Mt.

Rushmore, South Dakota

Look at the graph of

ye
3

The slope at x=0 appears to be 1.

If we assume this is true, then:

lim
h 0
x 1

e
2

0 h

e 1 h
0
3

-3

-2

-1

-1

Limit definition of derivative

Now we attempt to find a general formula for the x derivative of y e using the definition.

d x e xh e x e lim h 0 dx h

h e 1 x e lim h 0 h

e x eh e x lim h 0 h
x eh 1 lim e h 0 h

This is the slope at x=0, which we have assumed to be 1.

ex 1

d x x e e dx

is its own derivative!

If we incorporate the chain rule:

d u u du e e dx dx
We can now use this formula to find the derivative of

d x a dx

d ln a x e dx

and

ln x

are inverse functions.)

d x ln a e dx e
x ln a

d x ln a dx

(chain rule)

d x a dx

x ln a

ln a

d ln a x e dx

d x ln a dx

( ln ax is a constant.) a ln a

Incorporating the chain rule:

d x ln a e dx e
x ln a

d u du u a a ln a dx dx

Integration
Remember

Differentiation and Integration are inverses Multiply by power and reduce power by 1

yx

dy (n) x n 1 dx
n 1 x x n dx c n 1

Add 1 to power and divide by new power

Integration

Area under a curve between x=a and x = b is given by the definite integral

f ( x)dx
b a

Areas below the x axis are negative

Differentiation if if f(x) = kex g(x) = eax

x e
f (x) = kex g(x) = aeax Chain Rule
dy dy du dx du dx

Chain rule: u = ax du/dx = a y = eu dy/du = eu dy/dx = (dy/du) (du/dx) = aeu = aeax Integration

1 ax e dx e c a
ax

So far today we have:

d u u du e e dx dx

d du u u a a ln a dx dx

Now it is relatively easy to find the derivative of ln x .

y ln x e x
y

dy 1 y dx e d 1 ln x dx x d 1 du ln u dx u dx

d y d e x dx dx dy e 1 dx
y

To find the derivative of a common log function, you could just use the change of base rule for logs:

d d ln x 1 d 1 1 ln x log x dx ln10 ln10 dx ln10 x dx

The formula for the derivative of a log of any base other than e is:

d 1 du log a u dx u ln a dx

Log Rule for Integration

Because

d 1 ln( x) dx x

Then we know that

1 x dx ln x C

And in general, when u is a differentiable function in x:

1 u du ln u C

d u u du e e dx dx

d du u u a a ln a dx dx

d 1 du ln u dx u dx

d 1 du log a u dx u ln a dx