Bonding

1.Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in followings,

i) K2O, ii) H2O2 , iii) Ca3P2, iv) Mg3N2 , v) C2H4, vi) CH3CH2OH, vii) N2Cl4 , viii) HBr
ix) Li3N and x) CO2

2. This question is about titanium and its compounds.

(a) Titanium is a metal. The diagram shows the arrangement of the particles in titanium.

(i) State why metals such as titanium are good conductors of electricity.
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(1)
(ii) Explain why metals such as titanium are malleable.
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(2)
(b) Titanium(IV) chloride, TiCl4 , and titanium(IV) oxide, TiO2 , are both covalent compounds. TiCl4 is a liquid at room temperature.
TiO2 is a solid with a high melting point. Explain these properties in terms of the structures of the two compounds.
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(5)
(c) Calcium reacts with chlorine to form the ionic compound calcium chloride (CaCl 2).

(i) Describe, in terms of electrons, how an atom of calcium reacts with two chlorine atoms to form calcium chloride. You may use a
diagram in your answer.
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(3)
3. Diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide all have giant covalent structures. The diagram shows the structures of these three
substances.

(a) Explain why silicon dioxide has a high melting point.

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(2)
(b) Explain why graphite conduct electricity.
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(2)
(c) State why diamond hard but graphite is soft.
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(2)

4. (a) Diamond is a naturally‑occurring form of carbon. It has a giant molecular structure. Explain, with reference to its structure and
bonding, why diamond has a high melting point.
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(3)
(b) C60 fullerene is another form of carbon. The diagram shows a molecule of C60 fullerene.

(i) Explain why C60 fullerene has a much lower melting point than diamond.
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(2)

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(ii) C60 fullerene is used by doctors when injecting medicines into their patients. C60 fullerene allows medicines, which might damage
some parts of the body, to reach the part of the body where they are needed. Suggest why C60 fullerene is suitable for this purpose.
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(1)
(c) Graphite is another naturally‑occurring form of carbon. Graphite can be used in pencils because it is soft and can leave marks on
paper. Graphite can also be used as a conductor of electricity. Explain why graphite is soft and conducts electricity. Refer to structure
and bonding in your answer.
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(5)
5. Hydrogen chloride is formed in the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine. The equation for the reaction is

H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl

(a) Each molecule in this equation contains the same type of bonding. Name this type of bonding.
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(1)

(b) The bonding in a hydrogen molecule is strong. Explain why the boiling point of hydrogen is low.
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(2)

(c) Explain how the two atoms in a chlorine molecule are held together.
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(2)

(d) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in a hydrogen chloride molecule. Show only the outer electrons in each atom.

(2)

(b) The diagram shows the particles in neodymium Explain, with reference to the diagram, why neodymium is malleable and a good
conductor of electricity.

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(4)

(ii) The bonding in ammonia and hydrazine can be represented by dot and cross diagrams.
The diagram for ammonia has been drawn. All the bonds in hydrazine are single bonds. Complete the diagram for hydrazine. Show
only the outer electrons.

(2)

6. (a) (i) Explain what is meant by the term covalent bonding.

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(2)
(ii) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of ethene, C 2H4 Show only the outer electrons.

(2)
(b) Substances A and B are covalently bonded and have simple molecular structures. The table gives the boiling points for substances
A and B.
Substance Boiling point in °C
A –42
B –0.5
(i) Explain why substances with simple molecular structures have low boiling points.
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(2)
(ii) Suggest why the boiling point of B is higher than the boiling point of A.
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(1)

(iii) Explain why carbon dioxide has a low boiling point.

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(2)
(iv) Complete the diagram, using dots and crosses, to show the arrangement of the electrons in a molecule of carbon dioxide. Show
only the outer shell electrons.

(2)
(c) (c) Diamond and graphite are both giant covalent substances made up of carbon atoms.
• diamonds are used in cutting tools
• graphite is used in pencils to make marks on paper
Explain, with reference to structure and bonding, why each substance is suitable for its particular use.
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(6)
(d) Explain, in terms of its structure and bonding, why sodium fluoride has a high melting point.
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(4)

7. (a) Explain, in terms of its structure and bonding, why sodium fluoride has a high melting point.
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(4)
(b) The diagram shows the arrangement of the particles in samarium.

Explain why samarium is malleable and is a good conductor of electricity.

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(4)
(c) Carbon dioxide contains simple molecules. The atoms in the molecules are joined by covalent bonds.

(i) State what is meant by the term covalent bond.

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(2)
(ii) Explain why carbon dioxide has a low boiling point.
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(2)
8. (a) Diamond is a naturally‑occurring form of carbon. It has a giant molecular structure. Explain, with reference to its structure and
bonding, why diamond has a high melting point.
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(3)

(b) C60 fullerene is another form of carbon. The diagram shows a molecule of C60 fullerene.

(i) Explain why C60 fullerene has a much lower melting point than diamond.
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(2)

(c) Diamond and graphite are both giant covalent substances made up of carbon atoms.
● diamonds are used in cutting tools
● graphite is used in pencils to make marks on paper
Explain, with reference to structure and bonding, why each substance is suitable for its particular use.
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(6)

9. When lithium is burned in air, the two compounds lithium oxide (Li 2O) and lithium nitride (Li3N) are formed. Both compounds are
ionic and their ions can be represented by dot and cross diagrams. The dot and cross diagram for the ions in lithium oxide is

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(a) Draw a dot and cross diagram for the ions in lithium nitride.

(3)

(b) Solid lithium nitride conducts electricity and is used in batteries. Why would you expect solid lithium nitride not to conduct
electricity?
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(1)

(c) Sodium oxide, Na2O, is an ionic compound. The sodium and oxide ions are held together by ionic bonds.

(i) State the meaning of the term ionic bond.

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(2)

(ii) The diagram shows the arrangement of electrons in an atom of calcium and in an atom of chlorine.

Describe, in terms of electrons, what happens when calcium reacts with chlorine to form the ionic compound calcium chloride, CaCl2
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(3)

10.(a) A molecule of silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4) contains covalent bonds. Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the outer electrons in
this molecule.

(2)

(b ) The table shows the boiling points of some compounds containing silicon. All of these compounds contain covalent bonds.

Compound Boiling point in °C

SiF4 –86

SiCl4 58

SiO2 2950

(c) SiF4 and SiCl4 have simple molecular structures. SiO2 has a giant covalent structure.

(i) Explain why the boiling point of SiCl4 is greater than the boiling point of SiF4
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(2)

(ii) Explain why the boiling point of SiO2 is very much greater than the boiling point of SiCl4
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(2)
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11. This question is about magnesium and its compounds.

(a) A student draws this labelled diagram to show the particles in magnesium metal.

He makes two mistakes.

State the two corrections he should make to his labelled diagram.

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(2)

(b) Copper is a metal used for electrical wiring. Explain why copper is a good conductor of electricity.
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(2)

12. (a) The diagram shows the arrangement of electrons in an atom of calcium and in an atom of chlorine.

Describe, in terms of electrons, what happens when calcium reacts with chlorine to form the ionic compound calcium chloride, CaCl2
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(3)
(b) The diagram represents a molecule of propane.

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Describe the forces of attraction between the atoms in a molecule of propane.
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(2)

(c) Show the diagram to represents bonding a molecule of propanol.

(2)

13. The formation of ions and covalent bonds involves electrons.

The table gives the electronic configurations of atoms of hydrogen, lithium and chlorine.

Element Electronic configuration of atom

hydrogen 1

lithium 2.1

chlorine 2.8.7

(a) Describe the different roles of electrons in the formation of

• ions in lithium chloride

• covalent bonds in hydrogen chloride

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(3)

(b) Explain why lithium chloride has a higher melting point than hydrogen chloride. Refer to structure and bonding in your answer.
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(5)

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