Macrominerals and Microminerals Macrominerals: 1. Ca 2. Na 3. Cl 4. Mg 5. K 6. P Microminerals: 1. Fe- Iron 2. Cu Copper 3. Co Cobalt 4. Zn Zinc 5. I Iodine 6 Se.

Selenium 7 Mn Manganese Minerals toxic to animals: As- Arsenic Be- Beryllium Pb- Lead W- Tungsten 96% of an animals body is comprised of 4 elements (non-minerals): H O C N General Functions of minerals: 1. Bones- bone cells are called osteocytes- Minerals fill the void in the osteocyte to give the cell rigidity (strength) and in combination of other osteocytes make the bone rigid and strong (Ossification) 2. Cell structure: cell walls contain minerals and this gives the membrane turgidity ; this includes inner and outer cell walls 3. Organic compounds such as: proteins, amino acids, fats, and lipids 4. Minerals allow body to control location of water inside the body including: Water in blood, intercellular water, intracellular water, metabolic water Osmosis- When a membrane between two fluid compartments is permeable to water, but not dissolved minerals, (called semi-permeable) and the concentration of minerals is greater on one side of the membrane, water passes through the membrane to the side of higher concentration and pressure. This movement is called osmosis! 8. F Flourine 9. S Sulfur 10. Mo Molybdenum 11. V Vanadium 12 Cr Chromium 13. Si Silicon

Osmotic Pressure- required to oppose net diffusion (passage of water through the membrane) 99% of all body Ca is found in bones and teeth 1% is found in muscle cells and nerve cells Phosphorus: 1. Bones- Required for bone crystal formation; is the skeletal structure for the osteocyte Deficiencies: weak bones, shortened bones, irregular formation of bone, atrophic rhinitis, PICA 2. Soft tissues: P is required to form peptide bonds to make proteins, part of every nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) Sources- Bone Meal, calcium phosphate, poly phosphate Na is mostly extracellular and less than 10% is found inside cells of the body. K is primarily an intracellular mineral, with less than 10% found outside the cell. In fact every plant or animal cell contains Potassium Steps in contraction and relaxation of a muscle cell: 1. Brain impulses target a specific muscle or muscle group 2. Ca ions in the outer cell membrane moves away from the entry portal of the membrane 3. Na ions in the extracellular fluids enter the muscle cell altering the ionic charge of the cell 4. As the cell becomes + charged, the muscle fibers shorten, constrict, and the muscle contracts 5. This occurs either in series or simultaneously in a muscle group Relaxation of the muscle cell: 1. Brain impulses target that same muscle or muscle group 2. Ca ions again move away from the portal opening of the cell 3. K ions rather than Na ions leave the cell in exactly the number of Na ions that entered because of the +2 charge of these ions 4. When this number exit the cell, it is again neutral and the fibers lengthen, relax and the cell is back to its normal state 5. SLOWLY, the Na and K ions exchange locations until all the K ions are again inside the cell, and the Na ions are outside the cell membranes

When mineral loss occurs and there is an insufficient level of Na or K, compensation for these minerals for contract occurs from a compound called lactic acid. When this causes contraction, relaxation is VERY slow and a state of continuous contraction takes place- This condition results in what is referred to as a Muscle Cramp. In the blood, Cl helps control the location or movement of H20 by the process of OSMOSIS in the blood. In the stomach, Cl is found in the form of Hydrochloric Acid or HCl. Enzymes are converted to a specialized enzyme in the stomach by HCl called Pepsin which breaks down the peptide bonds in proteins to convert them to amino acids for use in the body Because every cell contains K, an animals body is made up of about .35% Potassium Uses of Ca in the body: Other than the Ca uses in bones as discussed earlier Ca is required for: 1. Ca is one of 12 components in the blot required for coagulation or blood clotting 2. Ca deficiencies in young animals cause RICKETTS and in mature animals OSTEOMALECIA. 3. This is frequently a problem with lactating females that do not have sufficient Ca intake. They will draw Ca from their own bones for infusion into the milk they produce for their offspring.