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RHEOLOGY
G V neta=1
F
Newtonian System
viscosity
Shear stress
Shear rate
Simple Newtonian Rheogram
Shear: is the movement of material
relative to parallel layer.
Shear stress (F’): is the force per unit
area required to bring about flow (F/A)
Shear rate (S) difference in velocity dv,
between two planes of liquids separated
by distance dr (i.e. dv/dr)
F/A α dv/dr
Absolute (dynamic) viscosity
Viscosity= = F’ = shear stress = dyn m-2 = dyn m-2 s
S shear rate sec-1
rel =
_ Specific Viscosity
sp = rel-1
Example
A) The viscosity of acetone at 25°C is 0.313 cp, its density at
25°C is 0.788 g/cm3. What is its kinematic viscosity at
25°C?
B) Water is usually used as a standard of liquids. Its viscosity
at 25°C is 0.89 cp. What is the viscosity of acetone
relative to that of water (relative viscosity, rel ) at 25°C?
Solutions:
a) Kinematic viscosity = 0.313 cp ÷ 0.788 g/cm3= 0.397 cs
Liquid Viscosity(cp)
Castoroil 1000
Chloroform 0.563
Ethylalcohol 1.19
Glycerol 400
Oliveoil 100
Water 1.0019
NON- -NEWTONIAN
SYSTEMS
NON- -NEWTONIAN SYSTEMS
THREE CLASSES:
– Plastic flow
– Pseudoplastic flow
– Dilatant flow
1.PLASTIC FLOW
Plastic flow is associated with the preparation of
flocculation or aggregations of particles in
concentrated suspension, also known as
Bingham bodies.
A Bingham body does not begin to flow until a
shearing stress corresponding to the yield value
is exceeded.
Yield value (f); is an indication of the force that
must be applied to a system to convert it to a
Newtonian System.
Examples; suspension of Zno in mineral oil,
certain paints, ointments
1.PLASTIC FLOW
Plastic flow Rheogram
Plastic flow
Problem
A plastic material was found to have a yield value of 5200
dyne.cm-2. At a shearing stress above yield value, F was
found to increase linearly with S. If the rate of shear was
150 sec-1 when F was 8000 dyne.cm-2. Calculate the
plastic viscosity of the sample.
Solution:
U = F – f = 8000 – 5200 = 18. .67 poise
S 150
2. Pseudoplastic Flow (shear- -thinning)
Increased
stress
-Random arrangement
polymer chains
-Solvent interact with polymer
- Chain entalgment
Pseudo-Plastic flow Rheogram
Pseudo-Plastic flow The curve begins at (or near) the origin, there is no
yield value
-Apparent viscosity at any shear rate is determined
from the slop of a tangent to the curve at that point
rate of shear
(G)
rate of shear
(G)
Resting Sheared
Openpackedparticles
-Closedpackparticles Increasedvoidvolume
-Minimumvoidvolume Insufficientvehicle
-Sufficientvehicle Relativelyhighconsistency
-Relativelylowconsistency
SIGNIFICANCE OF DILATENCY
Shear rate
THIXOTROPY
Examples of thixotropic samples are ketchup,
consumer paints, yoghurts, mayonnaise.
Thixotropic samples break their structure under
shear rate and rebuilds the structure at rest. The
rebuild is occurring under a material specific
time scale. The rebuild speed is highest at rest
and slow at low shear rates.
Thixotropy in Formulation
Select appropriate
capillary size to give
reasonable times
Keep constant
temperature
Time fluid falling
between two fiducial
marks (a) and (b)
Avoid parallax
Brookfield Cone & Plate Viscometer
Operation
Adjust cup so pins barely not making contact
Measure torque needed to overcome viscous
resistance
Calibrations
Calibration
Capillary Viscometer
B'
= B t 2
t
Second term neglected for sufficiently long times
(>60 sec)
Fluid of known viscosity used to determine
parameter B
Calibration
Cannon-Fenske Routine Capillary Viscometer:
Size 400 with T=25°C
Brookfield Density Viscosity Average Parameter B
Standard (g/mL) (cP @ time (sec) (cP*mL/g*sec)
25°C)
Fluid 100 0.974± 96.6 89.84± 1.104±
0.005 (2) 0.22 (1) 0.006 (2)
Fluid 50 0.971± 47.9 44.74± 1.102±
0.005 (2) 0.14 (1) 0.006 (2)
(1) Standard deviation (2) Propagated error
Calibration
Brookfield cone and plate viscometer with cone
size CP-41 and T=28.5°C
120
100
y = 1.1405x - 1.4843
Actual Viscosity (cP)
80
y = 1.1221x - 1.8099
60
40
20
0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Measured Viscosity (cP)