HYDRAULICS 1

BSCE 3
CIEN 30063
1st Semester SY 2021-2022

Compiled By:

Engr. ANTONIO P. CURVA

Instructor 1
 HYDRAULICS 1
HYDRAULICS
Deals with the application of fluid mechanics to engineering devices
involving liquids, usually water or oil. Hydraulics deals with such problems
as the fow of fluids through pipes or in open channels, the design of storage
dams, pumps, and water turbines, and with other devices for the control or
use of liquids, such as nozzles, valve, jets and flowmeters.

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HYDRAULICS 1 TOPICS

 CHAPTER 1 Properties of Fluid

 CHAPTER 2 Principles of Hydrostatics
 CHAPTER 3 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces
 CHAPTER 4 Relative Equilibrium of Liquids
 CHAPTER 5 Fundamentals of Fluid Flow

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 • Types of Fluid
• Mass Density
• Specific Volume

CHAPTER 1 •
•
•
Specific Weight
Specific Gravity
Viscosity
• Surface Tension
PROPERTIES OF • Capillary
• Compressibility
FLUID • Pressure Disturbances
• Property Changes in Ideal Gas
• Vapor Pressure

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PROPERTIES OF
FLUID

5 Fluid Mechanics
Is a physical science dealing with the action of fluids at rest or in motion, and with the action
of fluids. Fluid mechanics can be sub-divided into two major areas; fluid static, which deals
with fluids at rest and fluid dynamics, concerned with fluids in motion

TYPES OF FLUID
1. Ideal Fluids
2. Real Fluids

Real fluids are further divided into Newtonian fluids and Non-Newtonian
PROPERTIES OF
FLUID

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Most fluid problems assume real fluids with Newtonian characteristics for convenience. This
assumption is appropriate for water, air, gases, steam, and other simple fluids like alcohol, gasoline,
acid solutions and etc.
PROPERTIES OF FLUID

7 MASS DENSITY (ρ)

The mass density of an object is defined as its mass per unit volume

 ρ =

For an ideal gas, its density can be found from the specific gas constant and ideal gas law:

 ρ =

Units:
English: slug/ft³
Metric : gram/cm³
SI: kg/m³
Note:
 
PROPERTIES OF FLUID

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where:

P = absolute pressure of gas in Pa

R = gas constant Joule / kg -
For air:
R = 287 j/kg -
R = 1, 716 lb-ft/slug - R
T = absolute temperature in Kelvin
K=
R = F + 460
PROPERTIES OF
FLUID
9 SPECIFIC VOLUME (Vs)
Is the volume occupied by unit mass of fluid.

 =

UNIT WEIGHT OR SPECIFIC WEIGHT (Ƴ)

Is the weight of a unit volume of a fluid.

  Ƴ=

Ƴ= ρ.g

Units:
English : lb/ft³
Metric : dyne/cm³
SI: N/m³ or kN/m³
PROPERTIES OF
FLUID
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SPECIFIC GRAVITY (s)

 Is a dimensionless ratio of a fluid’s density to some standard reference density.

For liquid and solids, the reference density is water at 4C (39.2F)

  𝝆 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅
𝒔=
𝝆 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
In gases, the standard references to calculate the specific gravity is the density of air

  𝝆 𝒈𝒂𝒔
𝒔=
𝝆 𝒂𝒊𝒓
 For water at 4°C:
Ƴ: 62.4 lb/ft³ = 9.81 kN/m³
: 1.94 slugs/ft³ = 1000 kg/m³
: 1.0
PROPERTIES OF
FLUID
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SPECIFIC WEIGHT OF AIR & GASSES
Since specific gravity is the ratio between the density (mass per unit volume) of an actual
gas and the density of air - specific gravity has no dimension. The density of air at NTP is
1.205 kg/m3.

 Specific weight (δ)  Mass of air gasses (m)

Where:
Where:
V : Volume of gas in a container
P : Absolute pressure ρ : Density of gas or air
T : Absolute temperature in Kelvin or Rankine m : mass of gas or air
R : C° + 273° in Kelvin
R : F° + 460° in Rankine
R : Gas constant
PROPERTIES OF
FLUID
12 VISCOSITY (µ)

The property of a fluid which determine the amount of its resistance to shearing forces. A perfect
fluid would have no viscosity.

Consider two large, parallel plates at a small distance “y” apart, the space between them being
filled with a fluid. Consider the upper plate to be subject to a force “F” so as to move with a
constant velocity “U”. The fluid in contact with the upper plate will adhere to it and will move
with the same velocity “U” while the fluid in contact with the fixed plate will have a zero
velocity.
PROPERTIES OF
FLUID
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but

where the constant of proportionally k is called the dynamic of absolute viscosity

denoted as .

  =
 where:

= shear stress in lb/ft² or Pa

= absolute viscosity in lb sec/ft² (poises) or Pa-sec
= distance between the plates in ft or m
U = velocity in ft/s or m/s
PROPERTIES OF
FLUID
14 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY (v)
 Is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (µ) to it’s mass density ().

  𝝁
𝝂=
𝝆

 where:
: absolute viscosity
: density in kg/m³
Note:
 
1 poise = 1 dyne(s)/cm² = 0.1 Pa-sec (1 dyne = )
1 stoke = 0.0001 m²/s
PROPERTIES OF
FLUID
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SURFACE TENSION (σ)

The membrane of skin that seems to form on the free surface of a fluid is due to the
intermolecular cohesive forces, and is known as surface tension.

  Pressure inside a Droplet of a Liquid   Capillary rise in Tube

p h

where:
σ : surface tension in N/m
: diameter of the droplet in m
p : gage pressure in Pa
where:
h : Capillary rise in meter
r : radius of tube
ρ : mass density of water 1000 kg / m3
g : 9.81
θ : wetting angle, 0 for water
σ : surface tension in N/m
PROPERTIES OF
FLUID
16 CAPILLARITY
Capillarity (capillary action) is the name given to the behavior of the liquid in a thin-bore tube. The
rise or fail in a capillary tube is caused by surface tension and depends on the relative magnitudes of
the cohesion of the liquid and the adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the containing vessel. Capillary
is important when using tubes smaller than about 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) in diameter

  𝟒 𝝈 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝒉=
𝜸𝒅
PROPERTIES OF
FLUID
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For complete wetting, as with water on clean glass, the angle 0°. Hence the formula becomes

  𝟒𝝈
𝒉=
𝜸𝒅

where:
 
: capillary rise or depression in m
: unit weight in N/m³
: diameter of the tube in m
: surface tension in Pa
PROPERTIES OF
FLUID
18 COMPRESSIBILITY (β)
Also known as the coefficient of compressibility is the fractional change in the volume of the fluid per
unit change in pressure in a constant temperature process.

 =   𝑑𝑉 / 𝑉
or 𝛽=−
𝑑𝑝
  1
𝛽=−
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠

 where:
change in volume
: original volume
: change in pressure
: change in volume (usually in percent)
β : Coefficient of compressiblity
PROPERTIES OF
FLUID
19  BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY ()

The bulk modulus of elasticity of the fluid expresses the compressibility of the fluid. It is the ratio
of the change in unit pressure to the corresponding volume change per unit of volume

 = =   𝑑𝑝
or 𝐸 ʙ=−
𝑑𝑉 / 𝑉

where:
E = Bulk modulus of Elasticity
∆P = Change in pressure
∆V = Change in volume
PROPERTIES OF
FLUID
20 PRESSURE DICTURBANCES
Pressure disturbances imposed on a fluid move in waves. The velocity or celerity of pressure wave
(also known as acoustical or sonic velocity) is expressed as:

  =
PROPERTIES OF
FLUID
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PROPERTY CHANGES IN IDEAL GAS

• For any ideal gas experiencing any process, the equation of states is given by:

 =

• When temperature is held constant reduces, to (Boyle’s Law)

𝑃  ₁𝑉 ₁=𝑃 ₂𝑉 ₂
• When temperature is held constant (isothermal condition), reduces to (Charles Law)

 =
PROPERTIES OF
FLUID
22 FOR ADIABATIC OR ISENTROPIC CONDITIONS
( no heat exchanged )

where:
 
= initial absolute pressure of gas
= final absolute pressure of gas
= initial volume of gas
= final volume of gas
= initial absolute temperature of gas in °K (°K = °C + 273)
= final absolute temperature °K
k = ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure to the specific heat at constant volume. Also known as
adiabatic exponent.
PROPERTIES OF
FLUID
23 VAPOR PRESSURE
Molecular activity in a liquid will allow some of the
molecules to escape the liquid surface. Molecules of the
vapor also condense back into the liquid. The
vaporization and condensation at constant temperature
are equilibrium processes. The equilibrium pressure
exerted by these free molecules is known as the VAPOR
PRESSURE OR SATURATION PRESSURE.

Liquids near their boiling point or that vaporizes easily

are said to VOLATILE LIQUIDS. Boiling occurs when
the liquid temperature is increased to the point that vapor
pressure is equal tp the local ambient pressure. Liquid
with low vapor pressure are used in accurate barometers.
CHAPTER 1 SOLVED
PROBLEMS
Problem # 1 Problem # 2

A liter of water weighs about 9.75 N. What is the specific weight of air at 480 kPa
Compute its mass in kilograms. absolute and 21°C?

Solution: Solution:

 Ƴ = ρ.g
  M= Ƴ = 5.689 x 9.81
M= ρ= where: R = 287 J/kg -
Ƴ = 55.81 N/m³
M = 0.994 kg ρ=

ρ = 5.689 kg

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CHAPTER 1 SOLVED
PROBLEMS
Problem # 3  Problem # 4

A liquid compressed in a container has a volume
of 1 liter at a pressure of 1Mpa and a volume of
0.995 Liter at a pressure of 2 Mpa. The hulk
modulus of elasticity (Eb) of the liquid is .
Solution:
Estimate the height to which water will rise in a
capillary tube of a diameter 3mm. Use = 0.0728
N/m and Y= 9810 N/m³ for water.
Solution:

 Note! 0= 90° for water in clean tube.

 

= 0.0099m or 9.9mm

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CHAPTER 1 SOLVED
PROBLEMS
Problem # 5

A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1,200 kg and a volume of 0.952 m³. Find its (a) weight, (b) unit
weight, (c) mass density, and (d) specific gravity.

Solution:
 (c.) density, =
  (a.) weight,
=
= (1,200 kg ) (9.81 m/s²)
= 1,260.5 kg/m³
= 11,772 N or 11.772 KN

(d.) specific gravity,

(b.) unit weight, Ƴ =
Ƴ=
s = 1.26
Ƴ = 12.366 KN/m

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CHAPTER 1 SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS

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CHAPTER 1 SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS

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CHAPTER 1 SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS

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CHAPTER 1 SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS

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CHAPTER 1 PROPERTIES OF
FLUID SUBJECT MATERIALS

HYDRAULICS 1 Chapter 1 MATERIAL:

For more knowledge and explanation about the PROPERTIES OF FLUID, please check the
book “FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS” revised Edition By DIT
GILLESANIA

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CHAPTER 1 PROPERTIES OF FLUID SUBJECT
MATERIALS

For more information and

clarification about fluids.

WATCH

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CHAPTER 1 PROPERTIES OF FLUID SUBJECT
MATERIALS

Additional topics that are related

to fluids: Fluids that exert
Pressure.
WATCH

33
CHAPTER 1 PROPERTIES OF FLUID SUBJECT
MATERIALS

For more information and

clarification about density.

WATCH

34
CHAPTER 1 PROPERTIES OF FLUID SUBJECT
MATERIALS

Additional topics that are related

to fluids: Relative Density.

WATCH

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CHAPTER 1 PROPERTIES OF FLUID SUBJECT
MATERIALS

For more information and

clarification about viscosity.

WATCH

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