Fluid Properties and Units

Continuum
• All materials, solid or fluid, are composed
of molecules discretely spread and in
continuous motion.
• However, in dealing with fluid-flow
relations on a mathematical basis, it is
necessary to replace the actual molecular
structure by a hypothetical continuous
medium, called the continuum.
 Definition of a Fluid
• “a fluid, such as water or air, deforms
continuously when acted on by shearing
stresses of any magnitude.”
- Munson, Young, Okiishi

Water
Oil
Air
Why isn’t steel a fluid?
 Dimensions and Units

• The dimensions have to be the same for

each term in an equation
• Dimensions of mechanics are
– length L
– time T
– mass M
– force F = ma MLT-2
– temperature Θ
 Dimensions and Units
Quantity Symbol Dimensions
Velocity V LT-1
Acceleration a LT-2
Area A L2
Volume ∀ L3
Discharge Q L3T-1
Pressure p ML-1T-2
Gravity g LT-2
Temperature T’ Θ
Mass concentrationC ML-3
 Dimensions and Units

Quantity Symbol Dimensions

Density ρ ML-3
Specific Weight γ ML-2T-2
Dynamic viscosity µ ML-1T-1
Kinematic viscosity ν L2T-1
Surface tension σ MT-2
Bulk mod of elasticity E ML-1T-2
fluid properties!
These are _______
4
How many independent properties? _____
 Density and Specific Weight

Density (kg/m3)
1000
• Density (mass/unit 990
980
volume) ρ ___________
Specific mass 970
960
– density of water:1000 kg/m3 950
0 50 100
– density of air at Temperature (C)
atmospheric pressure 1000

Density (kg/m3)
and 15 °C: 1.22 kg/m3 999

• Specific Weight (weight 998

per unit volume) γ 997

γ = ρ g = 9806 N/m3
0 10 20
– __________________ Temperature (C)
 Vapor Pressure
8000
7000

Vapor pressure (Pa)

6000
5000
4000
3000
liquid 2000
1000
0
0 10 20 30 40
Temperature (C)
What is vapor pressure of water at 100°C? 101 kPa
Viscosity
• Viscosity is a
property that
represents the
internal resistance of
a fluid to motion.
• The force a flowing
fluid exerts on a body
in the flow direction is
called the drag force,
and the magnitude of
this force depends, in
part, on viscosity.
 Fluid Viscosity
• Examples of highly viscous fluids
molasses, tar, 20w-50 oil
– ______________________
• Fundamental mechanisms
– Gases - transfer of molecular momentum
increases as temperature
• Viscosity __________
increases.
increases
• Viscosity __________ as pressure increases.
– Liquids -_______
cohesion and momentum transfer
• Viscosity decreases as temperature increases.
• Relatively independent of pressure
(incompressible)
 Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity

• Kinematic viscosity (__)

n is a fluid property
obtained by dividing the dynamic viscosity
m by the fluid density
(__)

µ  N ⋅s 
ν=
ρ
µ⇒ 2  [N] =  kg ⋅2 m 
m   s 

 kg 
 m ⋅ s 
ν= [m2/s]
 kg 
 m 3 
 Role of Viscosity
• Statics
– Fluids at rest have no relative motion between
layers of fluid and thus du/dy = 0
zero and is
– Therefore the shear stress is _____
independent of the fluid viscosity
• Flows
– Fluid viscosity is very important when the fluid
is moving
Viscosity
• Definition of shear
stress is τ = F/A.
• Using the no-slip
condition,
u(0) = 0 and u(ℓ) = V,
the velocity profile and
gradient are u(y)= Vy/ℓ
and du/dy=V/ℓ
• Shear stress for
Newtonian fluid: τ =
µdu/dy
 Shear Stress

F
τ= Tangential force per unit area N
 m 2 

A
du
τ =µ change in velocity with respect to distance
dy rate of shear
 Fluid classification by response
to shear stress

du
Rate of deformation dy
• Newtonian Ideal Fluid
Newtonian
• Ideal Fluid
• Ideal plastic 1 Ideal plastic
µ du
τ =µ
dy

Shear stress τ
Capillary Effect
• Capillary effect is the rise
or fall of a liquid in a small-
diameter tube.
• The curved free surface in
the tube is call the
meniscus.
• Water meniscus curves up
because water is a wetting
fluid.
• Mercury meniscus curves
down because mercury is a
nonwetting fluid.
• Force balance can
describe magnitude of
capillary rise.
Capillary Effect

2σ cos φ
h=
γR