A PRESENTATION ON

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
 What Is Wireless Communication ?
ØWireless communication is the
transfer of information over a
distance without the use of electrical
conductors or "wires".

ØThe distances involved may be

short (a few meters as in television
remote control) or long (thousands
or millions of kilometers for radio
communications).

ØWhen the context is clear, the term

is often shortened to "wireless".

ØWireless communication is
generally considered to be a branch
of telecommunications.
ØIt encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable
two way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants
(PDAs), and wireless networking.

ØOther examples of wireless technology include GPS units,

garage door openers and or garage doors, wireless computer
mice, keyboards and headsets, satellite television and cordless
telephones.
 History
ØThe term "Wireless" came into public use to
refer to a radio receiver or transceiver
(a dual purpose receiver and transmitter
device).

ØEstablishing its usage in the field of wireless

telegraphy early on; now the term is used to
describe modern wireless connections such as
in cellular networks and wireless broadband
Internet.

ØIt is also used in a general sense to refer to

any type of operation that is implemented
without the use of wires, such as "wireless
remote control" or "wireless energy transfer",
regardless of the specific technology that is
used to accomplish the operation

ØExamples - radio, infrared, ultrasonic.

 WHAT IS WAP ?

The wireless industry came up with the idea of

WAP. The point of this standard was to show
internet contents on wireless clients, like
mobile phones.

ØWAP stands for Wireless Application Protocol.

ØWAP is an application communication protocol.
ØWAP is used to access services and information.
ØWAP is inherited from Internet standards.
ØWAP is for handheld devices such as mobile phones.
ØWAP is a protocol designed for micro browsers.
ØWAP enables the creating of web applications for mobile devices.
ØWAP uses the mark-up language WML (not HTML).
ØWML is defined as an XML 1.0 application.
 The Wireless Application
Protocol
ØWAP is published by the WAP Forum, founded in 1997
by Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, and Unwired Planet.

ØForum members now represent over 90% of the global

handset market, as well as leading infrastructure
providers, software developers and other organizations.

ØThe WAP protocol is the leading standard for information

services on wireless terminals like digital mobile phones.

ØThe WAP standard is based on Internet standards

(HTML, XML and TCP/IP).

ØIt consists of a WML language specification, a WMLScript

specification, and a Wireless Telephony Application
Interface (WTAI) specification.
what happens when you access a Web
site using a WAP-enabled device :-

ØYou turn on the device and open the minibrowser.

ØThe device sends out a radio signal, searching for service.

ØA connection is made with your service provider.

ØYou select a Web site that you wish to view.

ØA request is sent to a gateway server using WAP.

ØThe gateway server retrieves the information via HTTP from the Web
site.

ØThe gateway server encodes the HTTP data as WML.

ØThe WML-encoded data is sent to your device.

ØYou see the wireless Internet version of the Web page you selected.
What happens between the gateway
and the client relies on features of
different parts of the WAP protocol
stack :-
ØWAE - The Wireless Application Environment
holds the tools that wireless Internet content
developers use. These include WML and WMLScript,
which is a scripting language used in conjunction
with WML. It functions much like JavaScript.

ØWSP - The Wireless Session Protocol determines

whether a session between the device and the
network will be connection-oriented or
connectionless.

ØWTP - The Wireless Transaction Protocol acts like

a traffic cop, keeping the data flowing in a logical
and smooth manner. It also determines how to
classify each transaction request:
üReliable two-way
üReliable one-way
üUnreliable one-way
What happens between the gateway
and the client relies on features of
different parts of the WAP protocol
stack :-
WTLS - Wireless Transport Layer Security
Ø
provides many of the same security features found
in the Transport Layer Security (TLS) part of
TCP/IP. It checks data integrity, provides
encryption and performs client and server
authentication.
ØWDP - The Wireless Datagram Protocol works in
conjunction with the network carrier layer . WDP
makes it easy to adapt WAP to a variety of bearers
because all that needs to change is the information
maintained at this level.

ØNetwork carriers - Also called bearers, these

can be any of the existing technologies that
wireless providers use, as long as information is
provided at the WDP level to interface WAP with
the bearer.
 Examples of WAP use
ü Checking train table information.

ü Ticket purchase.

ü Flight check in.

ü Viewing traffic information.

ü Checking weather conditions.

ü Looking up stock values.

ü Looking up phone numbers.

ü Looking up addresses.

ü Looking up sport results.

 What is
WML ?

Ø WML stands for Wireless Markup Language. It is a mark-up language

inherited from HTML, but WML is based on XML, so it is much stricter
than HTML.

Ø WML is used to create pages that can be displayed in a WAP browser.

Pages in WML are called DECKS. Decks are constructed as a set of
CARDS.
 What is
WMLScript ?

Ø WML uses WMLScript to run

simple code on the client.

Ø WMLScript is a light JavaScript

language.

Ø WML scripts are not embedded in

the WML pages.

Ø WML pages only contains

references to script URLs.

Ø WML scripts need to be compiled

into byte code on a server before
they can run in a WAP browser.
 TYPES OF WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
ØPC card (also known as PCMCIA)

ØIrDA (Infrared Data Association)

ØBluetooth wireless

ØWi-Fi wireless

ØUSB cable

ØRadio
 Ø PC card (also known as
PCMCIA)
Co nten ts
ØMeaning of PC card or PCMCIA

ØCard types
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV

ØCard Information Structure

ØCard Bus
A PC Card network adapter
ØCard Bay

ØDescendants and variants

ØTechnological obsolescence
 PC card
(also known as
PCMCIA) A PC Card network adapter

Meaning of PC card or
PCMCIA :-
ØPCMCIA stands for Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association, the group of industry-leading
companies that defines and develops the standard.

ØWhile this acronym did clearly describe the original intentions

of the organization's standard, it was difficult to say and
remember, and was sometimes jokingly referred to as "People
Can't Memorize Computer Industry Acronyms".

ØTo aid in the widespread marketing and branding of the

standard, and to account for the standard's widening scope
(beyond just memory cards), the association acquired the rights
to the simpler term "PC Card" from IBM, and began using it,
rather than "PCMCIA", from version 2 of the specification
onwards.
 Card
types
üAll PC Card devices use an identical 68 pin dual row connecting
interface.

üAll are 85.6 mm long and 54.0 mm wide.

üThis is the same size as a credit card. The form factor is also used by
the Common Interface form of Conditional Access Modules for DVB
broadcasts.

Type I

ØCards designed to the original specification

(version 1.x) are type I and feature a 16-bit
interface.

ØThey are 3.3 mm thick.

ØType-I PC Card devices are typically used for

memory devices such as RAM, flash memory,
OTP, and SRAM cards. Two PC Card devices: Xircom Real Port
(top) type III and 3Com (bottom) type
II.
Type I I A PC Card network
adapter

ØType-II PC Card devices feature a 16- or 32-bit interface.

ØThey are 5.0/5.5 mm thick.

ØType-II cards introduced I/O support, allowing devices to attach an

array of peripherals or to provide connectors/slots to interfaces for
which the host computer had no built-in support.

ØFor example, many modem, network and TV cards use this form
factor.

ØDue to their thinness, most Type II interface cards feature miniature

interface connectors on the card which are used together with a
dongle: a short cable that adapts from the card's miniature connector
to an external full-size connector.

ØSome cards instead have a lump on the end with the connectors. This
is more robust and convenient than a separate adaptor but can block
the other slot where slots are present in a pair.
 A PC Card network
adapter

Type I II

ØType-III PC Card devices are 16-bit or 32-bit.

ØThese cards are 10.5 mm thick, allowing them to accommodate

devices with components that would not fit type I or type II height.

ØExamples are hard disk drive cards, and interface cards with full-
size connectors that do not require dongles (as is commonly
required with type II interface cards).

Type I V

ØType-IV cards, introduced by Toshiba, have not been officially

standardized or sanctioned by the PCMCIA.

ØThese cards are 16 mm thick.

 Card Information
Structure A PC Card network
adapter

ØThe Card Information Structure (CIS) is information stored on a PC

card that contains information about the formatting and organization
of the data on the card.

ØThe CIS also contains information about:

üThe type of card

üSupported power supply options
üSupported power saving features
üThe manufacturer
üModel number
Card Information Structure
üand so on. (CIS)

ØWhen a card is unrecognized it is frequently because the CIS

information is either lost or damaged.
 Card
Bus A PC Card network
adapter

ØCard Bus are PCMCIA 5.0 or later (JEIDA 4.2 or

later) 32-bit PCMCIA devices, introduced in 1995
and present in laptops from late 1997 onward.

ØCard Bus is effectively a 32-bit, 33 MHz PCI bus

in the PC Card form factor.

ØCard Bus includes bus mastering, which allows

a controller on the bus to talk to other devices or
memory without going through the CPU.

ØMany chipsets are available for both PCI and

Card Bus, such as those that support Wi-Fi.
ØThe speed of Card Bus interfaces in 32 bit burst
mode depends on the transfer type; in byte
mode it is 33 MB/s, in Word mode it is 66 MB/s,
and in DWord mode it is 132 MB/s.
Two Xircom Real Port
Ethernet/56k modem cards. Top
one is Card Bus, and the bottom
is the 5 volt PCMCIA version.
Note the slightly different notch.
 Card
Bus A PC Card network
adapter

ØThe notch on the left hand front of the device

is slightly shallower on a Card Bus device, so a
32-bit device cannot be plugged into a slot that
can only accept 16-bit devices.

ØMost new slots are compatible with both Card

Bus and the original 16-bit PC Card devices.

ØCard bus cards have a gold band with eight

small studs on the top of the card next to the pin
sockets, which is not present in earlier models.
Two Xircom Real Port
Ethernet/56k modem cards. Top
one is Card Bus, and the bottom
is the 5 volt PCMCIA version.
Note the slightly different notch.
 Card
Bay A PC Card network
adapter

ØCard Bay is a variant added to the

PCMCIA specification in 2001.

ØThis was intended to add some forward

compatibility with USB and IEEE 1394,
but was not universally adopted and only
some notebooks have PC Card
controllers with Card Bay features.

The PC Card bay when in

use
 Descendants and
variants A PC Card network
adapter
ØThe interface has spawned a generation of
flash memory cards that set out to improve
on the size and features of Type I cards:
üCompact Flash
üMini Card
üSmart Media

ØFor example - The PC Card electrical

specification is also used for Compact Flash,
so a PC Card Compact Flash adapter need
only be a socket adapter.

Descendant
s
Compact Smart Media
Mini Card
Flash
socket adapter
ØExpress Card is a later specification from the
PCMCIA, intended as a replacement for PC Card,
A PC Card network
built around the PCI Express and USB 2.0 adapter
standards.

ØThe PC Card standard is closed to further

development and PCMCIA strongly encourages
future product designs to utilize the Express Card
interface.

ØAs of 2007, the majority of laptops now ship with

only Express Card slots or neither slot type (leaving
expansion to USB and Fire wire only), though the variant
Lenovo ThinkPad T60 and Z60m, among other
models, currently ships with both Card Bus and
s
Express Card slots.

USB
Express Card
Fire wire Fire wire Variants
ØExpress Card and Card Bus sockets are
physically and electrically incompatible. A PC Card network
adapter

ØA simple mechanical adapter between the

two formats is infeasible.

ØSeveral companies now produce Express

Card-to-Card Bus and Card bus-to-Express
Card adapters that use a secondary slot to
allow older cards to work with newer PCs and
vice versa.

Express Card and Card Bus

Technological
obsolescence A PC Card network
adapter
ØFire wire and USB devices are available for almost all
functions that the PC Card interface was used for in the
past, although it retains the advantage of containing
devices entirely or almost entirely inside the case of the
portable device.

ØThis can be an important consideration for portable

systems, where additional external peripherals and their
associated cables, space, and sometimes additional
power supplies can reduce portability and convenience.

ØEven in this case Express Card devices have the same

advantages as PC Card devices, with additional
bandwidth & functionality.

ØOn the other hand many devices do not need the

speed of PCI Express, and often PC Card devices with
adequate performance can be found cheaply, as
discounted new parts or on the used components
market, and will suffice for many users' purposes.
 Ø IrDA (Infrared Data
Association)

Conten ts
ØMeaning of Infrared Data
Association

ØSpecifications
1.IrPHY
2.IrLAP
3.IrLMP
4.Tiny TP
5.IrCOMM
6.IrOBEX
Infrared Data Association
7.IrLAN Logo
8.IrSimple
9.IrSimpleShot

Ø Popularity
 IrDA (Infrared Data
Association)
Mea nin g of In fr ar ed Da ta Infrared Data Association logo

ØThe Infrared Data Association (IrDA) defines physical specifications

communications protocol standards for the short-range exchange of data
over infrared light, for uses such as personal area networks (PANs).

ØIrDA is a very short-range example of free space optical communication.

ØIrDA interfaces are used in medical instrumentation, test and

measurement equipment, palmtop computers, mobile phones, and laptop
computers (most laptops and phones also offer Bluetooth but it is now
becoming more common for Bluetooth to simply replace IrDA in new
versions of products).

ØIrDA specifications include IrPHY, IrLAP, IrLMP, IrCOMM, Tiny TP, IrOBEX,
IrLAN and IrSimple. IrDA has now produced another standard, IrFM, for
Infrared financial messaging (i.e., for making payments) also known as
"Point & Pay".

ØFor the devices to communicate via IrDA they must have a direct line of
sight similar to a TV remote control.
 Specifications
1.IrPHY (Infrared Physical Layer
Specification) Infrared Data Association logo

The mandatory IrPHY (Infrared Physical Layer Specification) is the lowest

layer of the IrDA specifications. The most important specifications are:-

üRange : standard 1 m

üLow power to low power : 0.2 m

üStandard to low power : 0.3 m

üAngle : minimum cone ±15°

üSpeed : 2.4 Kbit/s to 16 Mbit/s

üModulation : baseband
ØIrDA transceivers communicate with infrared pulses in
a cone that extends minimum 15 degrees half angle off
center.
Infrared Data Association logo
ØThe IrDA physical specifications require that a
minimum irradiance be maintained so that a signal is
visible up to a meter away.

ØThe specifications require that a maximum irradiance

not be exceeded so that a receiver is not overwhelmed
with brightness when a device comes close.

ØIn practice, there are some devices on the market

that do not reach one meter, while other devices may
reach up to several meters.

ØThere are also devices that do not tolerate extreme

closeness.

ØThe typical sweet spot for IrDA communications is

from 5 to 60 cm (2.0 to 24 in) away from a transceiver,
in the center of the cone.
2. IrLAP (Infrared Link Access
Protocol)
Infrared Data Association logo

The mandatory IrLAP (Infrared Link Access Protocol) is the second layer
of the IrDA specifications. It lies on top of the IrPHY layer and below the
IrLMP layer. It represents the Data Link Layer of the OSI model. The
most important specifications are:

üAccess control
üDiscovery of potential communication partners
üEstablishing of a reliable bidirectional connection
üDistribution of the Primary/Secondary device roles
üNegotiation of QoS Parameters

ØOn the IrLAP layer the communicating devices are divided into a
Primary Device and one or more Secondary Devices.

ØThe Primary Device controls the Secondary Devices. Only if the

Primary Device requests a Secondary Device to send is it allowed to do
so.
 3.IrLMP (Infrared Link
Management Protocol)
Infrared Data Association logo

ØThe mandatory IrLMP (Infrared Link Management

Protocol) is the third layer of the IrDA
specifications.

ØIt can be broken down into two parts. First, the

LM-MUX (Link Management Multiplexer) which lies
on top of the IrLAP layer. Its most important
achievements are:

üProvides multiple logical channels

üAllows change of Primary/Secondary devices

ØSecond, the LM-IAS (Link Management

Information Access Service), which provides a list,
where service providers can register their services
so other devices can access these services via
querying the LM-IAS.
 4.Tiny TP (Tiny Transport
Protocol)
Infrared Data Association logo

The optional Tiny TP (Tiny Transport

Protocol) lies on top of the IrLMP layer. It
provides:

üTransportation of large messages by

SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly)

üFlow control by giving credits to every

logical channel
 5. IrCOMM (Infrared
Communications
Protocol) Infrared Data Association logo

ØThe optional IrCOMM

(Infrared Communications Protocol) lets the
infrared device act like either a serial or
parallel port.

ØIt lies on top of the IrLMP layer.

Using IrCOMM to Replace a NULL Serial

Cable
 6. IrOBEX (Infrared Object
Exchange)
Infrared Data Association logo

ØThe optional IrOBEX (Infrared Object

Exchange) provides the exchange of arbitrary
data objects

ØFor Example - vCard, vCalendar or even

applications between infrared devices.

ØIt lies on top of the Tiny TP protocol, so Tiny TP

is mandatory for IrOBEX to work.
7. IrLAN (Infrared Local Area
Network)
Infrared Data Association logo

ØThe optional IrLAN (Infrared Local Area

Network) provides the possibility to
connect an infrared device to a local area
network. There are three possible
methods:
üAccess Point
üPeer to Peer
üHosted

ØAs IrLAN lies on top of the Tiny TP

protocol, the Tiny TP protocol must be
implemented for IrLAN to work.
CVIS uses a range of communication
technologies including mobile cellular
and wireless local area networks,
short-range microwave and infrared
to ensure that drivers avoid
congestion
 8.
IrSimple
Infrared Data Association logo
ØIrSimple achieves at least 4 to 10
times faster data transmission speeds
by improving the efficiency of the
infrared IrDA protocol.

ØA normal picture from a cell phone

can be transferred within 1 second.
 9. IrSimpleShot
(IrSS) Infrared Data Association logo

ØOne of the primary targets of

IrSimpleShot(IrSS) is to allow the millions

of IrDA-enabled camera phones to

wirelessly transfer pictures to printers, FIR Transceivers help Implement

IrSimpleShot(TM) protocol
printer kiosks, flat panel TV's.
 Popularity
Infrared Data Association logo

ØIrDA was popular on laptops and some desktops during the late
90s through the early 2000s.

ØIt has been displaced by other wireless technologies such as

Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, favored because they don't need a direct
line of sight, and can therefore support hardware such as mice
and keyboards.

ØIt is still used in some environments where interference makes

radio-based wireless technologies unusable.

ØIrDA popularity is making a comeback with its highly efficient

IrSimple protocols by providing sub 1 second transfers of pictures
between cell phones, printers, and display devices.

ØIrDA hardware is still less expensive and doesn't share the

same security problems encountered with wireless technologies
such as Bluetooth.
 ØBluetooth wireless

Co nten ts

Ø Meaning of Bluetooth

Ø Origin of the Bluetooth logo

Ø Implementation
Bluetooth Logo

Ø Uses
 Bluetooth wireless
Bluetooth Logo

Mean ing of

ØThe word Bluetooth is an anglicized

version of Old Norse Blátönn or Danish
Blåtand, the name of the tenth-century
king Harald I of Denmark and Norway, who
united dissonant Scandinavian tribes into a
single kingdom.

ØThe implication is that Bluetooth does the

same with communications protocols,
uniting them into one universal standard

A typical Bluetooth mobile phone headset.

 Origin of the
Bluetooth logo Bluetooth Logo

ØThe Bluetooth logo design merges the

Germanic runes analogous to the modern

Latin letters H and B : (for Harald

Bluetooth ) (Hagall) and (Berkanan)

merged together, forming a bind rune.

A Bluetooth USB dongle with a 100m range.

 Implementatio
n Bluetooth Logo
ØBluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread
spectrum, which chops up the data being sent and transmits chunks
of it on up to 79 frequencies.

ØIn its basic mode, the modulation is Gaussian frequency-shift keying

(GFSK). It can achieve a gross data rate of 1 Mb/s.

ØBluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information

between devices such as mobile phones, telephones, laptops,
personal computers, printers, Global Positioning System (GPS)
receivers, digital cameras, and video game consoles through a secure,
globally unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz
short-range radio frequency bandwidth.

ØThe Bluetooth specifications are developed and licensed by the

Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The Bluetooth SIG consists of
companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking,
and consumer electronics.
 U
ses Bluetooth Logo
ØBluetooth is a standard and communications protocol primarily designed
for low power consumption, with a short range (power-class-dependent: 1
meter, 10 meters, 100 meters) based on low-cost transceiver microchips
in each device.

ØBluetooth makes it possible for these devices to communicate with each

other when they are in range. Because the devices use a radio
(broadcast) communications system, they do not have to be in line of
sight of each other.

Class Maximum Permitted Power Range(approximate)

mW (dBm)

Class 1 100 mW (20 dBm) ~100 meters

Class 2 2.5 mW (4 dBm) ~10 meters
Class 3 1 mW (0 dBm) ~1 meter
In most cases the effective range of class 2 devices is
extended if they connect to a class 1 transceiver,
compared to a pure class 2 network. Bluetooth Logo

This is accomplished by the higher sensitivity and

transmission power of Class 1 devices.

Version Data Rate

Version 1.2 1 Mbit/s

Version 2.0 + EDR 3 Mbit/s
WiMedia Alliance A typical Bluetooth USB
(proposed) 53 - 480 Mbit/s dongle

Nokia BH-208 headset An internal notebook Bluetooth card (14×36×4 mm)

internals
 ØWi-Fi
wireless

Conten ts
ØMeaning of Wi-Fi wireless

ØHistory

ØUses Wi-Fi
logo
 Wi-Fi
wireless Wi-Fi

Meaning of Wi-Fi wireless :-

ØWi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance for
certified products based on the IEEE 802.11 standards
(also called Wireless LAN (WLAN) and Wi-Fi).

ØThis certification warrants interoperability between

different wireless devices.

ØThe term Wi-Fi often is used by the public as a

synonym for wireless Internet (WLAN); but not every
wireless Internet product has a Wi-Fi certification,
which may be because of certification costs that must
be paid for each certified device type.

ØWi-Fi is supported by most personal computer

operating systems, many game consoles, laptops,
smartphones, printers, and other peripherals
 Histor
y
ØWi-Fi uses both single carrier direct-
Wi-Fi

sequence spread spectrum radio technology

(part of the larger family of spread spectrum
systems) and multi-carrier OFDM (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing) radio
technology.

ØThe regulations for unlicensed spread

spectrum enabled the development of Wi-Fi,
Half-size ISA 2.4 GHz WaveLAN
its onetime competitor HomeRF, Bluetooth, card by AT&T
and many other products such as some types
of cordless telephones.
ØUnlicensed spread spectrum was first made available in the US by
the Federal Communications Commission in 1985 and these FCC
regulations were later copied with some changes in many other
countries enabling use of this technology in all major countries.

ØThe FCC action was proposed by Michael Marcus of the FCC staff
in 1980 and the subsequent regulatory action took 5 more years.
 Wi-Fi
It was part of a broader proposal to allow civil
use of spread spectrum technology and was
opposed at the time by main stream equipment
manufacturers and many radio system
operators.

The precursor to Wi-Fi was invented in 1991

by NCR Corporation/AT&T (later Lucent &
Agere Systems) in Nieuwegein, the
Netherlands.

It was initially intended for cashier systems;

the first wireless products were brought on
the market under the name WaveLAN with
speeds of 1 Mbit/s to 2 Mbit/s. Vic Hayes, who A keychain size Wi-Fi
detector
held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for 10 years and
has been named the 'father of Wi-Fi,' was
involved in designing standards such as IEEE
802.11b, and 802.11a.
 Uses Wi-Fi

ØA Wi-Fi enabled device such as a PC, game

console, mobile phone, MP3 player or PDA can
connect to the Internet when within range of a
wireless network connected to the Internet.

ØThe coverage of one or more interconnected

access points — called a hotspot — can
A Wi-Fi
antenna comprise an area as small as a single room
with wireless-opaque walls or as large as many
square miles covered by overlapping access
points.

ØWi-Fi technology has served to set up mesh

networks, for example, in London.

ØBoth architectures can operate in community

networks.
A roof mounted Wi-Fi
antenna
 ØUSB cable
(Universal Serial
Bus)
Co nten t
ØMeaning of USB

ØHistory

ØDevice classes
1. USB mass-storage
2. Human-interface devices (HIDs)
Original USB Logo
ØTypes of USB connector
2. USB-A.
3. USB-B.
4. Mini and micro.
5. USB OTG Sockets: Mini-AB, Micro-AB.
6. Proprietary connectors and formats.

ØUses
Wireless USB Logo
 USB
cableSerial
(Universal Original

Bus)
Meaning of
USB :- ØIn information technology, Universal Serial Bus
(USB) is a serial bus standard to connect devices to a
host computer.

The USB trident ØUSB was designed to allow many peripherals to be

logo
connected using a single standardized interface
socket and to improve plug and play capabilities by
allowing hot swapping; that is, by allowing devices to
be connected and disconnected without rebooting the
computer or turning off the device.

ØOther convenient features include providing power

to low-consumption devices, eliminating the need for
A USB Series “A” plug, the an external power supply; and allowing many devices
most common USB plug
to be used without requiring manufacturer-specific
device drivers to be installed.
 Histor
y was introduced in 1994.
ØThe USB 1.0 specification
Original

ØUSB was created by the core group of companies that consisted of Intel,
Compaq, Microsoft, Digital, IBM, and Northern Telecom.

ØIntel produced the UHCI host controller and open software stack;
Microsoft produced a USB software stack for Windows and co-authored
the OHCI host controller specification with National Semiconductor and
Compaq; Philips produced early USB-Audio; and TI produced the most
widely used hub chips.

ØUSB was intended to replace the multitude of connectors at the back of

PCs, as well as to simplify software configuration of communication
devices.
ØThe USB 2.0 specification was released in April 2000 and was
standardized by the USB-IF at the end of 2001.

ØHewlett-Packard, Intel, Lucent (now LSI Corporation since its merger

with Lucent spinoff Agere Systems), Microsoft, NEC, and Philips jointly
led the initiative to develop a higher data transfer rate, 480 Mbit/s, than
the 1.0 specification of 12 Mbit/s.
 Original

Vodafone 3G USB

ØThe USB 3.0 specification was

released on November 17, 2008 by
the USB 3.0 Promoter Group.

ØIt has a transfer rate of up to 10

times faster than the USB 2.0 version
and has been dubbed the Super
Speed USB.

ØEquipment conforming with any

version of the standard will also work
with devices designed to any previous
specification (a property known as
A conventional USB backward compatibility).
hub.
 Device
classes Original

USB defines class codes used to identify a device’s functionality and to

load a device driver based on that functionality. This enables a device
driver writer to support devices from different manufacturers that
comply with a given class code.

Device classes include:

 1. USB mass-
storage Original

ØUSB implements connections to storage devices using a set of

standards called the USB mass storage device class (referred to
as MSC or UMS).

ØThis was initially intended for traditional magnetic and optical

drives, but has been extended to support a wide variety of
devices, particularly flash drives.

ØThis generality is because many systems can be controlled with

the familiar idiom of file manipulation within directories (The
process of making a novel device look like a familiar device is
also known as extension).
ØThough most newer computers are capable of booting off USB Mass
Storage devices, USB is not intended to be a primary bus for a
computer's internal storage: buses such as ATA (IDE), Serial ATA
(SATA), and SCSI fulfill that role.

ØHowever, USB has one important advantage in that it is possible to

install and remove devices without opening the computer case.
ØOriginally conceived and still used today for optical
storage devices (CD-RW drives, DVD drives, etc.), a
number of manufacturers offer external portable USB Original
hard drives, or empty enclosures for drives, that offer
performance comparable to internal drives[citation
needed].

ØThese external drives usually contain a translating

device that interfaces a drive of conventional
technology (IDE, ATA, SATA, ATAPI, or even SCSI) to
a USB port.

ØFunctionally, the drive appears to the user just like

an internal drive.
A flash drive, a typical
ØOther competing standards that allow for external USB mass-storage device.

connectivity are eSATA and FireWire.

ØAnother use for USB Mass Storage devices is the

portable execution of software applications without the
need of installation on the host computer,e.g. Web
Browser, VoIP, etc.
2. Human-interface devices
(HIDs)INTERFACE Original

ØMice and keyboards are frequently fitted

with USB connectors, but because most PC
motherboards still retain PS/2 connectors
for the keyboard and mouse as of 2007,
they are often supplied with a small USB-
to-PS/2 adaptor, allowing usage with
either USB or PS/2 interface.

ØThere is no logic inside these adaptors:

they make use of the fact that such HID
CABLES interfaces are equipped with controllers
that are capable of serving both the USB
and the PS/2 protocol, and automatically
detect which type of port they are plugged
into.

ØJoysticks, keypads, tablets and other

human-interface devices are also
progressively migrating from MIDI, PC
game port, and PS/2 connectors to USB.
 Types of USB connector : -
1. Original

USB-A
ØThe Standard-A type of USB connector takes on
the appearance of a flattened rectangle that plugs
into downstream-port sockets on the USB host or a
hub and receives power.

ØThis kind of connector is most frequently seen on

cables that are permanently attached to a device, Different types of USB
connectors from left to
such as one on a cable that connects a keyboard or right
• 8-pin AGOX connector
mouse to the computer. • Mini-B plug
• Type B plug
• Type A receptacle
• Type A plug

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a
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 2.
USB-B
Pin configuration of the USB
connectors Standard A/B, viewed
from face of plug
Original
ØStandard-B connectors—which have
a square shape with beveled exterior
corners—typically plug into upstream
sockets on devices that use a
removable cable, e.g. between a hub
and a printer.
ØType B plugs deliver power and are
therefore analogous to a power
socket.
ØThis two-connector scheme
prevents a user from accidentally
creating a loop.
 3. Mini and
micro Original
ØVarious connectors have been used
for smaller devices such as PDAs,
mobile phones or digital cameras.

ØThese include the now-

deprecated(but standardized) Mini-A
and the current standard Mini-B,
Micro-A, and Micro-B connectors.

ØThe Mini-A and Mini-B plugs are

approximately 3 by 7 mm.

ØWhile the Micro plugs have a similar

width but approximately half the
thickness, enabling their integration
into thinner portable devices.
Schematic diagram of
Standard, Mini, and Micro USB
receptacles.
 4. USB OTG Sockets : Mini-
AB, Micro-AB
Original

ØExcept for special standard-to-Mini-A and standard-

to-Micro-A adapters, USB cables always have an A-
connector and a B-connector, on opposite ends.

ØA-connectors can always connect to A-sockets; B-

connectors can always connect B-sockets.

ØThese sockets all come in standard, mini, and micro

versions.

ØFor USB On-The-Go (or 'OTG') support for another socket type is
defined: the AB, in both mini and micro versions.

ØIt can accept both A and B connector, through careful mechanical

design.

ØOTG software detects the difference by use of the ID pin, which is

grounded in A-connectors and is otherwise floating.
ØWhen an A-connector is connected to an AB
socket, the socket supplies VBUS power to the
cable and starts in the host role. Original

ØWhen a B-connector is used, the socket consumes

VBUS power and starts in the peripheral or device
role.

ØOTG allows those two roles to be switched by

Type A and Type

B USB Plugs and Sockets
 5. Proprietary connectors
and formats Original

ØMicrosoft's original Xbox game console uses

standard USB 1.1 signaling in its controllers and
memory cards, but features proprietary connectors
and ports.

ØIBM UltraPort uses standard USB signaling, but via

a proprietary connection format.

ØAmerican Power Conversion uses USB signaling and

HID device class on its uninterruptible power supplies
using 10P10C connectors. ExtUSB

ØHTC manufactures Windows Mobile-based

Communicators and the T-Mobile G1 which have a
proprietary connector called HTC ExtUSB.

ØThe ExtUSB combines mini-USB (with which it is

backwards-compatible) with audio/video input and
output in an 11-pin connector.
 Original

ØNokia includes a USB connection as

part of the Pop-Port connector on
some older mobile phone models.

ØThe second- and third-generation

iPod Shuffle use a TRS connector to
carry USB, audio, or power signals.

ØIriver added a fifth power pin within

USB-A plugs for higher power and
faster charging, used for the iriver
U10 series.

Proprietary connectors and formats ØA mini-USB version contains a

matching extra power pin for the
cradle.
 U
ses Original

ØWireless USB is used in game

controllers, printers, scanners, digital
cameras, MP3 players, hard disks and
flash drives.

ØIt is also suitable for transferring

parallel video streams.

ØKensington released a Wireless USB

universal docking station in August,
2008.
 Co nten t ØRadio
ØMeaning of Radio

ØProcesses

ØHistory
1 Invention
2 Development The Radio
Portal
ØUses of radio
1 Audio
2 Telephony
3 Video
4 Navigation
5 Radar
6 Data (digital radio)
7 Heating
8 Amateur radio service
9 Unlicensed radio services
Classic radio receiver
10 Radio control (RC) dial

ØThe electromagnetic spectrum

 ØRadio The Radio
Portal

Meaning of Radio
:-
ØRadio is the transmission of signals by modulation of
electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light.

ØElectromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating

electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of
space.

ØInformation is carried by systematically changing (modulating)

some property of the radiated waves, such as amplitude, frequency,
or phase.

ØWhen radio waves pass an electrical conductor, the oscillating

fields induce an alternating current in the conductor.

ØThis can be detected and transformed into sound or other signals

that carry information.
 Processe The Radio
Portal
s
ØRadio systems used for communications will have the
following elements.

ØWith more than 100 years of development, each

process is implemented by a wide range of methods,
specialized for different communications purposes.

ØEach system contains a transmitter.

ØThis consists of a source of electrical energy,

producing alternating current of a desired frequency of
oscillation.

ØThe transmitter contains a system to modulate

(change) some property of the energy produced to
impress a signal on it.
ØThis modulation might be as simple as turning the
energy on and off, or altering more subtle properties The Radio
Portal
such as amplitude, frequency, phase, or combinations
of these properties.

ØThe transmitter sends the modulated electrical

energy to an antenna; this structure converts the
rapidly-changing alternating current into an
electromagnetic wave that can move through free
space.

ØEarly radio systems relied entirely on the

energy collected by an antenna to produce
signals for the operator.

ØRadio became more useful after the

invention of electronic devices such as the
vacuum tube and later the transistor, which
made it possible to amplify weak signals.

ØToday radio systems are used for

applications from walkie-talkie children's toys
to the control of space vehicles, as well as for
broadcasting, and many other applications.
 History The Radio
Portal

1. Invention
:-
ØDevelopment from a laboratory
demonstration to commercial utility
spanned several decades and required
the efforts of many practitioners.

ØThomas Edison applied in 1885 to the

U.S. Patent Office for a patent on a
wireless telegraphy system which
anticipated later developments in the
field.

ØThe patent was granted as Patent # Tesla demonstrating wireless transmissions

during his high frequency and potential
465971 on December 29, 1891, and lecture of 1891. After continued research,
Tesla presented the fundamentals of radio
Guglielmo Marconi felt it necessary to in 1893.
purchase rights to the Edison wireless
telegraphy patent as a foundation stone
of his own subsequent work in wireless
telegraphy.
 The Radio
Portal

ØIn 1893, in St. Louis, Missouri, Nikola

Tesla made devices for his experiments
with electricity.

ØAddressing the Franklin Institute in

Philadelphia and the National Electric
Light Association, he described and
demonstrated in detail the principles of
his wireless work.
Telephone Herald in Budapest, Hungary
(1901). ØThe descriptions contained all the
elements that were later incorporated
into radio systems before the
development of the vacuum tube.

ØHe initially experimented with magnetic receivers, unlike the coherers

(detecting devices consisting of tubes filled with iron filings which had
been invented by Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti at Fermo in Italy in 1884)
used by Guglielmo Marconi and other early experimenters
ØThe first radio couldn't transmit sound or speech and
was called the "wireless telegraph." The Radio
Portal

ØThe first public demonstration of wireless telegraphy

took place in the lecture theater of the Oxford
University Museum of Natural History on August 14,
1894, carried out by Professor Oliver Lodge and
Alexander Muirhead. During the demonstration a radio
signal was sent from the neighboring Clarendon
laboratory building, and received by apparatus in the
lecture theater.
ØIn 1895 Alexander Stepanovich Popov built his first radio receiver,
which contained a coherer.

ØFurther refined as a lightning detector, it was presented to the Russian

Physical and Chemical Society on May 7, 1895.

ØA depiction of Popov's lightning detector was printed in the Journal of

the Russian Physical and Chemical Society the same year.

ØPopov's receiver was created on the improved basis of Lodge's receiver,

and originally intended for reproduction of its experiments.
 2. Development The Radio
Portal

:-
ØIn 1896, Marconi was awarded the British patent
12039, Improvements in transmitting electrical
impulses and signals and in apparatus there-for, for
radio.

ØIn 1897 he established the world's first radio station

on the Isle of Wight, England.

ØMarconi opened the world's first "wireless" factory in This photo shows an early
Hall Street, Chelmsford, England in 1898, employing 1930's wooden radio
receiver in the classic
around 50 people. "cathedral" shape

ØOne of the first developments in the early 20th century (1900-1959)

was that aircraft used commercial AM radio stations for navigation.

ØThis continued until the early 1960s when VOR systems finally became
widespread (though AM stations are still marked on U.S. aviation charts).

ØIn the early 1930s, single sideband and frequency modulation were
invented by amateur radio operators.
 Uses of radio The Radio
Portal
:-
1.
ØAMAudio
broadcast radio sends music and voice in
the Medium Frequency (MF, 0.3 MHz to 3
MHz) radio spectrum.

ØAM radio uses amplitude modulation, in

which the amplitude of the transmitted signal
is made proportional to the sound amplitude
captured (transduced) by the microphone,
while the transmitted frequency remains
unchanged. A Fisher 500 AM/FM hi-fi
receiver from 1959.

ØTransmissions are affected by static and interference because lightning

and other sources of radio emissions on the same frequency add their
amplitudes to the original transmitted amplitude.

ØIn the early part of the 20th century, American AM radio stations
broadcast with powers as high as 500 kW, and some could be heard
worldwide; these stations' transmitters were commandeered for military
use by the US Government during World War II.
 2. The Radio
Portal
Telephony
ØMobile phones transmit to a local cell site
(transmitter/receiver) that ultimately connects to
the public switched telephone network (PSTN)
through an optic fiber or microwave radio and other
network elements.

ØWhen the mobile phone nears the edge of the

cell site's radio coverage area, the central
Pure One Classic- DAB computer switches the phone to a new cell.
Digital Radio from 2008

ØCell phones originally used FM, but now most use various digital
modulation schemes.

ØRecent developments in Sweden (such as DROPme) allow for the

instant downloading of digital material from a radio broadcast (such as a
song) to a mobile phone.

ØSatellite phones use satellites rather than cell towers to communicate.

 3. The Radio
Portal

Video
ØTelevision sends the picture as AM and the sound
as FM, with the sound carrier a fixed frequency (4.5
MHz in the NTSC system) away from the video
carrier.

ØAnalog television also uses a vestigial sideband on

the video carrier to reduce the bandwidth required.

ØDigital television uses 8VSB modulation in North America (under the ATSC
digital television standard), and COFDM modulation elsewhere in the world
(using the DVB-T standard).

ØA Reed–Solomon error correction code adds redundant correction codes

and allows reliable reception during moderate data loss.

ØAlthough many current and future codecs can be sent in the MPEG-2
transport stream container format, as of 2006 most systems use a
standard-definition format almost identical to DVD: MPEG-2 video in
Anamorphic widescreen and MPEG layer 2 (MP2) audio.
 4. The Radio
Portal

Navigation
ØAll satellite navigation systems use
satellites with precision clocks.

ØThe satellite transmits its position, and the

time of the transmission.

ØThe receiver listens to four satellites, and can figure its position as
being on a line that is tangent to a spherical shell around each satellite,
determined by the time-of-flight of the radio signals from the satellite.

ØA computer in the receiver does the math.

ØRadio direction-finding is the oldest form of radio navigation.

ØBefore 1960 navigators used movable loop antennas to locate

commercial AM stations near cities.

ØIn some cases they used marine radiolocation beacons, which share a
range of frequencies just above AM radio with amateur radio operators.
 5. The Radio
Portal

Radar
ØRadar (Radio Detection And Ranging) detects objects at a distance by
bouncing radio waves off them.

ØThe delay caused by the echo measures the distance. The direction of
the beam determines the direction of the reflection.

ØThe polarization and frequency of the return can sense the type of
surface.

ØNavigational radars scan a wide area two to four times per minute.

ØThey use very short waves that reflect from earth and stone.

ØThey are common on commercial ships and long-distance commercial

aircraft.
ØGeneral purpose radars generally use
navigational radar frequencies, but modulate
and polarize the pulse so the receiver can
determine the type of surface of the reflector.
 6. Data (digital The Radio
Portal

radio)
ØMost new radio systems are digital, see also: Digital
TV, Satellite Radio, Digital Audio Broadcasting.

ØThe oldest form of digital broadcast was spark gap

telegraphy, used by pioneers such as Marconi.

ØBy pressing the key, the operator could send

messages in Morse code by energizing a rotating
commutating spark gap.

ØThe rotating commutator produced a tone in the

receiver, where a simple spark gap would produce a
hiss, indistinguishable from static.

ØSpark gap transmitters are now illegal, because Modern GPS receivers.
their transmissions span several hundred megahertz.

ØThis is very wasteful of both radio frequencies and

power.
 7. The Radio
Portal
Heating
ØRadio-frequency energy generated for heating of objects is generally
not intended to radiate outside of the generating equipment, to prevent
interference with other radio signals.

ØMicrowave ovens use intense radio waves to heat food.

ØDiathermy equipment is used in surgery for sealing of blood vessels.

ØInduction furnaces are used for melting metal for casting.

 8. Amateur radio The Radio
Portal
service
ØAmateur radio, also known as "ham radio", is a
hobby in which enthusiasts are licensed to
communicate on a number of bands in the radio
frequency spectrum non-commercially and for their
own enjoyment.

ØThey may also provide emergency and public service

assistance.

ØThis has been very beneficial in emergencies, saving

lives in many instances.

ØRadio amateurs use a variety of modes, including

nostalgic ones like morse code and experimental ones Amateur radio station with
multiple receivers and
like Low-Frequency Experimental Radio. transceivers

ØSeveral forms of radio were pioneered by radio amateurs and later

became commercially important including FM, single-sideband (SSB), AM,
digital packet radio and satellite repeaters.

ØSome amateur frequencies may be disrupted by power-line internet

service.
 9. Unlicensed radio The Radio
Portal

services
ØUnlicensed, government-authorized personal radio
services such as Citizens' band radio in Australia, the USA,
and Europe, and Family Radio Service and Multi-Use Radio
Service in North America exist to provide simple, (usually)
short range communication for individuals and small
groups, without the overhead of licensing.

ØSimilar services exist in other parts of the world. These

radio services involve the use of handheld units.

ØFree radio stations, sometimes called pirate radio or

"clandestine" stations, are unauthorized, unlicensed, illegal
broadcasting stations.

ØThese are often low power transmitters operated on

sporadic schedules by hobbyists, community activists, or
political and cultural dissidents.
ØSome pirate stations operating offshore in parts of Europe and the United
Kingdom more closely resembled legal stations, maintaining regular
schedules, using high power, and selling commercial advertising time.
 10. Radio control
The Radio
Portal

(RC)controls use radio waves to

ØRadio remote
transmit control data to a remote object as in
some early forms of guided missile, some early
TV remotes and a range of model boats, cars and
airplanes.

ØLarge industrial remote-controlled equipment

such as cranes and switching locomotives now
usually use digital radio techniques to ensure
safety and reliability.

ØIn Madison Square Garden, at the Electrical

Exhibition of 1898, Nikola Tesla successfully
demonstrated a radio-controlled boat.

ØHe was awarded U.S. patent No. 613,809 for a

"Method of and Apparatus for Controlling
Mechanism of Moving Vessels or Vehicles. SYMA DragonFly Radio Remote
Control Helicopter!
The electromagnetic The Radio
Portal

spectrum

ØRadio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation

that are created when a charged object, such as an
electron, accelerates with a frequency that lies in the
radio frequency (RF) portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum.

ØIn radio, this acceleration is caused by an alternating

current in an antenna.
 The Radio
Portal

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPESTRUM OR EM
SPECTRUM

ØRadio frequencies occupy the range from a few tens of hertz to three
hundred gigahertz, although commercially important uses of radio use
only a small part of this spectrum.

ØOther types of electromagnetic radiation, with frequencies above the RF

range, are microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and
gamma rays.

ØSince the energy of an individual photon of radio frequency is too low to

remove an electron from an atom, radio waves are classified as non-
ionizing radiation.
 Reference
s
ühttp://www.wikipedia.org

ühttp://www.acrosswireless.com

ühttp://wireless.fcc.go

ühttp://www.wirelessdevnet.com

ühttp://www.schoolsgalore.com