Density OR Sp.Weight of gas

𝑺=
Density of Air (free from CO2)

For
S = 1 : for water and air
S > 1 : for fluids heavier than water and gases
S < 1 : for fluids lighter than water and gases
Specific Gravity Measurement
(Hydrometer)
 Properties of Fluids
5. Specific Volume (Vs)
Specific volume is the volume of the fluid per unit mass.
Volume, m3
𝑽𝒔 =
Mass of fluid, kg
Unit , m3/kg
6. Viscosity or Dynamic Viscosity ()
It is the property of the fluid by virtue of which it offers resistance
to shear or angular deformation.
 Molasses, tar, glycerin are highly viscous fluids.
 Water, air, petrol have very small viscosity and are
called thin fluids.
 Newton’s Law of Viscosity :
It states that the shear stress (  ) on a fluid element layer is
directly proportional to the rate of shear strain.

 ∝ du/dy
=  (du/dy)

Where, du/dy =velocity gradient or rate of shear strain

= coefficient of viscosity or Dynamic
viscosity or Viscosity
Unit of Dynamic Viscosity, kg/ms OR N-s/m2
C.G.S. Unit of Dynamic Viscosity, dyne-s/cm2 called “Poise”
1 Poise = 0.1 N-s/m2 1 Centipoise = 10-2 Poise
 Properties of Fluids
7. Kinematic Viscosity ()

It is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to the density of the fluid.

𝐃𝐲𝐧𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐕𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲(𝛍)
𝝊=
Density of fluid (𝛒)
Unit, m2/s
C.G.S. unit, cm2/s and is called “Stoke”
1 Stoke = 10-4 m2/s
8. Compressibility
Compressibility of fluid is expressed quantitatively as inverse of
bulk modulus od elasticity “K” of the fluid.
9. Vapour Pressure
It is the partial pressure exerted by the Vapour molecules on the
surface of the liquid is called Vapour Pressure.
 Surface Tension
 Tensile force acting on the free surface of a liquid per unit length is
called surface tension.
 SI unit of surface tension is N/m or N/mm, it is denoted by sigma (σ).

 Surface tension is a contractive tendency of the surface of

a fluid that allows it to resist an external force.
 Surface Tension
(Pressure intensity inside a droplets)

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝜋 2
𝑝 𝑑 = 𝜎𝜋𝑑
4
4𝜎
𝑝=
𝑑
 Surface Tension
(Pressure intensity inside a bubble)

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝜋 2
𝑝 𝑑 = 2𝜎𝜋𝑑
4
8𝜎
𝑝=
𝑑
 Surface Tension
(Pressure intensity inside a liquid jet)

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑝. 𝑑. 𝑙 = 𝜎. 2𝑙

2𝜎
𝑝=
𝑑
 Capillary
 Capillary action is the ability of a fluid to flow in narrow spaces without the
assistance of, and in opposition to, external forces like gravity.

Adhesion>Cohesion Adhesion < Cohesion

𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 =Wt. of the liquid in downward

𝜋 2
𝜋. 𝑑. 𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝛾 𝑑 . ℎ
4
4𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜃 = 0𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒 − 𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
ℎ=
𝛾𝑑
𝜃 = 140𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 − 𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠

Glass tubes are generally used for pressure measurement. To avoid errors due to
capillarity, the diameter of the tube should be greater than 6mm.
 Classification of fluid
The fluid may be classified into the five types:-

1) Ideal fluid
2) Real fluid
3) Newtonian fluid
4) Non – Newtonian fluid
5) Ideal plastic fluid
 Classification of fluid
 Ideal fluid is a substance that is unable to resist internal
shear and tensile forces.
 Real fluid : A fluid which is compressible , has viscosity
and surface tension ,is known as real fluid.
 Newtonian fluid : A real fluid in which the shear stress is
directly to the rate of shear strain ,is known as Newtonian
fluid.
 Non-Newtonian fluid:-A real fluid , in which the shear
stress is not proportional to the rate of shear strain, is known
as non- Newtonian fluid.
 Ideal plastic fluid:- a fluid in which shear stress is more
than the yield value and shear stress is proportional to the
rate of shear strain is known as an ideal plastic fluid.
 Non-Newtonian fluid
 Dilatants and Pseudoplastics
𝑛
𝑑𝑢
𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦

n > 1 : Dilatants – Butter, quicksand etc.

n < 1 : Pseudoplastics – paper pulp , milk, polymer solution etc.
 Ideal plastic or Bingham plastic
𝑑𝑢
𝜏 = 𝜏0 + 𝜇 𝜏0 = yield stress
𝑑𝑦
Tooth paste, drilling mud , sewage sludge etc.
 Thixotropic fluid 𝑛
𝑑𝑢
𝜏 = 𝜏0 + 𝜇
𝑑𝑦
Printer ink , lipstick , paints , enamels etc.
Rheological Diagram
Thank You