TURBOMACHINERY Definitions

Machine:
Basics and “It is the set of devices combined to receive a
Hydraulic machine. certain form of energy, transform it and restore it

Definition theory of to another more adequate form, or to produce a
turbomachinery certain effect” [1]. Ej. Engine:
 Classification http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Au6vtu4qGrE

Fluid machine:
A machine that receives energy from a fluid and restores it in the
form of mechanical energy, or vice versa, absorbs mechanical
energy and then increase the corresponding energy of a fluid.
Another definition: Machine that use a fluid as an energy
exchanger element

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Classification Classification
Hydraulic Machines: use a fluid that behaves as
A fluid machine can be classified according to density, incompressible as an energy exchanger element:
type of flow, principle of operation … hydraulic pump, fan, hydraulic turbine, etc.
A more accepted criterion for the classification of fluid
machines is one that attends to the behavior of the fluid
as incompressible or compressible
Thermal machines: use fluids that behave as
compressible, as an energy exchanger element, where
Fluid Hydraulic machines thermodynamic phenomena have a fundamental
impact: compressor, gas turbine, etc.
Machine
Thermal machines

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Classification Classification
Classification criteria: Principle of operation Impeller

Turbomachinery
Hydraulic
Machine Positive displacement
machines

All turbomachines have a fundamental component that

rotates on its axis, where the energy exchange occurs,
which is called impeller
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3aPHmZ97yM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmjIQqo8mX4

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GEYDY GUTIÉRREZ 1
 Classification Classification
Positive displacement machines, also called volumetric
Turbomachinery Power absorber devices
machines, are in turn divided into alternative and and positive
rotating machines, depending on whether the energy displacement
exchanger member moves alternately or rotates around machines Power producing devices
an axis.
Power absorber devices: the mechanical energy is
transformed into hydraulics (the energy is delivered by
the machine to the fluid): pumps and fans.

Power producing devices: those that transform the

energy of the fluid into the movement of the machines
(the energy is delivered by the fluid to the machine):
hydraulic and wind turbines.

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TURBOMACHINERY Euler Equation

Purpose: to know the power produced by the machine and
other parameters, by applying the angular momemtum
Basics and theorem
Fundamental equation of

turbomachinery theory of
 Velocity Triangle
turbomachinery Velocity triangle or a velocity diagram

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Velocity triangle Velocity triangle

The velocity u, is the tangential
The movement of a particle of fluid when crossing the or circumferential velocity of the
impeller of a turbomachine can refer to an observer located impeller itself, tangent to the
outside the machine or to another that moves in the impeller circumference where the
itself: absolute movement of the particle or relative, considered point is located, the
direction of the running of the
respectively. impeller and as a modulus ωr, or
its equivalent (2 π r N)/60. ω and
each particle has three speeds N are the angular velocity
expressed in radians/s and
number of turns/min respectively
• Absolute velocity c and r the radius of the point
• Relative velocity w considered.

• Tangential velocity u
The absolute velocity projected on the tangential, represented by cu, is
called peripheral velocity (of the absolute), and the absolute velocity
projected on a radius, represented by cm, is the meridian

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GEYDY GUTIÉRREZ 2
 Velocity triangle Velocity triangle
The angle formed by
The angle formed by
the tangential and
the tangential and
absolute velocities is
absolute velocities is
called α.
called α.
The angle formed by
The angle formed by
the relative velocity
the relative velocity
and the opposite
and the opposite
direction of the
direction of the
tangential velocity is
tangential velocity is
called β.
called β.
If it is a point located
If it is a point located
at the entrance of
at the entrance of
the vane all the
the vane all the
values will have the
values will have the
subscript 1 and if it
subscript 1 and if it
is at the exit, Turbine Pump
is at the exit,
subscript 2. [2]
subscript 2. [2]

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Derivation of the Euler Equation Derivation of the Euler Equation

The momemtum theorem is applied: it says that the sum of the external
forces is equal to the momemtum in the output section minus the
momemtum in the input section.

F=Qr(c2-c1)

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Derivation of the Euler Equation Derivation of the Euler Equation

Power
P=M
P=Qr (r2c2u-r1c1u)
P=QrgHu
Qr (r2c2u-r1c1u)=QrgHu
Taking moments of the axis:
with r1=u1 y r2=u2
u2c2u-u1c1u=gHu
M=Qr(r2c2u-r1c1u) u2c2u-u1c1u
Hu= g

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GEYDY GUTIÉRREZ 3
 Euler Eq. Euler Eq.
Substituting Cu for its equivalent c·cosa:
Theoretical pressure head
u2c2cosa2-u1c1cosa1
Hu= ± g
u1c1u-u2c2u
Hu= ± g Applying the law of cosines

+ turbines
- pump

Which is alternative form of the Euler eq.

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Degree of reaction Degree of reaction

Pressure difference Degree of reaction
 P  P2  u 2  u 22 w22  w12
H p   1   ( 1  )
 ρg  2g 2g

If σ = 0 it is an action machine
Dynamic head If σ = 1 it is a pure reaction machine
If σ <1 it is the usual case of real machines
c12  c22
Hd  
2g All pumps have σ>0
Hydraulic turbines have both σ = 0 and
σ<1

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TURBOMACHINERY Losses

Losses
• Losses

• Power

• Efficiency Losses in the engine Hydraulic loss

Mechanical loss
Volumetric loss (friction)
Mechanical Loss

23

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GEYDY GUTIÉRREZ 4
 Losses Power
Hydraulic
Energy losses produced by the fluid passes through the
turbomachine due to friction and changes in section and direction in Pa: Brake power
the machine's ducts
Pi: Pa minus Mechanical losses
Volumetric P: actual power delivered to the
Losses due to leakage. Lost and fluid
unused flow:
Exterior and interior

Mechanical Mechanical, hydraulic, volumetric Losses

P
They occur in the mechanical part of the machine: shaft friction, with  tot 
bearings, auxiliary equipment Pump Pa

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Pump efficiency Suction specific speed

 rgHuQ "The most precise classification of the rotodynamic pumps is a
numerical classification, assigning to the whole family of
P. Fluid: geometrically similar pumps a number, namely the suction
specific speed"

efficiencies
Pi
v Q/Qo h 
H m 
Pa
Hu
N (rpm), P (hp), H (m)
P Q r gH Q r gH
 tot  Pa  
Pa  tot  v h m

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Suction specific speed TURBOMACHINERY

Taking into account the expressions of the specific speed:
reduced values correspond to pumps with relatively small flow
rates with relatively large heights and vice versa.
There is a parallelism between the type of pump that attends to
Pumps
 Definition and classification
the direction of the flow and the specific speed, corresponding to
the radial pumps reduced values, to the axial high values and to  Components
the diagonals, intermediate values.

a 40 a 80
b 80 a 140
c 140 a 300
d 300 a 600
e 600 a 1800

30

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GEYDY GUTIÉRREZ 5
 Definition Classification
Machines whose mission is to increase the energy of liquids, Turbopumps: by means of the rotation produced by an engine,
transforming the mechanical energy they receive from the a turbo-pump generates an external force on the impeller that has as
engine into hydraulic energy. consequence the increase of the pressure in the exit section [2].
Its operation is based on the momemtum theorem (Euler Equation). It
is the most commonly used type and is used universally to transfer
almost all types of liquids at any height.
  Según la dirección del flujo
  Posición del eje
  Positive displacement pumps: it is classified in turn into
 Rotodinámi cas (turbobomba s )  Según la presiòn
Bombas hidràulica s   Según el número de flujos alternative pumps and rotary pumps, distinguishing the way in which
  the displacement element of the liquid moves [2]. Its operation is
  Según el nùmero de ro det es
 based on the principle of positive displacement
 Desplazami ento positivo

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Classification Classification
Special pumps: The rest of the pumps that can not be Turbopumps: Rotodynamic pumps. Classification
classified as positive displacement pumps or turbo pumps can be
included in a third group called special pumps According to flow direction
Radial flow pumps (centrifugal pumps): The fluid enters along the
axial plane, is accelerated by the impeller and comes out at right
angles to the shaft. They operate at higher pressures and small flow
rates.
arquimedes pump

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SpKuTfw560U

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Classification Classification
Axial flow pumps: The fluid enters and
exits along the axial plane. They operate
According to the position of the axis
Pumps with horizontal axis, vertical axis and
at less pressures and more flow compared
inclined axis
to radial flow pumps.
Mixed flow pumps: The flow in the pump
has both radial component and axial
component.

The fundamental variables of the impeller or the turbomachine are the

flow rate and the working height. According to the
number of impellers
Radial: Reduced Q/H
Axial: High Q/H single stage or multi-
Mix: intermediate Q/H stage
The geometry of the impeller defines this relationship

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mrePXgpCruM

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GEYDY GUTIÉRREZ 6
 Types Types
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIco6pJ7NgA
• Multistage pumps: Multistage Multistage pumps
•Single stage The height of a pump depends on the outside diameter of the
pumps: Sometimes a series of
pumps: They impeller, but it has a limit, therefore multistage pumps are used
equal runners arranged in series
have only one when you want to obtain a high height or generate a high
are arranged in a single casing in
impeller
such a way that the liquid passes pressure. They are also used to extract liquids from wells in
from the outlet of one impeller to which their diameter limits what the impellers may have.
the entrance of the next.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntkut81HMHs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpTKEEs8mHo

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Types Types
Split Case Pump Monoblock pump Double suction pump

A single support for the electric

The great advantage is that it is not necessary to disassemble any motor and the pump
element of the installation to inspect the pumps, because it is
enough to unscrew the bolts that join the two parts of the housing.

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Types Types
Axial pump Multiple stage- horizontal Multiple stage- vertical Deep well pump

High Q/H ratio

Small Q/H ratio

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GEYDY GUTIÉRREZ 7
 Components Impeller
They can be classified as closed, semi-open and open
They consist of a casing where the impeller and the diffuser system
are.
The impeller is the only place in the machine where the
fundamental energy transformation takes place: hydraulic energy
becomes mechanical, or vice versa. Other elements are available,
located upstream and downstream of the impeller so that the fluid
penetrates the impeller and leaves it in the best possible conditions,
in order to optimize its performance and therefore that of the
turbomachine [2]. It rotates with the axis of the machine and consists
of a certain number of blades.

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Components Discharge
Stationary diffuser vanes: It does not It consists of various arrangements that are found after the
exist in all pumps (it raises its cost). impeller
Collect the liquid from the impeller and
guide it to the volute.

Casing: Collect the fluid leading it to the

outlet pipe

Discharge (volute): It has the missions

to transform the kinetic energy into
pressure energy and to collect and a) Pump with casing or scroll, b) with casing and diffuser cone, c) with
conduct the liquid towards the exit flange casing, diffuser cone and Stationary diffuser vanes
of the pump, it is usually formed by the
same pump casing

Review
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SpKuTfw560U

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Components

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3K5zy392TM

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GEYDY GUTIÉRREZ 8
 49 50

Pressure Head Pressure Head

The pressure heat H is

applying the energy equation across the impeller and solving for H:

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TURBOMACHINERY Installation
•Filter and foot valve
•Gate valves in the suction, to regulate the
Pumps flow of the pump
•Check valve at the outlet,
 Installation prevents back flow
when the pump stops.
 Hydraulic head
•Reducer in the aspiration,
prevents the formation
of air bags in the
upper part
•Pipelines,
accessories

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GEYDY GUTIÉRREZ 9
 Installation Installation

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Installation. Priming Installation. Priming

If the pump does not prime the impeller
The process of filling the pump casing with liquid before the pump
would work as a fan, with air, creating only a
started is known as pump priming. Otherwise if the pump casing
small depression unable to raise the liquid to
initially filled with vapors or gases, the pump impeller becomes gas
the entrance of the machine.
bonded and incapable of pumping.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57xWlH0cL8M 2:10-3

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Installation. Priming TURBOMACHINERY

•The foot valve, where liquid enters the suction pipe: it allows to keep the
pump primed and serves as a filter so that no substances can penetrate that
can drag the liquid. An unidirectional valve, also known as an anti-return or
blocking valve, and a grid that surrounds it are incorporated. Pumps
 Cavitation
•There are self-priming pumps. Some expel the air contained in the
aspiration.  Water hammer

•To prime the pump, stopped,

liquid is introduced through a hole
in its upper part, filling the suction
pipe and the housing

•In special cases, the suction has

a vacuum pump for automatic
priming

60

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GEYDY GUTIÉRREZ 10
 Cavitation Cavitation
It occurs when the pressure of the liquid is reduced to its
vapor pressure, then it vaporizes, forming vapor bubbles

Consequences
Vibration
Noise
Erosion
Efficiency reduction

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dd6AlyOnfc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vhc-hEjh12I&t=297s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRsvO4Gpnf0

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Cavitation Cavitation. NPSH

Once the steam bubbles are formed, they are dragged into areas of The pressure energy required to prevent the formation
higher pressure, occupy a much smaller volume, producing implosions of vapor bubbles is known as NPSH required
that cause very large point overpressures. Water vapor occupies a
volume of the order of 1250 times that of water. NPSH : Net Positive Suction Head

The NPSH is provided by the system in which the

Overpressures: up to 1000 bar
pump is operating and is identified as available
The air contained in the water also causes oxidation NPSH: exclusive function of the system design
To avoid damage caused by cavitation:
Leads to a sharp drop in the manometric height
NPSHAva> NPSHreq
The life of a cavitating machine is less than normal.

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Cavitation. NPSH Cavitation. NPSH

It depends on the following factors:
Bernoulli between B y D

NPSHd (Available)
vB2/2g null, subtracting the vapor pressure (Ps/γ1) from
the two members and ordering the factors :

function exclusively of the system

design
NPSHr
They must be taken into account for the design of any
pumping system

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GEYDY GUTIÉRREZ 11
 Cavitation. NPSH Cavitation. NPSH
It depends on the following factors: •Pressure in the suction •Vapor pressure of
tank the liquid
• Pressure in the suction tank. If it is open to the atmosphere
(the action is to Pressurize) (Cool)
• Vapor pressure of the liquid, which is characteristic of each
liquid and its temperature.
• Specific weight of the pumped liquid.
• Geometric height of aspiration.
• Loss of load in the aspiration, which is a function of their
characteristics: length, diameter, material and special parts, as
well as the flow and viscosity of the fluid (temperature).

It is convenient to design the suction with amplitude,

to restrict the special parts to a minimum, to design
elbows of wide radius of curvature and soft cones of
reduction.

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Cavitation. NPSH Water hammer

Loss in the suction: Improve the suction pipe
It occurs when, due to some circumstance, the passage of the flow is
cut to a greater or lesser extent and its speed varies sharply.

Consequently waves rippling across the pipe in both directions

originate, which produce substantial overpressures

It is necessary to know them for the design of the installation, to select

properly the pipes and special pieces capable of supporting without
producing breaks or faults

With cavitation, the main cause of damage to pipelines and installations

hydraulic

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Water hammer Water hammer

Source: http://www.haysfluidcontrols.com

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xoLmVFAFjn4, min 2

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GEYDY GUTIÉRREZ 12