CHAPTER 1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 INTRODUCTION
In the project the robot is controlled by a mobile phone that makes a call to the mobile phone attached to the robot. In the course of a call, if any button is pressed a tone corresponding to the button pressed is heard at the other end called Dual Tone Multiple frequency (DTMF) tone. The robot receives these tones with help of phone stacked in the robot. The received tone is processed by the microcontroller with the help of DTMF decoder ic cm8870 .these ic sends a signals to the motor driver ic l293d which derives the motor forward, reverse.

1.1.1 Problem
There are various problems on operating a robot with a wide distance. Problems were based on its control and others

1.1.2 AVAILABLE SOLUTIONS

This project which is based on GSM technology is provided with many features such as camera and all. This can be made on bigger margins/scale. This project can be controlled from a distance of available GSM range.

FIGURE 1.1 BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM

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CHAPTER 2 PRAPOSED SOLUTIONS

2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FIG 2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2.2 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

The important components of this robot are a DTMF decoder, microcontroller

and motor driver. A CM8870 series DTMF decoder is used here. All types of the CM8870 series

use digital counting techniques to detect and decode all the 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4- bit code output. The built-in dial tone rejection circuit eliminates the need of pre- filtering.
2

When the input

signals

are

given at pins

1(IN+) & 2(IN-), a differential

input configuration is recognized to be effective, the correct 4-bit decode signal of the DTMF tone is transferred to (pin11) through (pin14) outputs. The pin11 to pin14 of DTMF decoder are connected to the pins of microcontroller (P1.4 to P1.7). The atmega16 is a 8-bit m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r , has 64 kB Flash microcontroller with 1 kb RAM. it provides the following features: 64 kB of on-chip Flash program

memory with ISP (In-System Programming) and IAP (In-Application Programming), Four 8-bit I/O ports with three high-current. Outputs from port pins P0.0 through P0.3 and P0.7 of the microcontroller are fed to the inputs IN1 through IN4 and enable pins (EN1 and EN2) of motor driver L293D IC, respectively to drive two geared dc motors. Switch S1 is used for manual reset. The microcontroller output is not sufficient to drive the dc motors, so current drivers are required for motor rotation. The L293D is a quad, high-current, half-h driver designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to600mA at voltages from 4.5V to 36V. It makes it easier to drive the dc motors. The L293D consists OUT1 through OUT4 are the input through driver 4. Drivers 1 and 2, and driver 3 and 4 are enabled by enable pin 1(EN1) and pin 9 (EN2), respectively. When enable input EN1 (pin1) is high, drivers 1 and 2 are enabled and the outputs corresponding to their inputs are active. Similarly, enable input EN2 (pin9) enables drivers 3 and 4. of four drivers. Pins IN1 through IN4 and and output pins, respectively of driver 1

2.3 DIPTRACE
Dip Trace is EDA software for creating schematic diagrams and printed circuit boards. The first version of Dip Trace was released in August, 2004. The latest version as of September 2011 is Dip Trace version 2.2. Interface has been translated to many languages and new language can be added by user. Starting from February 2011 Dip Trace is used as project publishing standard by Parallax.

FIGURE 2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SHOWING DIPTRACE

2.4 Vision IDE and Debugger Overview

The Vision IDE from Keil combines project management, make facilities, source code editing, program debugging, and complete simulation in one powerful environment. The Vision development platform is easy-to-use and helping you quickly create embedded

FIGURE 2.3 Diagram showing the coding done in KEIL Vision

programs that work. The Vision editor and debugger are integrated in a single application that provides a seamless embedded project development environment.

The Vision Debugger from Keil supports simulation using only your PC or laptop, and debugging using your target system and a debugger interface. Vision includes traditional features like simple and complex breakpoints, watch windows, and execution control as well as sophisticated features like trace capture, execution profiler, code
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coverage, and logic analyzer.

2.4.1 Viewing Data

The Vision Debugger offers a number of different views into the code and data that comprise your target application. Source Code: Source Code Windows display your high-level language and assembly program source code. Disassembly: The Disassembly Window shows mixed high-level language and assembly code. System Registers: The Registers Tab of the Project Workspace shows system registers. Symbol Window: The Symbol Window hierarchy displays program symbols in your application. Output Window: The Output Window display the output of various debugger commands. Memory Window: The Memory Window displays up to four regions of code or data memory. Watch & Call Stack Window: The Watch Window displays local variables, userdefined watch expression lists, and the call stack. System Viewer: The System Viewer Windows provide detailed status information about device peripheral register contents while the processor is running.

2.5 PROTEUS SIMULATION

Proteus is software for microprocessor simulation, schematic capture, and printed circuit board (PCB) design. It is developed by Lab center Electronics.

FIGURE 2.4 PROTEUS SIMULATION

2.5.1 System components

ISIS Schematic Capture - a tool for entering designs. PROSPICE Mixed mode SPICE simulation - industry standard SPICE3F5 simulator combined with a digital simulator.

ARES PCB Layout - PCB design system with automatic component placer, ripup and retry auto-router and interactive design rule checking.

VSM - Virtual System Modeling lets co simulate embedded software for popular micro- controllers alongside hardware design. System Benefits Integrated package with common user interface and fully context

CHAPTER 3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

3.1 COMPONENTS LIST Name of component Resistors Capacitors Oscillators Microcontroller Ic Ic Specialization 100k,10k,330k .1uf,22pf 3.57 mhz,12mhz Atmega16 L293d 7805 Quantity 2,5,1 2,4

TABLE 3.1 LIST OF COMPONENT

3.2 ATmega16 MICROCONTROLLER 3.2.1 Description

The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional

3.2.2 CISC microcontrollers.

ATmega16 provides the following features: 16 Kbytes of In-System Programmable Flash Program memory with Read-While-Write capabilities, 512 bytes EEPROM, 1 Kbyte SRAM,32 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, a JTAG interface for Boundary scan,
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On-chip Debugging support and programming, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, Internal and External Interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte oriented Two-wire Serial Interface, an 8-channel, 10-bit ADC with optional differential input stage with programmable gain (TQFP package only), a programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port, and six software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the USART, Two-wire interface, A/D Converter, SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the register\ contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next External Interrupt or Hardware Reset. In Power-save mode, the Asynchronous Timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping.

3.2.3 Pin Description

FIGURE 3.1 PIN DESCRIPTION

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FIGURE 3.2 VIEW OF MICROCONTROLLER IC

VCC Digital supply voltage. GND Ground Port A (PA7..PA0) Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins PA0 to PA7are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,

Port B (PB7..PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,

even if the clock is not running Port B also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16 as listed. Port C (PC7..PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,

even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pinsPC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be activated even if a
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reset occurs. Port C also serves the functions of the JTAG interface and other special features of the ATmega16 as listed. Port D (PD7..PD0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16 as listed RESET Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset. XTAL1 Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier. AVCC AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter Symbol Function: TF2 Timer 2 overflow flag set by a Timer 2 overflow and must be cleared by software. TF2 will not be set when either RCLK = 1 or TCLK = 1. EXF2 Timer 2 external flag set when either a capture or reload is caused by a negative transition on T2EX and EXEN2 = 1. When Timer 2 interrupt is enabled, EXF2 = 1 will cause the CPU to vector to the Timer 2 interrupt routine. EXF2 must be cleared by software. EXF2 does not cause an interrupt in up/down counter mode (DCEN = 1). RCLK Receive clock enable. When set, causes the serial port to use Timer 2 overflow pulses for its receive clock in serial port Modes 1 and 3. RCLK = 0 causes Timer 1 overflow to be used for the receive clock. TCLK Transmit clock enable. When set, causes the serial port to use Timer 2 overflow pulses for its transmit clock in serial port Modes 1 and 3. TCLK = 0 causes Timer 1 overflows to be used for the transmit clock. EXEN2 Timer 2 external enable. When set, allows
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a capture or reload to occur as a result of a negative transition on T2EX if Timer 2 is not being used to clock the serial port. EXEN2 = 0 causes Timer 2 to ignore events at T2EX. TR2 Start/Stop control for Timer 2. TR2 = 1 starts the timer. C/T2 Timer or counter select for Timer 2. C/T2 = 0 for timer function. C/T2 = 1 for external event counter (falling edge triggered). CP/RL2 Capture/Reload select. CP/RL2 = 1 causes captures to occur on negative transitions at T2EX if EXEN2 = 1. CP/RL2 = 0 causes automatic reloads to occur when Timer 2 overflows or negative transitions occur at T2EX when EXEN2 = 1. When either RCLK or TCLK = 1, this bit is ignored and the timer is forced to auto-reload on Timer 2 overflow. Dual Data Pointer Registers: To facilitate accessing both internal and external data memory, two banks of 16-bit Data Pointer Registers are provided: DP0 at SFR address locations 82H-83H and DP1 at 84H-85H. Bit DPS = 0 in SFR AUXR1 selects DP0 and DPS = 1 selects DP1. The user should always initialize the DPS bit to the appropriate value before accessing the respective Data Pointer Register. Power Off Flag: The Power Off Flag (POF) is located at bit 4 (PCON.4) in the PCON SFR. POF is set to 1 during power up. It can be set and rest under software control and is not affected by reset. Memory Organization: MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external program and Data Memory can be addressed. Program Memory: If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory. Data Memory: The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access of the SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is
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P2). MOV 0A0H, #data Baud Rate Generator: Timer 2 is selected as the baud rate generator by setting TCLK and/or RCLK in T2CON. The baud rates for transmit and receive can be different if Timer 2 is used for the receiver or transmitter and Timer 1 is used for the other function. Setting RCLK and/or TCLK puts Timer 2 into its baud rate generator mode. The baud rate generator mode is similar to the auto-reload mode, in that a rollover in TH2 causes the Timer 2 registers to be reloaded with the 16-bit value in registers RCAP2H and RCAP2L, which are preset by software. The baud rates in Modes 1 and 3 are determined by Timer 2s overflow rate according to the following equation. The Timer can be configured for either timer or counter operation. In most applications, it is configured for timer operation (CP/T2 = 0). The timer operation is different for Timer 2 when it is used as a baud rate generator. Normally, as a timer, it increments every machine cycle (at 1/12 the oscillator frequency). As a baud rate generator, however, it increments every state time (at 1/2 the oscillator frequency). Where (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) is the content of RCAP2H and RCAP2L taken as a 16-bit unsigned integer. Timer 2 as a baud rate generator is shown in Figure 8. This figure is valid only if RCLK or TCLK = 1 in T2CON. Note that a rollover in TH2 does not set TF2 and will not generate an interrupt. Note too, that if EXEN2 is set, a 1-to-0 transition in T2EX will set EXF2 but will not cause a reload from (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) to (TH2, TL2). Thus, when Timer 2 is in use as a baud rate generator, T2EX can be used as an extra external interrupt. When Timer 2 is running (TR2 = 1) as a timer in the baud rate generator mode, TH2 or TL2 should not be read from or written to. Under these conditions, the Timer is incremented every state time, and the results of a read or write may not be accurate. The RCAP2 registers may be read but should not be written to, because a write might overlap a reload and cause write and/or reload errors. The timer should be turned off (clear TR2) before accessing the Timer 2 or RCAP2 registers. Timer 0 and 1: Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same way as
13

Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89C51 and AT89C52. Timer 2: It is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON.TIMER 2 has three operating modes capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator

RCLK +TCLK 0 0 1 X

CP/RL2 0 1 X X

TR2 1 1 1 0

MODE 16-bit Auto-reload 16-bit Capture Baud Rate Generator (OFF)

TABLE 3.2 OPERATING MODES

3.3 RESISTORS
The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the passage of a steady electric current. An object of uniform cross section will have a resistance proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area, and proportional to the resistivity of the material.

FIGURE 3.3 RESISTORS

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The resistance of a resistive object determines the amount of current through the object for a given potential difference across the object, in accordance with Ohm's law: I =V/R R is the resistance of the object, measured in ohms, equivalent to Js/C2. V is the potential difference across the object, measured in volts I is the current through the object, measured in amperes For a wide variety of materials and conditions, the electrical resistance does not depend on the amount of current through or the amount of voltage across the object, meaning that the resistance R is constant for the given temperature and material. Therefore, the resistance of an object can be defined as the ratio of voltage to current. In the case of nonlinear objects (not purely resistive, or not obeying Ohm's law), this ratio can change as current or voltage changes; the ratio taken at any particular point, the inverse slope of a chord to an IV curve, is sometimes referred to as a "chordal resistance" or "static resistance".

3.4 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them were called "crystal oscillators". Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to tens of megahertz.

15

FIGURE 3.4 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR A quartz crystal can be modeled as an electrical network with a low impedance (series) and a high impedance (parallel) resonance point spaced closely together.

3.5 CAPACITOR
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When a potential difference (voltage) exists across the conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the conductors. The effect is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor; hence capacitor

conductors are often called plates. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power supplies, and for many other purposes. They are used in resonant circuits in radio frequency equipment to select particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies.

Figure 3.5: Radial Capacitor

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Figure 3.6: Ceramic Capacitor

3.6 L293D

Fig3.7 L293D

3.6.1 Description :
L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers act as current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and provide a higher-current signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the motors. motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. The motor operations of two motors can be controlled by input logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10 will rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, respectively.
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Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high for motors to start operating. When an enable input is high, the associated driver gets enabled. As a result, the outputs become active and work in phase with their inputs. Similarly, when the enable input is low, that driver is disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state.

3.6.2 FEATURES:
L293D is a dual H-Bridge motor driver, So with one IC we can interface two DC motors and one stepper motor 600mA output current capability per channel 1.2A peak output current (non repetitive) per channel Enable facility Over temperature protection Logical "0" input voltage up to 1.5 V(High noise immunity) Internal clamp diodes

3.7 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

FIGURE 3.8 LCD

3.7.1 DESCRIPTION
Mostly used LCD is 16*2 in which 2 stands for line and 16 stand for characters Pin 4 is RS (Resistor select) If RS =0 than command is given to LCD
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If RS =1 than data is given to LCD Pin 5 is RW (Read/Write) If RW=0 than information is being written to LCD If RW=1 reading from LCD Pin 6 is E (Enable) It tells the LCD that we are sending data Pin 7 to Pin 14 are Data Bus A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals.

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CHAPTER 4 DTMF
4.1 Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF)
Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling is used for telecommunication signaling over analog telephone lines in the voice-frequency band between telephone handsets and other communications devices DTMF used Touch-Tone and the switching center. The version the trademarked of term

for telephone tone dialing is known by (canceled March 13,1984), and

is standardized by ITU-T

Recommendation Q.23. It is also

known in the UK as MF4. Other multi-frequency

systems are used for signaling internal to the telephone network. As a method of in-band signaling, DTMF tones television broadcasters to indicate the start insertion and were also used by cable

stop times of local commercial

points during station breaks for the benefit of cable companies. Until better was developed in the 1990s, fast,

out-of-band signaling equipment unacknowledged, and loud

DTMF tone sequences could be

heard during the

commercial breaks of cable channels in the United States.

4.2 Telephone Keypad

The contemporary keypad is laid out in a 3x4 grid, although the original DTMF keys. When a pitch keypad had an additional column for four now-defunct menu selector used to dial a telephone

number, pressing a single key will produce

consisting of two simultaneous pure tone sinusoidal frequencies. The row in which the key appears determines the low frequency, and the column determines the high frequency. Forexample, pressing the both a 697 and a 1209 hertz !1! key will result in a sound composed (Hz) tone. The original keypads of

had levers

inside, so each button

activated two contacts. The multiple tones are the reason for

calling the system multifrequency. These tones are then decoded by the switching center to determine which key was pressed
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Figure 4.1 A DTMF Telephone Keypad

4.3 DTMF Keypad Frequencies (With Sound Clips)

1209 Hz 697 Hz 770 Hz 852 Hz 941 Hz

1336 Hz

1477 Hz

1633 Hz

1 4 7 *

2 5 8 0

3 6 9 #

A B C D

TABLE 4.1 DTMF KEYPAD FREQUENCIES

4.4 DTMF Event Frequencies Event Busy Signal Dial Tone Low Freq. High Freq.

480 Hz 350 Hz

620 Hz 440 Hz 480 Hz

Ringback Tone(US) 440 Hz

TABLE 4.2 DTMF EVENT FREQUENCIES

Tones #, *, A, B, C, and D

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CHAPTER 5

5.1 WORKING
The important components of this robot are a DTMF decoder, microcontroller and motor driver. A CM8870 series DTMF decoder is used here. All types of the CM8870 series use digital counting techniques to detect and decode all the 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4bit code output. The built-in dial tone rejection circuit eliminates the need of prefiltering. When the input signals are given at pins 1(IN+) & 2(IN-) , a differential input to be effective, the correct 4-bit decode signal of the

configuration is recognized

DTMF tone is transferred to (pin11) through (pin14) outputs. The pin11 to pin14 of DTMF decoder are connected to the pins of microcontroller (P1.4 to P1.7). The atmega16 is a 8-bit m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r , has 64 kB Flash microcontroller with 1 kB RAM. it provides the following features: 64 kB of on-chip Flash program memory with ISP (In-System Programming) and IAP (In-Application Programming), Four 8bit I/O ports with three high-current Port 1 pins (16 mA each),Three 16-bit

timers/counters. Outputs from port pins P0.0 through P0.3 and P0.7 of the microcontroller are fed to the inputs IN1 through IN4 and enable pins (EN1 and EN2) of motor driver

L293D IC, respectively to drive two geared dc motors. Switch S1 is used for manual reset. The microcontroller output is not sufficient to drive the dc motors, so current drivers are required for motor rotation. The L293D is a quad, high-current, half-h driver designed to provide bidirectional

drive currents of up to 600mA at voltages from 4.5V to 36V. It makes it easier to drive the dc motors. The L293D consists of four drivers. Pins IN1 through IN4 and OUT1 through OUT4 are the input and output pins, respectively of driver 1 through driver 4. Drivers 1 and 2, and driver 3 and 4 are enabled by enable pin 1(EN1) and pin 9 (EN2), respectively. When enable input EN1 (pin1) is high.
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5.2 FLOWCHART

FIGURE 5.1 FLOW CHART

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5.3CIRCUIT VALIDATION USING Vision IDE

FIGURE 5.2 CIRCUIT VALIDTAION

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CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS

1. Scientific:Remote control vehicles have various scientific uses including hazardous environments, working in the deep ocean , and space exploration. The majority o f the probes to the other planets in our solar system have been remote control vehicles, ones were partially autonomous. The

although some of the more recent

sophistication of these devices has fueled greater debate on the need for manned spaceflight and exploration. The Voyager I spacecraft is the first craft of any kind to leave the solar system. The Martian explorers Spirit and Opportunity

have provided continuous data about the surface of Mars since January 3, 2004.

2. Military and Law Enforcement:Military usage of remotely controlled military vehicles dates back to the first half of 20th century. Soviet Red Army used remotely controlled Tibetans during 1930s in the Winter War and early stage of World War II.

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CHAPTER 7 FUTURE SCOPE

1. IR Sensors:IR sensors can be used to automatically detect & avoid obstacles if the robot goes beyond line of sight. from a distant place. This avoids damage to the vehicle if we are maneuvering it

2. Password Protection:
Project can be modified in order to password protect the robot so that it can be operated only if correct password is entered. Either cell phone should be password protected or necessary modification should be made in the assembly language code. This introduces conditioned access & increases security to a great extent.

3. Adding a Camera:
If the current project is interfaced with a camera (e.g. a Webcam) robot driven beyond line-of-sight & range networks have avery large range. becomes practically unlimited can be as GSM

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CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION

The

development

and

implementation

of

the

CELLPHONE

CONTROLLED

LANDROVER has been carried out successfully. The system was tested, validated and found to be working prototype. It is simple and comfortable to the end user. The system is flexible and can be used in the modified form. The whole system can be concluded by the following summarized details. Use technical skills and abilities in order to assemble the circuit. The need for a fully compatible digital speed measuring system was felt because the previous analog speedometers were not precise enough.

Researchers are still being carried out in the various parts of the world to increase its accuracy. Overall, the system is good but it still needs improvement to achieve a hundred percent accuracy.

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CHAPTER 9 REFERENCES

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/search.php?terms=lcd+panel http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/search.php?terms=eeprom http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/search.php?terms=optocoupler http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lightemittingdiode http://www.electro-tech-online.com/electronic-projects-design-ideas-reviews/24358-digitalspeedometer.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator http://www.ustudy.in/node/4945 http://www.answers.com/topic/capacitor http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=2051+microcontroller &button

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