Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and Production of
Enzymes (Biotechnology)
(Polystyrenes, Polypeptides, Polysaccharides,
Proteins, Carbon, Propylene Oxide, Vinyl Chloride,
Biosensors, Amino Acids, Antibiotics, Acrylamide,
Organic Acids, Maltose Syrups, Hollow Fibres,
Hollow Fibres, Enzyme Immunoassay (ELA), Enzyme
Electrodes, Biocatalysts)
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Introduction
Industrial biotechnology is the practice of using cells
to generate industrially useful products. An enzyme is
a protein that catalyzes, or speeds up, a chemical
reaction. Enzymes are the focal point of
biotechnological processes, without them
biotechnology as a subject would not exist. The main
advantage of enzymes compared to most other
catalysts is their stereo, region and chemo selectivity
and specificity. Enzymes are responsible for many
essential biochemical reactions in microorganisms,
plants, animals, and human beings. Biotechnology
processes may have potential in energy production,
specifically in the substitution of renewable plant
biomass for fossil feedstock.
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This will depend on the development of enzymes
able to degrade cellulose in plant biomass and
designing methods to recycle or dispose of spent
biomass. With time, research, and improved protein
engineering methods, many enzymes have been
genetically modified to be more effective at the
desired temperatures, pH, or under other
manufacturing conditions typically inhibitory to
enzyme activity (e.g. harsh chemicals), making them
more suitable and efficient for industrial or home
applications.
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Enzymes are used in the extraction of natural
products, as catalysts in organic chemistry, in
clinical analysis, in industrial processes, and so on.
The application of enzymes is found in many
different fields and it is one of the good sectors to
venture. In coming few years it is estimated that
world enzyme demand will average annual increases
of 6.3 percent.
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Market Outlook
The global enzymes market is expected to grow on
average 4.6 percent through 2020 to $7.2 billion from
$5.78 billion in 2015.
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This market includes enzymes used in industrial
applications (food and beverages, cleaning products,
biofuel production, animal feed, and other markets)
and specialty applications (research and
biotechnology, diagnostics, and biocatalysts).
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Enzymes Market
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Global Industrial Enzymes Market (US$ Billion)
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Table of Contents
1. LARGE-SCALE EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION OF
ENZYMES AND OTHER PROTEINS
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• Solid Shear
• Grinding or Agitation with Abrasives
• Liquid Shear
• Isolation and Purification
• Nucleic Acid Removal
• Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Bromide
• Streptomycin Sulphate
• Polyethyleneimine
• Nuclease Treatment
• Concentration by Precipitation
• Ammonium Sulphate
• Organic Solvents
• High Molecular Weight Polymers
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• Concentration by Ultrafiltration
• Concentration by Freeze-Drying
• Gel Chromatography
• Ion Exchange Chromatography
• Ion Exchange Resins
• Ion Echange Celluloses
• Other Ion Exchange Gels
• Affinity Chromatography
• Coupling Techniques
• Non-Specific Adsorbents
• Hydroxyapatite
• Celite
• Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography
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• High Performance Liquid Chromatography
• Electrophoretic Techniques
• Electrophoresis.
• Isoelectric Focusing
• Multimembrane Electrodecantation
• Chromatofocusing
• Aqueous Two-Phase Separation
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2. PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL ENZYMOLOGY: BASIS OF
UTZATION OF SOLUBLE AND IMMOBILIZED
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• The Various Types of Enzymic Catalyst
• A Comparison of Enzymes with Chemical Catalysts
• A Comparison of Enzymes with Fermentations
• Immobilized Biocatalysts
• A Comparison of Immobilized Enzymes and Cells
• An Assessment of Immobilization Supports and Methods
• Characterisation of Immobilized Biocatalysts
• Co-Immobilized Enzymes
• Two-Phase Reaction
• Industrial Enzyme Kinetic
• Effects on Equilibria
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• Effectiveness Factors
• Steady - State Kinetics
• Intrinsic Activity of Enzymes - Modifying Factors
• Introduction
• Diffusional Limitations on the Activity of Immobilized
• Biocatalysts
• External Diffusional Limitations
• Internal Diffusional Restrictions
• Regeneration of Cofactors
• Biochemical Reactors
• Introduction
• The Various Types of Biochemical Reactor
• Assessment of the Performance of Biochemical Reactors
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• Batch Reactors
• Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors
• Plug-flow Column Reactors (or Tubular Reactors)
• Fluidized Bed Reactors
• Electrochemical Reactors
• Ultrafiltration Reactors
• Enzyme Kinetic in Reactors
• Inhibition in Enzyme Reactors
• The Effect of Non-Ideal Flow on Biochemical
• Reactor Performance
• Physical Problems in Biochemical Reactor using
• Immobilized Biocatalysts
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• Abrasion
• Compression
• Fouling
• Microbial Contamination
• The Stability of Immobilized Biocatalysts
• Introduction
• The Stability of Biochemical Reactors Employing
• Immobilized Enzymes or Immobilized Cells
• Regeneration of Biocatalyst Activities
• Constant Productivity with Biocatalyst Reactors
• Scale-Up
• Discussion
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3. PRINCIPLES OF IMMOBILIZATION OF ENZYMES
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• Immobilized Soluble Enzymes
• Immobilization without Enzyme Derivitization
• Immobilization with Enzyme Derivitization
• Miscellaneous Methods
• Choice of Immobilization Method
• Outline of Properties of Immobilized Enzymes
• Stability
• Kinetic Properties
• Outline of Enzyme Reactors
• Batch Reactors
• Continuous Reactors
• Application and Future Trends
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• Analytical Applications
• Enzyme Electrodes
• Automated Analysis
• Therapeutic Applications
• Enzyme Replacement
• Enzyme Therapy
• Industrial Applications
• Future Trends
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4. ENZYMES IN CLINICAL ANALYSIS – PRINCIPLES
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• Concentrations
• Immobilized Enzyme Reactor Tubes
• Bioanalytical Probes
• Dry Reagent Chemistry
• Enzyme Immunoassay (ELA)
• Preparation of Enzyme Labels
• Homogeneous EIA
• Heterogeneous EIA
• Choice of Enzyme Label
• Assay in EIA
• Simultaneous Assay of Two Haptens
• The Future
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5. PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF LARGE-SCALE PROTEIN
PURIFICATION
• Enzyme Inactivation
• Containers and Ancillary Equipment
• Glass Vessels
• Metal Vessels
• Plastic Vessels
• Liouid Transer
• Couplings
• Pumps
• Bacterial Disruption
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• Resuspension
• Liquid Shear
• Grinding
• Centrifugation
• Batch Centrifuges
• Continuous Flow Centrifuges
• Disc Type Centrifuge
• Hollow Bowl Centrifuges
• Basket Centrifuges
• Tangential Flow Filration
• Concentration
• Ultrafiltration
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• Stirred Cells
• Thin Channel Systems
• Cartridge Membranes
• Hollow Fibres
• Dialysis
• Chromatography
• 1 Columns
• Gel Chromatography
• Ion Exchange Chromatography
• Affinity Chromatography
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6. THE APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES IN INDUSTRY
• Glossary of Terms
• Production of Enzymes
• Use of Enzyme - General Comments
• The Characteristics of Industrial Enzymes
• Soures of Enzymes
• The Isolation, Purification and Formulation of Enzymes
• Legislation on the Use of Enzymes
• Enzyme Manufacturers
• Biochemical Applications
• Use of Enzymes in Analysis
• General
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• In Clinical Assays
• Medical Uses of Enzymes
• The Use of Enzymes as Catalysts in Organic Chemistry
• Introduction
• Stereospecificity of Enzymes
• Prochiral Stereospecificity
• Combinations of Stereospecificity
• Multiple-Step Reactions
• Synthesis of Radioactive Compounds
• Restrication Endomucleases
• Biochemical Processing
• Applications of Enzymes in the Food Industry
• Polysaccharide Processing
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• Bacterial -amylase
• Amyglucosidase (EC 3.2.1.3)
• Maltose Syrups
• Glucose Isomerase (EC 53.1.5)
• Inversion of Sucrose
• Sugar Refining
• Raffinase
• a-amylase
• Dextranase (EC3.2.1.11)
• Debranching Enzymes
• Cyclodextrin Glucosyltransferase and Other Amylases
• Cellulase (EC3.2.1.4)
• Ethanol Fermentation
• Brewing
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• Baking
• The Dairy Industry
• The Dairy Industry
• Lactose Hydrolysis
• Cheese Manufacture
• Coagulation
• Flavour Development
• Other Applications
• Organic Acids
• Amino Acids
• Introduction
• Enzymic Resolution
• Enzymic Production of Amino Acids
• Antioxident
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• Introduction
• Glucose Oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4)
• Protein Processing
• Introduction
• The Plastein Reaction
• Aspartame
• Others
• Flavouring Agents
• Fruit Processing
• Use of Enzymes in the Extraction of Natural Products
• Detoxifying Enzymes
• Enzyme-Based Detergents
• Use of Enzymes as Cleansing Agents
• The Leather Industry
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• Textiles
• Paper Manufacture
• Antibiotics
• Penicillin Acylase, (EC 3.5.1.11)
• Cephalosporins
• Miscellaneous uses of Biocatalysts
• Conclusion
• Note in Proff
• Acrylamide
• Propylene Oxide
• Vinyl Chloride
• Biosensors
• Amino Acids
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7. DATA ON TECHNIQUES OF ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION
AND BIOAFFINITY PROCEDURES
• Entrapment
• Gel Entrapment
• Fibre Entrapment
• Microencapsulation
• Phase Separation Method
• Interfacial Polymerization Method
• Liquid Surfactant Membrane Method
• Liquid Drying Method
• Chelation or Metal Binding
• Covalent Binding
• Diazotization
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• Amide Bond Formation
• Acid Anhydride Derivatives
• Acylazide Derivatives
• Cyclic Imidocarbonate Derivatives
• Isocyanatc and Isothiocyanate Derivatives
• Acyl Chloride Derivatives
• Cyclic Carbonate Derivatives
• Condensing Reagents
• Alkylation and Arylation
• Schiff's Base Formation
• Ugi Reaction
• Amidination Reactions
• Thiol-Disulphide Interchange
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• Mercury-Enzyme Interactions
• -Irradiation Induced Coupling
• Matrices for Carrier Binding
• Inorganic Supports
• Controlled Pore Supports
• Other Porous Supports
• Non-porous supports
• Coupling Reactions for Inorganic Supports
• Organic Supports
• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
• Carbon
• Polystyrenes
• Polyacrylates
• Maleic Anhydride Based Copolymers
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• Polypeptides
• Vinyl and Allyl Polymers
• Polyamides
• Crosslinking
• Immobilized Cells
• Entrapment
• Physical Adsorption
• Chelation or Metal Binding
• Covalent Binding
• Crosslinking
• Other Immobilized Biologically Active Moleccules
• Immunoadsorbents
• Affinity Chromatography Media
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• Immobilized Lactins
• Immobilized Amino Ecids and Peptides
• Immobilized Carbohydrates
• Immobilized Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic
Acids
• Immobilized Antibiotics
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Oxide, Vinyl Chloride, Biosensors, Amino Acids, Antibiotics, Acrylamide,
Organic Acids, Maltose Syrups, Hollow Fibres, Hollow Fibres, Enzyme
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