Temperature and first law of thermodynamics

Chapter (1)
Temperature and Thermometry
Two Basic Concept must be defined before we start this section, namely,
Thermal contact and thermal equilibrium. Two objects are in thermal contact with
each other if energy can be exchanged between them by these processes due to a
temperature difference while thermal equilibrium is a situation in which two objects
would not exchange energy by heat or electromagnetic radiation if they were placed
in thermal contact.

1.1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics
If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C,
then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

1.2. Temperature and Temperature Scales
The temperature of a body is its degree of hotness (or coldness).
There are many types of thermometers, but each makes use of a particular
thermometric physical property (i.e. a property whose value changes with
temperature T). For example: a mercury in glass thermometer makes use of the
change in length (l) of a column of mercury confined in the capillary
tube of uniform bore (l o T), a platinum resistance thermometer makes use of the
increase in electrical resistance with increasing temperature (R o T),
In order to establish a temperature scale it is necessary to make use of fixed
points: a fixed point is a single temperature at which certain physical property
always occurs. Three such point are defined below.
The ice point
(Upper fixed point)
is the temperature at which pure ice can exist in equilibrium
with pure water at standard atmospheric pressure.
The Steam point
(Lower fixed point)
is the temperature at which pure water can exist in
equilibrium with pure water vapor at standard atmospheric
pressure.
4
Temperature and first law of thermodynamics

Fundamental
intervals
is the interval between the lower and upper fixed points on
the temperature scale
Triple point is unique temperature at which ice, pure water and pure
water vapor can exist together in equilibrium.

The SI unit of temperature is the Kelvin (K). An interval of one Kelvin is
defined 1/273.15 of the temperature of the triple point of water as measured on
thermodynamic scale of temperature.
Another unit, the degree Celsius (C), is often used and defined by
15 . 273 =
K C
T T (1-1)
Where T
C
=temperature in C, and T
K
=temperature in K.
A mercury in glass thermometer could be calibrated by marking the position of
mercury both at ice and steam points and then dividing the interval (fundamental
interval) between them into 100 equal divisions.

Figure (1.1) Temperature scales


The Celsius temperature corresponding to a length l
u
of the mercury column
would be given by

100
0 100
0

=


T
C
T
...(1-2)
Where l
0
and l
100
are the length of mercury column at 0 C and at 100 C
4
Temperature and first law of thermodynamics

The relationship between the three temperature scales discussed graphically in
fig. (1-1). The Kelvin scale is called the absolute temperature scale, and its zero
point is called the absolute zero.

So, we have
32
5
9
) 32 (
9
5
+ = =
C F F C
T T or T T

and
3 27 273 + = =
C K K C
T T or T T

We can use all this equation to conclude that
AT
C
=AT
K
=
9
5
AT
F

Example 1-1
On a day when the temperature reaches 50 C, what is the temperature in degrees
Celsius and in Kelvin?
Solution
Using equation 1-2 to convert to Celsius scale.
C T
T
T T
o
C
C
F C
10 ) 32 50 (
9
5
32 212
32 50
100
32 212
32
0 100
0
= =

To convert to Kelvin scale
K T
T
T T
K
K
F K
283 273 ) 32 50 (
9
5
180
32 50
100
273
32 212
32
273 373
273
= + =

4
Temperature and first law of thermodynamics

4
Example 1-2
A Pan of water is heated from 25 C to 80 C. What is the change in its temperature
on the Kelvin and on a Fahrenheit scale?
Solution
AT
C
=80 25 =55 C
K T
K T
o
k
o
k
99 ) 25 80 (
100
180
55 ) 25 80 (
100
100
= = A
= = A

AT
K
=AT
C

Example 1-3
A particular resistance thermometer has a resistance 30 O at the ice point,
41.58 O at the steam point and 34.59 O when immersed in a boiling liquid. A
constant volume gas thermometer gives readings of 1.333 10
5
Pa, 1.821 10
5
Pa
and 1.528 10
5
Pa at the same three temperatures. Calculate the temperature at
which the liquid is boiling. a) on the scale of the gas thermometer, b) on the scale of
resistance thermometer.
Solution
According to the gas thermometer
C 96 . 39 100
10 333 . 1 10 821 . 1
10 333 . 1 10 528 . 1
100
P P
P P
o
5 5
5 5
0 100
0
=


=

= u
u

According to the resistance scale
C 64 . 39 100
30 58 . 41
30 59 . 34
100
R R
R R
o
0 100
0
=

= u
u

Exercises ;
- What is 0 K on Celsius and Fahrenheit scale.
- What is the room temperature of 72 F in Celsius scale.
- Normal temperature of human body is 98.6 F. what is it on Celsius scale.
- What is the temperature change of 20 C in both F and K scale.