1D ELEMENTS

Simplest type of FE problems All object are 1D All forces are 1D All stresses / strains are 1D

BASICS
u=u(x) : Deformations =(x) : Strain =(x) : Stress f=f(x) : Body forces T=T(x) : Tractive forces P=P(x) : Point loads =E, =du/dx

Problem

P1 f

P2

Discritization
Element connectivity Matrix
Elem No. 1 2 3 Node 1 1 2 3 Node 2 2 3 4

4 5 6

4 5 6

5 6
7

INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS
node1
x1 =-1 q1

node2
x2 =1 q2 :Coordinates : Local coordinates : Deformations (At the nodes)

q2 q1 Linear Interpolation

:Deformation within the element N1, N2: Shape functions

LINEAR SHAPE FUNCTIONS

N1 N2

N1 =(1 - ) / 2 N2 =(1 + ) / 2

u = N1 q1 + N2 q2 = (1 - ) / 2 * q1+ (1 + ) / 2 * q2 Relationship between local and global coordinates = -1+ 2*(x-x1)/(x2-x1)

STRAIN:

= du/dx = du/d * d/dx u=N1q1+N2q2 d/dx = 2/(x2-x1) = 2/Le du/d = (-q1+q2)/2 therefore = 1/le [-1 1][q1 q2]T = Bq N1 =(1 - ) / 2 N2 =(1 + ) / 2

Where B is the element strain matrix and B== 1/le [-1 1] As B is constant, this element is CONSTANT STRAIN ELEMENT That means strain inside the element does not vary. STRESS: = EBq

P.E. approach
=
1 2 L T T

Adx

T u F Adx L

T u Tdx L

uP
i

2 L

Adx

T u F Adx L

T u Tdx L

QP
i

STRAIN ENERGY FIELD

FORCED FORCE

TRACTIVE FORCE

POINT LOADS

Total energy of the body is the sum of P.E, of all Elements.

ELEMENT STRAIN ENERGY

Ue = =
=

T Adx 2 L 2 T T q B EBqAdx L
T

2 EAq

T B Bdx L
2 e

T 1 = 2 EAq . l [ 1 1] [ 1 1]dx q L 1 1 T 1 1 = 2 EAq 2 dx q le 1 1 1 T

1 = 2 EA q 1 le
1 T

1 q 1

1 T Ue = q ke q 2 ke is element stiffness matrix AE 1 1 ke = Le 1 1

CONTRIBUTION OF THE FORCES TO PE

BODY FORCES
T T T T q N fAdx = fAq N dx

N 1dx = fAq N dx 2
T

N1
node2

N1dx = area under the triangle. = ( x2 x1 ) / 2 = Le / 2

node1

x1

x2

= fAq

le 2

1 1

=q

fAl e 2

1 1

= q f e = element body force vector

T

Thus, body force on element gets split equally at two nodes.

ft 2 ft 2

TRACTIVE FORCES

u Tdx = q N Tdx
T T T

N1dx = q T N 2 dx
T

= q

Tl e 2

1 1
[TOTAL TRACTIVE FORCE ON THE ELEMENT CAN BE ASSUMED TO BE SPLIT EQUALLY AT THE NODES]

= q Te
T

Tt 2

Tt 2

POTENTIAL ENERGY Potential energy for an element is-

e =

T T T T q k q q f q T q P 2 e e e

Total Potential energy-

= e =
fAl Fe = 2
e

T T q k q q Fe 2 e

Tl e fAl + 2 2

Tl e + 2

CONSIDER A SET OF ELEMENTS

Element No. 1 2 3 4 5 Node 1 1 2 3 4 5 Node 2 2 3 4 5 6

1
Q1

e1

2
Q2

e2

3
Q3

e3

4
Q4

e4

5
Q5

e5

6
Q6

[q1

q 2 ] [q 2
T

q3 ] [q3
T

q 4 ] [q 4
T

q5 ]

ELEMENT DISPLACEMENT MATRIX

Q = [q1 q2

q3

qn ]

GLOBAL DISPLACEMENT MATRIX

1 1 E2 A2 1 1 E3 A3 1 1 E1A 1 L l1 1 1 l2 1 1 l3 1 1
ELEMENT STIFFNESS MATRIX

E1A E1A 1 1 n 0 0 l l 1 1 E A E A E A E A 1 1 1 1 + 2 2 0 2 2 l1 l1 l2 l2 E3A3 E2 A2 E2 A2 E3 A3 + 0 l2 l3 l3 l2 K= E3 A3 E3A3 E4 A4 0 + 0 l l l 3 3 4 . . E A n n . ln

1 L1 2 L2 3
i

Li

I+1

GLOBAL STIFFNESS MATRIX

1 2 3 4 5 6 .......... n

K = 1k111 k112 0 0 0 0 ..... 0 2k121 k122+k211 k212 0 0 0 ..... 0 3 0 k221 k222+k311 k312 0 0 ..... 0 4 0 0 k321 k322+k411 k412 0 ..... 0 5. . n 0 0 ....... km21 km22 where ki11, ki12, ki21, ki22: stiffness matrix elements of element number i.

PROPERTIES OF K
Symmetric Banded Can be sparse (if numbering is not appropriate) Is N X N (where N is the number of nodes in a 1 D problem)

SPARSE K MATRIX
1 6 2 3 4
Node 2 6 2 3 4 5

Elem No. Node 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 6 2 3 4

THE RESULTING K MATRIX: SPARSE AND NONBANDED

1 2 3 4 5 6

K = 1k111 0 0 0 0 k112 2 0 k222+k311 k312 0 0 k212 3 0 k321 k411+k322 k412 0 0 4 0 0 k421 k422+k511 k512 0 5 0 0 0 k521 k522 0 6k121 k212 0 0 0 k122 + k211

ASSEMBLING GLOBAL FORCE MATRICES FROM ELEMENT MATRICES

F = [(F + P1 )(F + F + P2 )(F 22 + F 31 + P3 )

e 11 e e 12 e 12 e e

(F 32 + F 41 + P4 )...]
e

= (f

+ T i)+ P = F i + P i
e e
F e i1 : force on node 1 of element i F e i2 : force on node 2 of element I Pi : point load on node number i

Where

 fAili Tli fAili Tli + 2 + 2 2 2 ELEMENT FORCE MATRIX OR [ fi1 fi2 ]

F = [ f11 f12 + f21 f22 + f31 f32 + f41 . . .]

GLOBAL FORCE MATRIX

TOTAL PE USING GLOBAL MATRICES

= 1 / 2 * q T * ke * q q T * f e q T * T e Pi * ui = 1 / 2 * q T * ke * q q T * F e Pi *ui

= 1/ 2 *Q * K *Q Q * F
T T

where Q = [q1 q2 q3 q4 .... qn]T K : Global stiffness matrix F : Global Force matrix

GALERKIN ' S APPROACH

( )dV fdV TdS P = 0

T T v s

= (x

d ( ) = dx = N ( ) = B = [ 1

u = Nq = Bq = EBq

INTERNAL WORK DONE

T T T ( ) dV q B EB Ae dx = T T

= q EA e B B dx =q
T

[EA l B B ]
T e e

EA e =q le
T

1 1

1 1

= q ke
T

Virtual work due To body forces-

T T T = fdV N fA e dx

= T fA e N T dx Ae l e = f 2
T T N d

N 1d A l T e e = f 2 N 2d Ae l e 1 T = f 2 1 = T Fe

WORK DONE Tl e T T T [ ] = = 1 1 Tdx T where T e e 2

Thus Galerkin's Equation Becomes
T T T T ( ) dv fdv tds P=0 S S

SIMILARLY

TRACTIVE

T T T T q k f T P=0 e e e

q T k e T Fe = 0
e e

[ 1 L L i i + 1 L L n ]

 E1 A1 l 1 E 1 A1 l1

E1 A1 l1 E1 A1 E2 A2 + l1 l2

Ei 1 Ai 1 Ei Ai + li 1 li Ei Ai li

Q EA i i li Ei Ai Ei +1 Ai +1 + li li +1

E i Ai E i Ai L L i +1 i l li i

Q1 . i E i Ai i +1 E i A i . + Q li li i Q i +1 .

In global form-

T Q K T F = 0........Galerkin ' s approach 1 T T = Q KQ Q F ...... P.E . approach 2

TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM

Find Deformations Qis

1. Define Boundary conditions 2. Apply minimization of PE

Find strains = B * q Find stresses = E = E B q

SOLVING FOR Q

Q = Q1
1

[ F = [F

Q2 F2

. . . . . . . . . .

] F ]
Qn
n T

K 11 K 21 K = . . K n1

K 12 K 22

. .

. .

K n2

K 1n K 2n K nn

 Q1 K 11Q1 + Q1 K 12 Q2 + Q1 K 13 Q3 + .....Q1 K 1n Qn + Q2 K 21Q1 + Q2 K 22 Q2 + Q2 K 23 Q3 + .....Q2 K 2 n Qn + = 1 . 2 . Qn K n1Q1 + Qn K n 2 Q2 + Qn K n 3Qn + .....Qn K nn Qn (Q1 F1 + Q2 F2 + Q3 F3 + .....Qn Fn ) = 1 Q T KQ Q T F 2

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Q p1 = a1, [ e. g .

Q p 2 = a2

....

Q2 = 0,

Q5 = 0, ...]

SINGLE POINT CONSTRAINT

LET US CONSIDER AS AN EXAMPLE

Q1 = a1

A BECOMES = 1 (a1K11a1 + a1K12Q2 + a1K13Q3 + ...+ a1K1nQn + 2 + Q2 K21a1 + Q2 K22Q2 + Q2 K23Q3 + ...+ Q2 K2nQn + + a3K31a1 + Q3K32Q2 + . . Qn Kn1a1 + Qn Kn2a2 + ........+ Qn KnnQn ) (a1F1 + Q2 F2 + Q3F3 + ...+ Qn Fn )

MINIMUM
=0 Qi

P . E . PRINICIPLE :

1 ( K 21 a1 + Q2 K 22 + K 23 Q3 + .....K 2 n Qn + = 0 2 Q2 K 12 a1 + Q2 K 22 + K 32 Q3 + .....K n 2 Qn ) F2 = 0 1 ( K a + Q2 K 32 + K 33 Q3 + .....K 3n Qn + = 0 2 31 1 Q3 K 13 a1 + Q2 K 23 + K 33 Q3 + .....K 3n Qn ) F3 = 0 . .

1 (Ki1a1 + Q2 Ki 2 + Ki3Q3 + .....+ KinQn + = 0 2 Qi K1i a1 + Q2 K 2i + K3i Q3 + .....K niQn ) Fi = 0

Q 2 K 22 + Q3 K 23 + ......... + Q n K 2 n = F2 K 21 a1 Q 2 K 32 + Q3 K 33 + ......... + Q n K 3 n = F3 K 31 a1 . Q 2 K i 2 + Q3 K i 3 + ......... + Q n K in = Fi K i1a1 K 22 K 32 . . K n2 K 23 K 33 K 24 K 34 . . . . . . K 2 n Q 2 F2 K 21 a1 Q F K a K 3n 31 1 3 3 . = . . . K nn Q n Fn K n1a1

K n3

K n4

K 1Q 1 = F 1
K= OBTAINED FROM K BY DELETING 1ST ROW AND COLUMN Q= OBTAINED FROM Q BY DELETING Q1 F = OBTAINED FROM F BY DELETING F1 AND SUBTRACTING Ki1a1 FROM FI

IF INSTEAD OF Q1 = a1, WE HAD Qi=ai THE SAME STEPS SHALL BE CARRIED PUT BY DOING THESE OPERATIONS ON ith ROW AND COLUMN. REACTION AT THE SUPPORT (NODE 1 IF Q1 = a1)

ELIMINATION METHOD

K11Q1 + K12Q2 + K13Q3 + .... + K1nQn = F1 + R1 R1 = K11Q1 + K12Q2 + K13Q3 + .... + K1nQn F1

ENALTY APPROACH

ATTACH A SPRING OF STIFFNESS C DEFLECT THE FIXED END BY a1

a1
DEFLECTION OF NODE 1-Q1

wall

C e e e e e 3 4 5 1 2 q1

AS

C , Q1 a1
2 1 Us = C (Q1 a1 ) [P.E. of SPRING ] 2

-DEFLECTION OF SPRING = Q1 a1

= 1 C (Q1 a1 ) 2 + 1 QT KQ QT F 2 2 = 1 C (Q1 a1 ) 2 + 2 1 (Q K Q + Q K Q + Q K Q + ... + Q K Q + 1 12 2 1 13 3 1 1n n 2 1 11 1 Q2 K 21Q1 + Q2 K 22Q2 + Q2 K 23Q3 + ... + Q2 K 2 nQn + . .

Q2 K 21Q1 + Q2 K 22Q2 + Q2 K 23Q3 + ... + Q2 K 2 nQn )

(Q1 F1 + Q2 F2 + Q3 F3 + ... + Qn Fn )

 =0 Qi = 0 CQ K1nQn F1 = 0 1 Ca 1 + K11Q 1 + K21Q 2 + K13Q 3 +..... Q1 = 0 K21Q1 + Q2 K22 + K23Q3 +..... K2nQn F2 = 0 Q2 = 0 K31Q1 + Q2 K32 + K33Q3 +..... K3nQn F3 = 0 Q3
= 0 Kn1Q1 + Q2 Kn 2 + Kn3Q3 + .....KnnQn Fn = 0 Qn

K11 + C K 21 K31 . . Kn1

K12

K13

K22 K23 . K32 K33 .

Kn2 Kn3 .

K13 Q1 F + Ca 1 1 . K2n Q2 F 2 . K3n Q3 F 3 = . . . . . Knn Qn Fn .

Multi point constraints-

1Q p1 + 2Q p 2 = 0
for example a1 = 2 a 2 we can solve it by penaulty approach T T 1 1 m = Q KQ + C ( 1Q p1 + 2 Q p 2 0 ) Q F 2 2
Since C has very large value, P.E. takes minimum value When (1Qp1+ 1Qp1-0) is minimum.

The modified stiffness and force matrices are2 k k k C k p1 p 2 + C1 2 + p1 p1 p1 p 2 p1 p1 1 2 k k p 2 p1 p 2 p 2 k p 2 p1 + C1 2 k p 2 p 2 + C 2

Fp1 Fp1 + C 0 1 Fp 2 Fp 2 + C 0 2
Reactions at support are given byR p 1 = C 1 ( 1Q p 1 + 2 Q p 2 0 ) R p 2 = C 2 ( 1Q p 1 + 2 Q p 2 0 )

STEPS INVOLVED IN SOLVING A 1D FE PROBLEM

Make the Geometric Model Make an FE Mesh Define the Loading Develop Element and Global Matrices Define Boundary Conditions Develop Modified Global Matrices Solving Using Numerical Techniques

A SIMPLE PROBLEM
6 12 5.25 l1=12 Elem 1:1-2 P=100lb E=3x107 psi =0.2836lb/in3 t=1

P
12 3

l2=12 Elem_2:2-3 3.75

k1 = AE /L 1 -1 -1 1 k2 = AE /L 1 -1 -1 1

= 15.75 * 107 / 12 1 -1 -1 1 = 11.25 * 107 / 12 1 -1 -1 1

f1 = A L / 2 [1 1]T = 5.25 * 12 *0.2836 / 2 [1 1]T f2 = A L / 2 [1 1]T = 3.75 * 12 *0.2836 / 2 [1 1]T

GLOBAL MATRICES
K = 3x107 / 12 5.25 -5.25 0 -5.25 9.00 -3.75 0 -3.75 3.75 F = [8.93 15.31+100 6.38]T

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Q1 = 0

MODIFIED MATRICES
K= 3x107 / 12 5.25 -5.25 0 -5.25 9.00 -3.75 0 -3.75 3.75 = 3x107/129 -3.75 -3.75 3.75 F= [8.93 (15.31+100-K21*a1) (6.38-K31*a1)]T = [115.31 6.38]T Q = [Q2 Q3]T

FINAL EQUATIONS
KQ = F Solving we get: Q = [0.9272 0.9953] x 10-5 Q = [ 0 0.9272 0.9953] x 10-5 STRESSES: 1 = EB1q = 3x107 * 1/12 [1 -1][0 0.9272x10-5]T = 23.18 psi 2 = EB2q = 3x107*1/12 [1 -1][0.9273 0.9953]T*10-5 = 1.70 psi