Alimodian National Comprehensive High School STEM/ General Chemistry 2

Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11

Day/Session # 2

Intermolecular Forces, Liquids and Solids Materials

Worksheets

References
Learning Objectives Chemistry the Practical Science by P. Kelter
M. Mosher, and A. Scott (2009)
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
Chemistry the Molecular Nature of Matter
1. Define Intermolecular forces by Jespersen, Brady, and Hyslop (2012)
2. Enumerate the different properties of liquids and
solids to the nature of of forces between them. Chemistry: The Central Science by Brown,
3. Describe and differentiate Dipole – Dipole forces, LeMay, and Bursten
Ion dipole Forces and London dispersion forces
4. Predict the intermolecular forces possible for a given Intermolecular Forces
molecule Brook R. Kirouc
David A. Consiglio, Jr.

Review/Lesson Preview

I. Direction : Circle all of the molecules that are polar:

a. CH3Cl g. NH3
b. CH4 h. CH3 – CH3
c. CCl4 i. CH2 – CH2
d. SO2 j. CH3OH
e. CO2 k. CH3NH2
f. H2O

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 Alimodian National Comprehensive High School STEM/ General Chemistry 2
Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
Day/Session # 2

Learning Activities

Concept Notes

Kinetic Molecular Model of Gas, Liquid, and Solid

A molecular comparison of
gases, liquids, and solids. (a) In
gases, the particles feel little
attraction for one another and
are to move about randomly. (b)
In liquids, the particles are held
close together by attractive
forces but are free to move over
one another. (c)In solids, the
particles are rigidly held in an
ordered arrangement.

A Molecular comparison of Liquids and Solids

Gases consist of a collection of widely separated molecules in constant, chaotic motion. The average kinetic
energy of the molecules is much larger than the average energy of the attraction between them. The lack of
strong attractive forces between molecules allows a gas to expand to fill its container.
In Liquids the intermolecular attractive forces are strong enough to hold molecule together. Thus liquids are
much denser and far less compressible than gases. Unlike gases, liquids have definite volume, independent
of the size and shape of their container. The attractive forces in liquids are not strong enough, however, to
keep the molecules from moving past one another. Thus, liquids can be poured, and they assume the
shapes of their container.
In Solids, the intermolecular attractive forces are strong enough not only to hold molecules close together but
to virtually lock them in place. Solids, like liquids, are not very compressible because the molecules have
little free space between them. Often the molecules take up positions in a highly regular pattern.
The state of a substance depends largely on the balance between the kinetic energies of the particles and the
interparticle energies of attraction.

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 Alimodian National Comprehensive High School STEM/ General Chemistry 2
Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
Day/Session # 2

The Physical properties of melting point, boiling point, vapor pressure, evaporation, viscosity,
surface tension, and solubility are related to the strength of attractive forces between molecules.
These attractive forces are called INTERMOLECULAR FORCES. There are four types of
intermolecular forces. Most of the intermolecular forces are identical to bonding between atoms in a
single molecule.

Types of Intermolecular Forces

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 Alimodian National Comprehensive High School STEM/ General Chemistry 2
Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
Day/Session # 2

1. Ion – Dipole Forces

The forces holding ions together ion ionic solids are electrostatic forces. Opposite charges attract each other. These
are the strongest intermolecular forces. Ionic forces hold many ions in a crystal lattice structure.

2. Dipole – Dipole Forces

Polar covalent molecules are sometimes described as “dipoles”, meaning that the molecule has two “poles”. One
end (pole) of the molecule has a partial positive charge while the other end has a partial negative charge. The
molecules will orientate themselves so that the opposite charges attract principle operates effectively.

3. London Dispersion Forces (Induced Polar Forces)

First proposed in 1930 by Fritz London, a German – American physicist.
Forces between essentially non polar molecules are the weakest of all intermolecular forces.
“Temporary dipoles” are
formed by shifting of electron clouds within molecules. These temporary dipoles attract or repel the

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 Alimodian National Comprehensive High School STEM/ General Chemistry 2
Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
Day/Session # 2

electron clouds of nearby non polar molecules. The temporary dipoles may exist only a fraction of a
second but a force of attraction also exists for that fraction of time. The strength of induced dipole
forces depends on how easily electron clouds can be distorted. Large atoms or molecules with many
electrons far removed from nucleus are more easily distorted. This force is significant only when
molecules are very close together.

4. Hydrogen Bonds
The hydrogen bond is really a special case of dipole forces. A hydrogen bond is the
attractive force between hydrogen attached to electronegative atom of one molecule and an
electronegative atom of a different molecule. Usually the electronegative atom is oxygen,
nitrogen, or fluorine. In other words – the Hydrogen on one molecule attached to O or N
that is attached to an O or N of a different molecule.

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 Alimodian National Comprehensive High School STEM/ General Chemistry 2
Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
Day/Session # 2

Summary of Types of Intermolecular forces

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 Alimodian National Comprehensive High School STEM/ General Chemistry 2
Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
Day/Session # 2

Developmental Activity

Activity 1. Molecular structure of solids and liquids

Directions:
Read and understand and answer the following questions.

1. Explain the difference in molecular structure of a liquid and solid.

2. Explain, why does water flow?

3. What is the difference of intermolecular force from an intramolecular force?

Activity 2:

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 Alimodian National Comprehensive High School STEM/ General Chemistry 2
Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
Day/Session # 2

Direction: Complete the table below

Compounds Strongest intermolecular force

1. Water Hydrogen bonding
2. Carbon tetrachloride London
3. Ammonia Hydrogen
4. Carbon dioxide London
5. Phosphorus trichloride Dipole – dipole
6. Nitrogen London
7. Ethane London
8. Acetone Dipole – dipole
9. Methanol Hydrogen
10. Borane Dipole – dipole

Activity 3: Types of Intermolecular Forces

Study the following examples below.

1. Circle all the compounds in the following list which would be expected to form intermolecular
hydrogen bonds in the liquid state.
a. CH3OCH3 (dimethyl ether)
b. CH4 (methane)
c. HF (hydrogen fluoride)
d. CH3CO2H (acetic acid)
e. Br2
f. CH3OH (methyl alcohol)

Molecules must contain N – O, O – H, and F – H , since only H bonded to N, O, or F can form a

hydrogen bond with an O, N, or F on another molecule. Thus (c), (d) , and (f) should be circled.

1. Which of the following molecules can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules of the same kind?
CH3F, CH3NH2, CH3OH, CH3Br

2. Circle all the Species below that can form a hydrogen bond in its pure form. Explain why the other
species couldn’t hydrogen bond.
C2H6, CH3NH2, KCl, CH3CH2CH2OH

Answer
CH3NH2 and CH3CH2CH2OH only. C2H6 and N (CH3)3 have hydrogen but are not bonded by to an
atom of N, O, or F. KCl is Ionic and does not have any hydrogen.

Check your answers on the key shown or flashed on the board.

Guided Practice
Direction: List the intermolecular forces between the given pairs of molecules. Correct answers will be flashed/ shown on

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 Alimodian National Comprehensive High School STEM/ General Chemistry 2
Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
Day/Session # 2

the board.

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 Molecules Intermolecular forces
Alimodian National Comprehensive High School STEM/ General Chemistry 2
Lesson Plan
Methane and Methane London dispersion force Grade Level: 11
Day/Session # 2
Ethanol and Ethanol Hydrogen Bond, Dipole – dipole Force,
London Dispersion force

Water and Water Hydrogen Bond, Dipole – dipole force

NH3 and NH3 Hydrogen Bonding, Dipole – Dipole Force

Cyclohexanone and Cyclohexanone Dipole –Dipole Force

Cyclohexanol and cyclohexanol Hydrogen Bonding, Dipole – Dipole Force

HCl and HCl Ion– dipole Force

CO2 and CO2 London Dispersion Force

CCl4 and CCl4 London Dispersion Force

CH2Cl2 and CH2Cl2 Dipole – Dipole Force, London Dispersion

Force

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 Alimodian National Comprehensive High School STEM/ General Chemistry 2
Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
Day/Session # 2

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 Alimodian National Comprehensive High School STEM/ General Chemistry 2
Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
Day/Session # 2

Independent Practice
Correct answers will be flashed/ shown on the board.

Answer

Closure Activity

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 Alimodian National Comprehensive High School STEM/ General Chemistry 2
Lesson Plan Grade Level: 11
Day/Session # 2

Identify the likely kinds of intermolecular forces in the following substances:

(a) HCl (b)CH3CH3 (c)CH3NH2 (d)Kr

Solution:
(a) HCl is a polar molecule but can’t form hydrogen bonds. It has dipole – dipole forces and dispersion forces.
(b) CH3CH3 is a nonpolar molecule and has only dispersion forces.
(c) CH3NH2 is a polar molecule that can form hydrogen bonds. In addition, it has dipole – dipole forces and dispersion
forces.
(d) Kr is nonpolar and has only dispersion forces

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