SETS

I. SETS AND MEMBERS OF SET

Example: A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
The members of set A are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, there for we can
write:
1 ∈ A 7∉A
2 ∈ A 9∉A
3 ∈ A and 12 ∉ A
4 ∈ A 16 ∉ A
5 ∈ A 20 ∉ A
6 ∈ A 35 ∉ A

‘∈’ means element and ‘∉’ means not

element

II. EXPRESSING SETS

Three ways to expressing sets, there are:

1. By expressing sets in words
Example: B = { prime less than ten }
2. By roster way
Example: C = { 2, 3, 5, 7 }
3. By forming notation
Example: D = { x  x < 10, x ∈ prime }

III. CARDINALITY OF SETS

Look at the following sets:

E = { a, b, c, d, e }
F = { 1, 3, 5, 7, … , 15 }
G = { 3, 6, 9, 12, … }
H = { …, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
- Set E has 5 elements, we can write n (E) = 5
- Set F has 8 elements, we can write n (F) = 8
For sets E and F we can count the number of the elements of set, thus
sets E and F are called countable sets or finite sets.
Now for sets G and H, we are not able to count the number of elements
of both sets. These kinds of sets are called uncountable sets or
infinite sets.
 WORK SHEET

1. Look at the following sets:

K = { 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 }
L = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 }
M = { 4, 8, 12, … , 48 }
Answer the questions below by fill in the blank.
a. The elements of K are …, …, …, …, …, and ….
Fill the blank by ‘∈’ or ‘∉’
Thus 5…K 20 … K
25 … K 6…K
14 … K 50 … K
b. The elements of L are …, …, …, …, …, …, …, and ….
Fill the blank by ‘∈’ or ‘∉’
Thus 2…L 4…L
12 … L 21 … L
28 … L 32 … L
c. The elements of M are …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, and ….
Fill the blank by ‘∈’ or ‘∉’
Thus 16 … M 36 … M
40 … M 52 … M
44 … M 72 … M
2. Expressing the following sets using three ways.
a. The set of the first five natural numbers.
Answer: - By expressing sets in word: { the …………………………………
………}
- By roster way: { …, …, …, …, … }
- Forming notation: { x  …………………………………
…..}
b. The set of the factor of 18
Answer: - By expressing sets in word: { the …………………………………
………}
- By roster way: { …, …, …, …, …, … }
- Forming notation: { x  …………………………………
…..}
c. The set of the letter on word “ MATEMATIKA”
Answer: - By expressing sets in word: { the …………………………………
………}
- By roster way: { …, …, …, …, …, … }
 - Forming notation: { x  …………………………………
…..}
3. Expressing the following sets by the others ways.
a. N = { x  2 < x < 7 , x natural numbers}
Expressing by word : { ……………………between ………………… }
b. P = { the odd number between 6 and 36 }
Expressing by roster way: { …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …,
…, … }
c. Q = { 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 }
Expressing by forming notation: { x  ……………………………………..}

4. Look at the following sets.

R = { 1, 2, 3, …, 10 }
S = { 10, 20, 30, 40, … }
T = { the factor of 56 }
V = { x  3 < x < 18 , x even number}
W = { the odd prime numbers }
a. The countable sets are …, …, and ….
b. The uncountable sets are … and ….
c. Counting every sets and thus: n (R) = ….
n (S) = ….
n (T) = ….
n (V) = ….
n (W) = ….

IV. VENN DIAGRAM

A. UNIVERSAL SETS ( U )
Example: Given A = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 }
The possible universal sets of A are:
1. U = { 1, 2, 3, …, 15 }
2. U = { the first ten prime number }
3. U = { 1, 2, 3, … , 20 }
4. U = { natural numbers }
5. U = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41 }
6. etc.

B. VENN DIAGRAM
Examples:
1. Given U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 }, and
A = { 2, 3, 5, 7 }
The Venn diagram of those sets is:
 U
.1 .2 .4
A .3
.5
.6 .7 .8

2. Given U = { b, e, r, k, a, h },
A = { k, e, r, a, }, and
B = { r, e, b, a, h }
The Venn diagram of those sets is:

U
A B
.e
.b
.r
.k .h
.a

WORK SHEET
Completing the dot on the following Venn diagram based on the each sets.
1. U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }, and A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 }

U
. . . .
A . .
.
.
. .
2. U = { a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h }, and B = { a, c, e, g }
 U .
B
. . .
. . .
.

3. U = { 1, 2, 3, … , 10 }, C = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 }, and D = { 3, 6, 9 }

U .
. C D
.
.
. .
.
. . .
4. U = { 1, 2, 3, … ,10 }, E = { 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8}, F = { 2, 3, 5, 6, 9 }, and
G = { 2, 4, 8, 9, 10 }

U
F
E. . .
. . . .
. .
G
.

C. EMPTY SETS AND SUBSETS

1. EMPTY SET ( ∅ )
Given: K = { the natural number between 3 and 4 }
L = { the prime number less than 2 }
 Set K and set L are called empty set, because both sets are not have
elements.
2. SUBSET
Let P and Q be given sets.
a. Set P is a subset of Q, written P ⊂ Q , if every elements of P is
also an elements of Q.
b. Set P is not subset of Q, written P ⊄ Q , if there is an element of P
is not an element of Q.
Example: A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }, B = { 1, 3, 5 }, and C = { 3, 6,
9}
Thus B ⊂ A, because every elements of B are also the
elements of A.
C ⊄ A, because 9 is element of C but is not
element of A.
WORK SHEET
1. Write down five examples of an empty set.
a. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………
b. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………
c. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………
d. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………
e. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………

2. Given set A = { a, b, c, d, e }, B = { a, d, e }, and C = { i, d, a }

a. Is every element of A also an element of B?
Thus, A … B ( fill ‘ ⊂ ’ or ‘ ⊄ ’ )
b. Is every element of A also an element of C?
Thus, A … C
c. Is every element of B also an element of A?
Thus, B … A
d. Is every element of B also an element of C?
Thus, B … C
e. Is every element of C also an element of A?
Thus, C … A
f. Is every element of C also an element of B?
Thus, C … B
3. Given set D = { 4, 6, 10, 16 }, determine and count the number of:
a. Subset of D are not have element.
 b. Subset of D are have one element.
c. Subset of D are have two elements.
d. Subset of D are have three elements.
e. Subset of D are have four elements.
Answers:
a. ∅ → 1 subset
b. { … }, { … }, { … }, and { … } → … subset
c. { …, … }, { …, … }, { …, … }, { …, … }, { …, … }, and { …, … } →
… subset
d. { …, …, … }, { …, …, … }, { …, …, … }, and { …, …, … } → … subset
e. { …, …, …, … } → … subset
4. Determine the number of subset of a set.
N Set The Subset The
o number of number
the of subset
element of
set
1 ∅ 0 ∅ 1
2 {a} 1 ∅,
{…} …
∅
3 { a, b } … { … }, { … } …
{ …, … }
∅
4 { a, b, … { … }, { … }, { … } …
c} { …, … }, { …, … }, { …, … }
{ …, …, … }
∅
{ … }, { … }, { … }, { … }
5 { a, b, c, … { …, … }, { …, … }, { …, … },{ …, …
d} …}
{ …, …,… }, { …, …, … }, { …, …,
… }, { …, …, … }
{ …, …, …, … }

Based on the table above.

If the number of set is n, so the number of the subset of the set is

( … )…
5. Given A = { 1, 2, 3 }, B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, and C = { 1, 2, 3, … , 10 }
True or false : a. A ⊂ B (…)
 b. B ⊂ C (…)
c. A ⊂ C (…)
6. Given K = { a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h }, L = { a, e }, and M = { a, b, c, d, e, f
}
True or false : a. L ⊂ M (…)
b. M ⊂ K (…)
c. L ⊂ K (…)
Based on no. 5 and no. 6 above.
If A ⊂ … and B ⊂ …, then A ⊂ …

V. THE OPERATION OF TWO SETS

A. INTERSECTION SETS( ∩ )
The intersection of set A and set B is a set formed by the
condition that all elements of A also become elements of B.
Notation:
A ∩ B = { x  x ∈ A and x ∈ B }

WORK SHEET
1. a. Given A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } and B = { 2, 4, 6 ,8 ,10 }.
Based on both sets, the same element of those are …, …, and ….
Those elements are the intersection of set A and set B, or
A ∩ B = { …, …, … }
The Venn diagram of A ∩ B is

U Shaded the part

A B
the elements of A ∩ B

b. Given: C = { a, b, c } and D = { a, b, c, d, e }.
Based on both sets, every element in C also an element of D,
so C … D, the same element of those are …, …, and ….
and C ∩ D = { …, …, … } = ….
 The Venn diagram of C ∩ D is

U
D Shaded the part of C ∩ D
C

c. Given: P = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 } and Q = { the first six of prime

number }
Based on both sets, every element of P are ………… to Q or P … Q,
the same element of those are …, …, …, …, …, …, and ….
and P ∩ Q = { …, …, …, …, …, … } = … = …
The Venn diagram of P ∩ Q is

U
P=Q Shaded the part of P ∩ Q

d. Given: K = { c, a, b, e } and L = { p, u, r, i }
Based on both sets, every element of K are not ……….. to L,
Are they have the same element?
and K ∩ L = ….
The Venn diagram of K ∩ L is

U
K L

e. Look at the Venn diagram below

 U
M N .1
.4 .2 .7
.6 .8 .3
. 10 .5 . 11
.9
Based on the Venn diagram above, determine:
• U = {…, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, … }
• M = {…, …, …, …, …, …, … }
• N = {…, …, …, …, … }
• M ∩ N = {…, …, …}

B. UNION SETS ( ∪ )
The union of set A and set B is a set formed by the condition that
all elements of A or B.
Notation:

A ∪ B = { x  x ∈ A or x ∈ B }

WORK SHEET
1. a. Given A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } and B = { 2, 4, 6 ,8 ,10 }.
Based on both sets, the union element of those are …, …, …, …, …,
…, …, and ….
Those elements are the union of set A and set B, or
A ∪ B = { …, …, …, …, …, …, …, … }
The Venn diagram of A ∪ B is

U
A B Shaded the part of A ∪ B

b. Given: C = { a, b, c } and D = { a, b, c, d, e }.
Based on both sets, every element in C also an element of D,
so C … D, the union element of those are …, …, …, … and ….
 and C ∪ D = { …, …, …, …, … } = ….
The Venn diagram of C ∪ D is

U
D Shaded the part of C ∪ D
C

c. Given: P = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 } and Q = { the first six of prime

number }
Based on both sets, every element of P are ………… to Q or P … Q,
the union element of those are …, …, …, …, …, and ….
and P ∪ Q = { …, …, …, …, …, … } = … = …
The Venn diagram of P ∪ Q is

U
P=Q Shaded the part of P ∪ Q

d. Given: K = { c, a, b, e } and L = { p, u, r, i }
Based on both sets, every element of K are not ……….. to L,
The union element of those are …, …, …, …, …, …, …, and ….
and K ∪ L = {…, …, …, …, …, …, …, … }
The Venn diagram of K ∪ L is

U
K L Shaded the part of K ∪ L
 e. Look at the Venn diagram below
U
M N .1
.4 .2 .7
.6 .8 .3
. 10 .5 . 11
.9
Based on the Venn diagram above, determine:
• U = {…, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, … }
• M ∪ N = {…, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, … }

III. COMPLEMENT AND SET DIFFERENCE

1. COMPLEMENT OF A SET
Given set A and its universal set is U. Then the complement of A is:

A′ = { x  x ∈ U and x ∉ A }

2. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO SETS

Given set A and B. Then the difference is:

A – B = { x  x ∈ A and x ∉ B }
B – A = { x  x ∈ B and x ∉ A }
WORK SHEET
A. 1. Given: U = { 1, 2, 3, …, 10 } and A = { 1, 2, 3 , 6 }.
Based on both sets, the element of U are not the element of A are …,
…, …, …, …, and ….
Those element is called the Complement of A, or
A’ = { …, …, …, …, …, … }
The Venn diagram of A’ is
 U Shaded the part of
A
A�

2. Given: U = { a, b, c, d, e ,f, g, h } and B = { b, e, d, a, h }.

Based on both sets, the element of U are not the element of B are …,
…, and ….
Those element is called the Complement of B, or
B’ = { …, …, … }
The Venn diagram of B’ is:
U
B Shaded the part of B�

B. Given: A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 } and B = { 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 }

Based on both sets:
1. The elements of A that are not included in B are …, …, …, …, and
…,
Those are the element of A – B or
A – B = { …, …, …, …, … }
The Venn diagram of A – B is:

U
A B Shaded the part of A �B

2. The element of B that are not included in A are …, …, …, and …,

Those are the element of B – A or
B – A = { …, …, … }
The Venn diagram of B – A is:
U
A B Shaded the part of A �B