Fluid Properties 2

Prof. Balzs M. Fekete

Office: Steinman Room #188
Office Hours: Monday to Wednesday 11am 12:50pm
E-Mail: bfekete@ccny.cuny.edu

2017-02-06 CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics 1

 Newtonian Versus Non-Newtonian Fluids
Fluids for which the shearing stress is
linearly related to the rate of shearing
strain (or rate of angular deformation )
are designated as Newtonian fluids.
Fluids for which the shearing stress is
not linearly related to the rate of
shearing strain are designated as non-
Newtonian fluids.
The slope of shearing stress versus
rate of shearing strain graph denoted
as the apparent viscosity .
For Newtonian fluids the apparent
viscosity is the same as the viscosity
and is independent of shear rate.
2017-02-06 CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics
The dimension of viscosity is FTL-2,
thus, in BG units viscosity is given as
lbf s/ft2 and in SI units as N s m-2 .
Viscosity is only mildly dependent on
pressure and the effect of pressure is
usually neglected.
For a particular fluid the viscosity is
also highly dependent on temperature.
For example, as the temperature of
water changes from 60 to 100 F the
density decreases by less than 1%, but
the viscosity decreases by about 40% .
Viscosity of liquids decreases with an
increase in temperature, whereas for
gases an increase in temperature
causes an increase in viscosity.
2
 Non-Newtonian Fluids and
Their Characteristics
Shear thinning fluids (pseudo-plastic):
The apparent viscosity decreases with increasing
shear rate; the harder the fluid is sheared, the less
viscous it becomes.
Many colloidal suspension and polymer solution
are shear thinning. For instance, Latex paint does
not drip from the brush because the shear rate is
small and the apparent viscosity is large.
However, it flows smoothly onto the wall because
the thin layer of paint between the wall and the
brush causes a large shear rate and a small
apparent viscosity.
( )
n
du
= 0 , n<0
dy
Shear thickening fluids (Dilatant):
The apparent viscosity increases with increasing
shear rate; the harder the fluid is sheared, the more
viscose it becomes. Water-corn starch mixture and
du water-sand mixture (quicksand).
( )
= du n
dy = 0 , n>0
dy
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 Non-Newtonian Behavior

Fluids for which shearing stress is not linearly related to the rate of shearing strain are
designated as non-Newtonian fluids.
A mixture of water and corn starch, when placed on a flat surface, flows as a thick, viscous
fluid. However, when the mixture is rapidly disturbed, it appears to fracture and behave more
like a solid. The mixture is a non-Newtonian shear thickening fluid which becomes more
viscous as the shearing rate is suddenly increased through the rapid action of the spoon.

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 Bingham Plastic

These types of materials are neither fluid nor a solid. Such material can
withstand a finite, nonezero shear stress, the yield stress ( yield), without
motion (therefore, it is not a fluid), but once the yield stress is exceeded it
flows like a fluid material.
Toothpaste and mayonnaise are common examples of Bingham plastic
materials. For example, mayonnaise can sit in a pile on a slice of bread
(the shear stress less than the yield stress), but it flows smoothly into a
thin layer when the knife increases the stress above the yield stress.

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 Effect of Temperature on Viscosity

For gases the Sutherland equation can For liquids an empirical equation that
be expressed as has been used is
B
3
T
CT 2 =D e
=
T +S where D and B are constants and T is
absolute temperature. This equation is
where C and S are empirical constants,
often called Andrade's equation. The
and T is absolute temperature. Thus, if
viscosity must be known at least for two
the viscosity is known at two
temperature so the two constant can be
temperature, C a n d S c a n b e
determined.
determined. Or, if more than two
viscosities are known, the data can be
correlated with previous equation using
some type of curve-fitting scheme.

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 Bulk Modulus of Elasticity

Compressibility of the fluid (bulk modulus for short)

dp Ev Bulk Modulus (N m-2, Pa) [FL-2 or ML-1T-2]

E v =
dV /V dp Change in pressure (N m-2, Pa) [FL-2 or ML-1T-2]
V Volume (m3) [L3]
dV Change in Volume (m3) [L3]
dp
E v= Density (kg m-3) [ML-3]
d / d Change in density (kg m-3) [ML-3]

At 15C temperature 2.15 GPa (~21,500m water

depth) could compress a unit volume of water by 1%.

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 Ideal Gas Law

p p Absolute pressure (N m-2, Pa) [FL-2 or ML-1T-2]

=R T Density (kg m-3) [ML-3]
Air R = 289.6 [J kg-1 K-1] T Absolute temperature (K) []
R Gas constant (J kg-1 K-1) [L2T-2-1]
Ru
R= Ru Universal gas constant (J kmol-1 K-1) [L2T-2-1]
Mm Mm Molecular mass (kmol g-1)

p
=constant isothermal cp
k=
p cv
k
=constant isentropic

cp Specific heat at constant p (J K-1) [ M L2T21]
cv Specific heat at constant V (J K-1) [ M L2T21]

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 Bulk Modulus for Gases

dp dp
Isothermal E v= = = p
d / d

p dp
=C p=C =C
d

dp dp
Isentropic E v= = =kp
d / d

p k dp k 1
=C p=C =k C
k
d

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 Tire Pump Example

A 30 l air at an absolute pressure of 101 kPa is

compressed isentropically to 15 l by the tire pump.

What is the final pressure?

pi pf f k

k
i
=
k
f
pf= ( )
i
pi

1.4
p f = ( 2 ) 101[ kPa] p f =266.54 [kPa]

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 Speed of Sound

c Speed of sound (m s-1) [LT-1]
dp
c= dp Change in pressure (N m-2, Pa) [FL-2 or ML-1T-2]
d
Density (kg m-3) [ML-3]

Ev
c= Ev

R
Bulk modulus (Pa) [FL-2 or ML-1T-2]

Gas constant (J kg-1 K-1) [L2T-2-1]

T Absolute temperature (C) []
p

c= k c= k RT k The ratio of specific heat at constant pressure (cp)
And specific heat and constant volume (cv).

Air at 15 C k = 1.4 R = 289.6 [J kg-1 K-1] c = 341.8 [m s-1]

Water at 20 C Ev = 2.19 [GPa] = 998.2 [kg m-3] c = 1481 [m s-1]
Steel Y = 210 [GPa] (Young's) = 8050 [kg m-3] c = 5107 [m s-1]

2017-02-06 CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics 11

 Speed of Sound

The characteristics of flow past an object depend strongly on whether the object is moving slower (subsonic) or faster (supersonic) than
the speed of sound.
The fact that the artillery shell shown is traveling faster than the speed of sound can be seen by noting the shock wave created by it. This
shock wave shows up as a thin line ahead of the shell and is bent back backwards as it wraps around the top and bottom of the shell to
form a blunt wedge shape. Across the shock waves the fluid properties (pressure, temperature, etc.) change considerably. The "sonic
boom" associated with supersonic flight is actually the pressure difference across the shock wave as it goes past the observer.

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 Speed of Sound vs. Temperature

Speed of Sound Mach

370 0.85
0.83
360
0.81
Speed of Sound [m/s]

Mach speed [Ma]

350 0.79
340 0.77
0.75
330 0.73
320 0.71
0.69
310
0.67
300 0.65
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

Temperature [C]

Jet air craft traveling at 900 km hr-1

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 Vapor Pressure

100

95

Boiling Temperature [C]

90
Vapor, pv 85

80

75

70
Liquid Liquid
65
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Altitude [1000 m]

Boiling

Caisson disease

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 Surface Tension

0.08

0.075

Surface Tension [N/m]

0.07

0.065

0.06

0.055

0.05
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Temperature

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension

2017-02-06 CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics 15

 Razor Blade

Surface tension forces exist at liquid/gas or liquid/solid interfaces. Although these forces are relatively small, they are quite important in
many situations.
A heavier-than-water, double-edged steel razor blade can float on water. Without surface tension, the blade would sink because its weight
is greater than its buoyant force. However, surface tension forces are not large enough to support a slightly heavier single-edged blade.

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 Pressure Inside a Drop

Surface Tension (N m-1) [FL-1 or MT-2]

R Radius (m) [L]

pi Inside pressure (N m-2, Pa) [FL-2 or ML-1T-2]
pe External pressure (N m-2, Pa) [FL-2 or ML-1T-2]
p Pressure difference (N m-2, Pa) [FL-2 or ML-1T-2]

R
pe
pi 2 2
2 R = p R p= pi p e =
2 R
p R

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 Water Strider

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 Capillary Action

Munson; et al. 2012

2
Surface Tension (N m-1) [FL-1 or MT-2]
R h=2 R cos
R Radius (m) [L]

2 cos Angle of contact (0 for water 130 for mercury

h=
R Specific weight (N m-3) [FL-3 or ML-2T-2]
h Capillary rise or fall (m) [L]

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 Capillary Rise

Although we do not normally think of surface tension effects as being important in the every-day flows that affect our lives, there are many
situations in which surface tension plays a critical role. Most of these situations involve a relatively small size scale.
The rise of a liquid in a small tube, such as the rise of sap in the small diameter channels within the trunk of a tree, is a result of the surface
tension forces developed at the liquid/gas interface within the tube or channel. The height of this capillary rise is inversely proportional to
diameter of the tube. This is shown by the rise of water in glass tubes of various diameters.

2017-02-06 CE 35000 Fluid Mechanics 20

 Contact Angle

Surface tension is an important property when two fluids that do not easily mix are placed
next to each other (such as water and air). The surface tension is a force that acts on the
interface between the water and air due to that fact that the molecular attraction from
water molecules on one side of the interface is different from that of air molecules on the
other side.
Surface tension allows drops to maintain a hemispherical shape when placed on a flat
surface, as shown in the video. The contact angle of the drop is the angle that the drop
makes with the solid surface. This angle depends upon the surface tension. In the first
segment of the video, a water drop (colored orange) is placed on a plastic surface. The
contact angle is about 90 degrees. In the second segment, a (blue) drop of alcohol is
placed on the same surface. The lower surface tension of alcohol reduces the contact
angle and cause the alcohol drop to spread more than the water drop (the alcohol wets
the surface more easily). The third droplet is mercury on the same surface. The higher
surface tension of mercury produces less wetting (i.e. the droplet spreads less) and a
higher contact angle (past 90 degrees).
The effect of wetting can also be seen in a meniscus (the curved surface of a liquid
interface in a tube). Orange water wets the tube causing the fluid to rise to a higher
elevation at the wall. However, the much higher surface tension of mercury causes the
interface to be higher at the center of the tube than at the wall.

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 Contact Angle

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 Pressure at a Point

Munson; et al. 2012

y= s cos z= s sin
y z
p y p s = a y p z p s= ( a z + g )
2 2
x y z
F y = p y x z p s x s sin =2
ay x 0 y 0 z 0
x yz xyz
z z
F = p x y p s y s cos
2
g=
2
az p y= p s p z= p s

Pascal's law: The pressure at a point in a fluid at rest or in motion, is independent of direction as long as there
are no shearing stresses.

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