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c) 𝛾 = ρ𝑔 = 891.938 9.81
= 𝟖, 𝟕𝟒𝟗. 𝟗𝟏𝟐N/m3
𝜌 891.938
d) 𝑆𝐺 = = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟐
𝜌𝑤 1000
1.2 Fluid properties
Dynamic viscosity, μ • Rearranging the equation to determine the
• Defined as the internal resistance of a fluid dynamic viscosity,
to motion. 𝝉
𝝁=
• Relation for dynamic viscosity can be 𝒅𝒖 (N.s/m2, Pa.s, kg/m.s )
obtain when considering a fluid layer 𝒅𝒚
between two parallel plates.
𝒅𝒖
• Where is the velocity gradient obtain by
𝒅𝒚
differentiating the velocity profile/distribution
𝒖(𝒚)
• Velocity profile/distribution can be either
linear or non-linear. For linear velocity
• If the upper plate moves at a constant profile:
velocity, V , a shear stress, τ will be 𝒅𝒖 ∆𝑽
developed. Its magnitude depends on the =
𝒅𝒚 ∆𝒉
viscosity of the fluid. Hence,
𝒅𝒖 V → velocity, m/s
𝝉=𝝁 h → height/thickness of fluid flim, m
𝒅𝒚
1.2 Fluid properties
kinematic viscosity, ν Example:
• Defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to The specific gravity of a fluid is 1.35 and its
the density of a substance. dynamic viscosity is 1.70Pa.s. Estimate its:
𝝁 i. Density, kg/m3
𝒗= (m2/s ) ii. Specific weight , N/m3
𝝆
Shear force, F iii. Kinematic viscosity, m2/s
• Force required to move the upper plate for
fluid flow between two parallel plates.
𝒅𝒖
𝑭 = 𝝉𝑨 = 𝝁𝑨
𝒅𝒚
𝜇
ii. 𝑣 = 𝜌
1.2 Fluid properties
Step 3: Determine the properties/values Exercise:
F =τA → τ = F/A A layer of fluid SG = 0.8 flows across a flat
τ = (100)/(0.25x0.25) = 1600N/m2 surface with a velocity profile as shown in the
𝑑𝑢 ∆𝑉 2.5−0 figure. The velocity and the height of the fluid
= = = 833.33s-1 are 2m/s and 0.1m respectively. Determine the
𝑑𝑦 ∆ℎ 0.003−0
dynamic viscosity, and kinematic viscosity if the
magnitude of the shearing stress that the fluid
Step 4: Substitute and solve exerts on the flat surface is 0.0448N/m2
𝜏 1600
i. 𝜇 = 𝑑𝑢 = 833.33 = 1.92kg/m.s
𝑑𝑦
𝜇 1.92
ii. 𝑣 = 𝜌 = = 2.157 × 10−3 𝑚2 /𝑠
890
1.3 Scope and classification of fluid flow
• There is a wide variety of fluid flow problems encountered in practice and it is convenient
to classify them based on some common characteristics. Here are some general
classifications of fluid flows.
• Viscous or Inviscid Regions of Flow - Regions exist as a result of inserting a flat plate parallel
into a fluid stream of uniform velocity. Due to the no-slip condition, the fluid sticks to the
plate on both sides.
• Viscous flow region – thin boundary layer in which the viscous effect are significant near the plate surface.
• Inviscid flow region – the region of flow on both sides away from the plate and largely unaffected by the presence of
the plate
1.3 Scope and classification of fluid flow
• Internal or external flow - A fluid flow is • Compressible or Incompressible Flow
classified as being internal or external, • Compressible flow – density of the fluid
depending on whether the fluid flows in a changes during flow (usually all types of
confined space or over a surface. gasses).
• Internal flow – fluid flow is bounded by • Incompressible flow – density of the flowing
solid surfaces as in flow in a pipe or fluid remains nearly constant (usually all
duct. types of liquid) during flow.
• External flow – Flow of an unbounded • Natural/Unforced or Forced Flow - A fluid
fluid over a surface such as a plate, a flow is said to be natural or forced,
wire, or a pipe. depending on how the fluid motion is
started.
• Natural Flow – fluid motion is due to natural
means such as buoyancy effect.
• Forced flow – a fluid is forced to flow (by
external means such as a pump or a fan)
over a surface or in a pipe.
Internal flow
1.3 Scope and classification of fluid flow
• Some flows are smooth and orderly while some are rather chaotic.
• Laminar flow – fluid motion characterized by smooth layers of fluid.
• Turbulent flow – highly disordered fluid motion that typically occurs at high velocities and is
characterized by velocity fluctuations.
• Transitional flow - flow that alternates between laminar and turbulent is called transitional.
• To determine whether flow is laminar or turbulent the Reynolds Number (Re)
needs to be determined.
1.3 Scope and classification of fluid flow
• Steady or Unsteady Flow
• The term steady means that there is no change in properties, velocity, and
temperature at a point with time.
• The opposite of steady is unsteady meaning there at changes to those parameters
with respect to time
• One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
• A flow field is best characterized by its velocity distribution. If flow velocity varies
in one, two, or three dimensions, a flow is said to be one-, two-, or three-
dimensional, respectively.
• Fluid flow in all three dimensions may vary because it depends on the geometry.
Dimensionality of the flow depends on the choice of coordinate system and its
orientation. All three-dimensional flows may be is rectangular (x, y, z) or cylindrical
(r, ϴ, z) coordinates.
End of chapter 1.
Thank you for your attention.
Next: Chapter 2 Pressure and Fluid statics