FLUID

MECHANICS
PREPARED BY:
ENGR. OLIVE B. BARBA
 COURSE CONTENT
MODULE 1 MODULE 2 MODULE
Translation and
3 MODULE 4
Introduction Hydrostatics Fluid Flow
Dimensional Analysis of
to Fluid Mechanics and Buoyancy Fluid
Hydrostatic Forces on Fundamentals of
1 Fluid Classification,
Fluid Properties
1 Plane Surfaces 1 Translation and
Rotation of Liquid
1 Fluid Flow
Masses Fundamentals of
2 Units & Scale of
2 Hydrostatic Forces
Dimensional
2 Fluid Flow
Pressure Measurement on Curved Surfaces
2 Analysis and Fundamentals of
3 Pressure-Measure
Device & Pressure 3 Buoyancy Hydraulic 3 Fluid Flow
& Stability Similitude
at a Point
Fluids in Rigid-
4 Pressure Variation
in a Static Fluid &
4 Body Motion
Manometers
FLUID MECHANICS
A branch of applied mechanics that is concerned with the statics and dynamics
of liquids and gases. It is also defined as the science that deals with the
behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics), and the
interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at the boundaries.

FLUID MECHANICS vs SOLID-

BODY MECHANICS
01 Nature and Properties

02 Behavior of a continuous stream of fluid without beginning or end instead

of individual bodies or elements of known mass
BRANCHES OF FLUID MECHANICS
FLUID STATICS FLUID DYNAMICS
Fluid at rest Fluid in motion

HYDRODYNAMICS
Fluid in motion with FORCE and
ACCELERATION consideration

KINEMATICS
WITHOUT FORCE consideration
CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUIDS
LIQUIDS GASES
Great resistance to change in Little resistance to change in
form or volume form or volume

Occupies a definite portion in Occupies all the space in

which it is contained which it is contained

Has no friction nor viscosity.

IDEAL (PERFECT FLUID) It also called incompressible
fluid.
TYPES OF FLUIDS
IDEAL FLUIDS REAL FLUIDS
No viscosity (i.e. resistance to shear Viscous
is zero
Incompressible Compressible
Have uniform velocity distribution Experience friction between
when flowing moving layers of fluids
No friction between moving layers Experience friction between
of fluids moving layers of fluids
No turbulence Turbulent in flow
No eddy currents Has eddy currents
REAL FLUIDS
NEWTONIAN FLUID NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID
Newtonian fluids are fluids that exhibit Non-Newtonian fluids are those whose
constant or uniform viscosities viscosities will vary with velocity.
FLUID PROPERTIES
1. DENSITY 6. BULK MODULUS
2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY 7. COMPRESSIBILITY
3. SPECIFIC VOLUME 8. SURFACE TENSION
4. SPECIFIC WEIGHT 9. CAPILLARITY
5. VISCOSITY
FLUID PROPETIES

DENSITY
The density (ρ) of a fluid is its mass per unit volume.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝
𝜌 = 𝜌=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑅𝑇
Where:
Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
p = pressure
9810 N/ m3
9.81 kN/ m3 R = specific gas constant
62.4 lb/ ft3 T = absolute temperature
1 gram/ cm3
FLUID PROPETIES

SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific gravity (g) is the ratio of the fluid’s density to the density of a certain
standard reference. The standard reference used for liquids and solids is pure
water, which is water at densed condition (Temperature = 4 ˚C or 39.2 ˚F). The
specific gravity of water is taken as 1.000. Another term for specific gravity is
relative density.
𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑆𝐺𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑆𝐺𝑔𝑎𝑠 =
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟
However, if the temperature and pressure of air and gas are the same, then
specific gravity can be calculated as the ratio of molecular weight or as inverse
ratio of specific gas constants.
FLUID PROPETIES

SPECIFIC VOLUME SPECIFIC WEIGHT

Specific volume (v) is the Specific weight (γ ) is the weight of a fluid
volume occupied by a unit per unit volume.
mass of a fluid. It is the For SI measurements,
reciprocal of density. Where: g = 9.81 m/s2
𝛄 = ρg
1 For English measurements,
𝑣= 𝛄 = 𝜌 𝑔𝑐
𝑔
𝜌
Where:
g = 32.2 ft/s2
𝑔𝑐 = gravitational conversion (lbm to lbf)
FLUID PROPETIES

VISCOSITY KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

Viscosity is the measure of the Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of
fluid’s resistance to flow when the absolute viscosity of a fluid to
acted upon by an external force. its density. 𝜇𝑑
For Newtonian fluids, the shear 𝜇𝑘 =
stress, τ is given as
𝜌

𝑑𝑣 Dynamic Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity

τ = 𝜇𝑑 1 poise = 1dyne –s/cm^2 1 stoke = 1 cm^2/s
𝑑𝑦
= 0.10 Pa-s = 0.0001 m^2/s
τ = 100 centi poise
𝜇𝑑 =
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦
FLUID PROPETIES

SURFACE TENSION Cohesive force : molecular force to

Surface Tension is the property of stick to each other due to mutual
the fluid which offers resistance at reaction – surface tension.
the membrane or skin that forms on Adhesion : property of different
the free surface of the fluid which is molecules or surfaces to cling to each
due to the intermolecular cohesion. other – capillary action.
𝐹
𝜎 = Where:
𝐿 𝜎 = surface tension
𝑟∆𝑃 F = Force; L = Length
P 𝜎𝑏𝑢𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑒 =
4 R = radius
P = pressure (gage) inside the
𝑟∆𝑃 bubble or P = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 − 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜎𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡 =
2
FLUID PROPETIES

CAPILLARITY /
CAPILLARY ACTION
Capillary action is caused by surface tension
between the liquid and vertical solid surface.

4𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ℎ=
𝛾𝑑

MENISCUS is the curve surface of liquid in a

capillary tube.
Note: Capillary is important when using tubes
smaller than about 3/8 in (9.5mm) in diameter)
FLUID PROPETIES

BULK MODULUS OF E=
∆𝑃
−∆𝑉
ELASTICITY 𝑉
It expresses the compressibility of Where,
fluid. It is the ratio of the change in ∆𝑃 = change in Pressure
unit pressure to the corresponding ∆𝑉 = change in Volume ( negative
volume change per unit volume implies decrease)
𝑉 = is the original volume

NOTE: The modulus of elasticity or

compressibility is temperature
dependent.
FLUID PROPETIES

COMPRESSIBILITY
Compressibility β is the fractional change in the volume of a fluid per unit
change in pressure at constant temperature process. It is the reciprocal of
bulk modulus, E.

1 −∆𝑉
𝛽=
𝐸 𝛽= 𝑉
∆𝑃
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. A container has glycerin of mass 600 kg and a volume of 0.476 m3.

What is the specific gravity of the glycerin?
2. Water has its viscosity at 68˚F equal to 0.01008 poise, what is its
absolute viscosity in pound-seconds per square foot?
3. The viscosity of water at 70℃ is 0.00402 poise and its specific gravity is
0.978. Determine its absolute viscosity in Pa-s and its kinematic viscosity in
𝑚2
𝑠
and stokes.
−5 𝑙𝑏𝑓 −𝑠
4. A liquid of viscosity 5.2 × 10 is flowing in a rectangular duct. The
𝑓𝑡 2
equation of the symmetrical velocity (ft/s) is approximately 𝑣 = 0.3𝑦 0.7 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
where y is in inches. Compute the velocity gradient at y 3 inches from the wall,
and the shear stress of the fluid at that point.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
5. A 4.9 cubic feet of water are compressed to 5000 psig. What is the volume
decrease if the temperature is 60℉? Assume the average bulk modulus of
elasticity of 311,000 psi.
6. The surface tension force 𝜎, of water in air is approximately 0.00518 lbf/ft.
If the atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia, what is the pressure inside a droplet
0.01” inside diameter?
7. At a particular temperature, the surface tension of water is 0.073 N/m.
under ideal conditions, the contact angle between glass and water is zero. A
student in a laboratory observes a water in a glass capillary tube with a
diameter of 0.10mm. What is the theoretical height of the capillary rise?