Immunity to viruses dr erly SpMK

Viruses - Obligatory intracellular m.o - replicate within cells - often using the NA&protein of the host - utilizing normal cell surface molecules as receptors to enter the cell.

Surface proteins as receptors : 1. CD4 molecule on T cells 2. CR2,CD21 on B cells 3. ICAM-1 , CD 54 variety of cell types

After entering cells tissue injury to and death of the infected cell ( CPE ) lytic Non CP viruses latent infectionsreside in host cells&produce protein stimulate spesific immunity. CP&non CP viruses elicit different types of spesific immune responses.

Innate Immunity to Viruses

1. Production IFN-1 by infected cells inhibit viral replication 2. NK cells lyse infected cells IFN-1 enhance NK cells to lyse infected cells

Interferon(IFN)
Glikcoprotein Alpha,Betha and Gamma IFN Are produced within a few hours of the initiation of viral replication. Antibody positive in blood several days after Double stranded RNA viruses the most potent inducers of IFN Act by binding to a receptor on the cell surface

 Do not enter the cell No effect to the extracellular viruses Alpha and betha IFN stronger antiviral action Activates macrophages Human IFN for human therapy

NK Cells
Lymphocyte Destroy cells infected by viruses(secreting perforins & granzymes.

3. Phgocytosis by macrophage 4. Clearance of mucus by the cilia of perpiratory tract also important defences - Increased corticosteroid levelssuppress host defences and predispose to severe viral infection. - Malnutrition predispose measles - Very young&very old have more severe viral infections

Spesific Immune Responces to viruses

A combination of humoral&cellular immune mechanisms. Spesific antibodiesdefence againts viruses early of infection defence againts cytopathic viruses Netralizing antibodiesprevent viral attachment&entry into host cells

 Opsonizing Antibodiesenhance phagocytic Secretory IgA netralizing viruses enter respiratory & intestinal tract Antibodies effective againts viruses before enter cells & block spread from cell to cell.

Evasion of Immune Mechanism by Viruses

1. Many viruse are capable of great antigenic variation. 2. Some viruses inhibit class I MHC 3. Some viruses produce molecules that inhibit innate or spesific immunity 4. Viruses may infect & either lyse or inactivate,immunocompetent cells